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	Modularity (programming) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Modularity is a concept that has applications in the contexts of computer science, particularly programming, as well as cognitive science in investigating the structure of mind.
		Modularity is the property of computer programs that measures the extent to which they have been composed out of separate parts called modules.
		The basic modular position, as articulated by Jerry Fodor in his 1983 Monograph The Modularity of Mind, essentially argues that the mind is composed of independent, closed, domain-specific processing modules governed by a central controlling module, similar to the main program of a modular computer program.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Modularity_(programming) (408 words)

	Modularity of mind - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Modularity of Mind is the notion that a mind may be composed of modules, at least in part.
		Drawing from Chomsky and other evidence from linguistics as well as implications from optical illusions and philosophy of mind, Jerry Fodor became one of the most articulate proponents for modularity of mind with the 1983 publication of his monograph Modularity of Mind.
		Although he argued for the modularity of 'lower level' cognitive processes in Modularity of Mind he also argued that higher level cognitive processes are not modular since they have dissimilar properties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Modularity_of_Mind (309 words)

	Modularity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In computer science, modularity is a property of program s that describes the extent to which the program has been divided into parts (or modules).
		Modular forms for non-congruence subgroups; Modularity of elliptic and K3 surfaces; Arithmetic of Calabi-Yau varieties and applications.
		Modularity of Elliptic Curves and Beyond Workshop, MSRI Berkeley, 6-10 December 1999.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Modularity.html (254 words)

	IPPS Modularity Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Modularity can be versatile, where a product or process can alter between two known states through selection of the appropriate module, and truly flexible, where uncertainty can be accommodated through the selection of an existing module or development of a new one.
		Modularity ultimately provides a means to address the scope of flexibility incorporated by product engineering in order to meet a broad range of customer requirements efficiently, to the flexibility afforded to manufacturing in the form of module based cells, parallel manufacture and late configuration.
		Modularity is inherently based upon a mapping of functional aspects to physical entities and is governed by concepts such as the domain theory and Suh's design axioms.
	www.lboro.ac.uk /departments/mm/research/product-realisation/res_int/ipps/mod1.htm (1942 words)

	In defense of massive modularity
		Genetic modularity is more and more seen as crucial to explaining on the one hand phenotypic modularity and on the other the evolution of specific modules (Wagner 1995, 1996, Altenberg and Wagner 1996).
		This is uncontroversial in the case of non-psychological modular component of the organisms, e.g.
		Fodor’s main argument against massive modularity is that modules, given their processing and informational restrictions, could not possibly perform the kind of general reasoning tasks that human minds perform all the time, drawing freely, or so it seems, on all the information available.
	www.dan.sperber.com /modularity.htm (3465 words)

	Wiki - Main - modularity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Modularity has become the rallying cry of the field of evolutionary psychology (e.g., Sperber, 2001).
		Modularity of mental function and localizability of cerebral function have been entangled from the very beginning.
		While one might argue that a modular mind must be comprised of nonoverlapping neural substrates, there is no obvious reason that such substrates must be spatially distinct in the sense of being distinguishable by large-scale investigation (e.g., fMRI or EEG techniques) or by lesions, which are often quite widespread.
	cogsci.xwiki.com /xwiki/bin/view/Main/modularity (984 words)

	MORPHOLOGICAL MODULARITY AND MACROEVOLUTION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Three candidate metrics of morphological modularity are used: a) number of characters or constructional elements; b) within- and among-module morphological integration; c) disparity.
		With plate columns as modules, Paleozoic echinoids are more modular than post-Paleozoic echinoids; with plates as modules, holasteroids and spatangoids are the least modular, and temnopleurids and phymosomatoids the most modular echinoids; with plate types as modules, irregular echinoids are more modular than regular echinoids.
		Modularity is relative, and its role in macroevolution multifactorial.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_46525.htm (413 words)

	Modularity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Jerry Fodor (1983) is the strongest proponent of a modular theory of cognition.
		Fodor holds that input systems are modular and that higher level cognitive processes are nonmodular.
		For example, object perception might be modular, in which case the object perception module need not reference language modules, or music modules, or mathematics modules in order to perform its operations.
	penta.ufrgs.br /edu/telelab/3/module.htm (298 words)

	MODULARITY IN ART
		In science, the modularity principle is represented by search for basic elements (e.g., elementary particles, prototiles for different geometric structures...).
		In a general sense, the modularity principle is a manifestation of the universal principle of economy in nature: the possibility for diversity and variability of structures, resulting from some (finite and very restricted) set of basic elements by their recombinations.
		Such modules are, for example, a square with the set of diagonal lines, two antisymmetrical squares, fl-white square (abundantly used in the prehistoric or ethnical art, known also as the element of mosaics: Truchet tile), and their topological equivalents obtained by substituting straight diagonal lines by circle arcs.
	members.tripod.com /~modularity/d3.htm (4109 words)

	Encyclopedia: Modularity of Mind (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The mind is the term most commonly used to describe the higher functions of the human brain, particularly those of which humans are subjectively conscious, such as personality, thought, reason, memory, intelligence and emotion.
		A module is a self-contained component of a system, which has a well-defined interface to the other components; something is modular if it is constructed so as to facilitate easy assembly, flexible arrangement, and/or repair of the components.
		Philosophy of mind Modularity is a concept that has applications in the contexts of computer science, particularly programming, as well as cognitive science in investigating the structure of mind.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Modularity-of-Mind (728 words)

	Chapter 4. Modularity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Modularity of hardware has of course been one of the foundations of engineering since the adoption of standard screw threads in the late 1800s.
		The Rule of Modularity bears amplification here: The only way to write complex software that won't fall on its face is to build it out of simple modules connected by well-defined interfaces, so that most problems are local and you can have some hope of fixing or optimizing a part without breaking the whole.
		The tradition of being careful about modularity and of paying close attention to issues like orthogonality and compactness are still much deeper in the bone among Unix programmers than elsewhere.
	www.catb.org /esr/writings/taoup/html/modularitychapter.html (748 words)

	RFC 817 (rfc817) - Modularity and efficiency in protocol implementation
		Experience suggests that one of the most important factors in determining the performance of an implementation is the manner in which that implementation is modularized and integrated into the host operating system.
		In fact, this RFC will argue that modularity is one of the chief villains in attempting to obtain good performance, so that the designer is faced with a delicate and inevitable tradeoff between good structure and good performance.
		Furthermore, layering is a potential snare in that one is tempted to think that a layer boundary, which was an artifact of the specification procedure, is in fact the proper boundary to use in modularizing the implementation.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc817.html (6777 words)

	The Evolution of Modularity
		Is modularity the result of integrating disconnected parts or, on the contrary, the result of parcellation of primarily integrated parts.
		Parcellation, a process which produces modularity from an integrated whole, consists in the differential suppression of pleiotropic effects among characters belonging to different complexes and the selective maintenance and augmentation of pleiotropic effects among the members of the same complex (Fig 2).
		Provided that modularity is most likely the derived state in the phylogeny of animals and is perhaps the result of parcellation rather than integration, the question arises of how parcellation has been caused by natural selection.
	www.cbc.yale.edu /old/cce/papers/ALife/node5.html (873 words)

	Modularity in Parsing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The modularity of our parsing systems depends on the ability of each component to operate in conjunction with, yet not be dependent upon, any other.
		In a modular system, the grammar and lexicon are treated as data, and the parser is a procedure which interprets this data.
		Modularity also provides flexibility in system design: in a modular NLP system, it should be possible to choose from a variety of parsers without having to modify the grammar or lexicon; or even to select from implementations in a variety of programming languages.
	www.georgetown.edu /compling/module.html (447 words)

	Modularity - a Concept for new Neural Network Architectures
		This modular network is designed to combine two different approaches of generalization known from connectionist and logical neural networks; this enhances the generalization abilities of the network.
		Modularity can be found everywhere; in living creatures as well as in inanimate objects.
		Inspired by the ideas of modularity and dismissing the concept of a perfect and general neural system a new modular neural network architecture is proposed.
	www.teco.edu /~albrecht/publication/neuro2 (2042 words)

	Meta-modeling and modularity : Comparison between UML meta-model, CDIF & sNets formalism
		Then, modularity is an essential way to clearly identify each of these meta-models and to allow their extensions.In order to be used in meta-models, modularity concept needs to be defined in the meta-meta-model.
		Modularity in CDIF Integrated metamodel is represented by the concept of Subject Areas which is defined in the CDIF meta-meta-model [CDIF1994, chap.
		Modularity in a model must be defined in the subject area which defines its meta-model.
	www.metamodel.com /oopsla98-cdif-workshop/lemesle (3255 words)

	Modularity, Domain Specifity and the Development of Language
		In this paper, I will provide arguments for innateness and localization but against domain specificity, in research on adult aphasia (the adult endpoint that is the source of most hypotheses about early specialization for language), and in research on normal and abnormal language development.
		Fodor's version of modularity unifies the three claims that language is innate, localized, and domain-specific.
		Their peculiar grammatical symptoms are only the tip of an iceberg, one by-product of a disorder with repercussions in many different areas of language and cognition, providing further evidence for innateness but none for domain specificity (Marchman, 1993).
	cogsci.soton.ac.uk /~harnad/Papers/Py104/bates-1994.html (6798 words)

	Annette Karmiloff-Smith: Modularity of Mind
		But it was the publication of Fodor's Modularity of Mind (1983) which set the stage for recent modularity theorizing and which provided a precise set of criteria about what constitutes a module.
		On the contrary, an alternative to representational nativism or the innate knowledge position on which modularity theory is based has been proposed by several theorists who have formulated hypotheses about what might be innately specified, in terms of computational and timing constraints, whilst leaving a lot of room for epigenetic processes (Elman et al.
		A different way to conceive of modularity might therefore be to adopt a truly developmental perspective and acknowledge that the structure of minds could emerge from dynamically developing brains, whether normal or abnormal, in interaction with the environment.
	home.coqui.net /gtirado/Karmiloff.htm (1732 words)

	Louise Pryor: note on Modularity
		Modular systems are usually easier to maintain and update, as well as being faster to develop in the first place.
		A modular system is one that consists of a number of small, coherent, chunks (or modules) each of which is self-contained and has a well-defined interface.
		Modularity is the single attribute of software that allows a program to be intellectually manageable.
	www.louisepryor.com /showTopic.do?topic=6 (242 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on ...
		Modularity is particularly important for electromechanical products, such as computers, telecommunication devices, and peripherals.
		A good example of a modular design for serviceability is the toner cartridge of personal copiers.
		The key issue is an up-front consideration of recycle modularity at the early stages of product design that addresses product families and their generations.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309057264/html/17.html (1877 words)

	[EAS]Re: Modularity/Biomechanics
		At the level of the circuits I taught you, modularity might separate a preamp from a filter, a motor controller from a speed ramp-up circuit.
		Anyway, yes, modularity is not so clearcut an ideal, but one that deserves to get its share of prominence.
		I've never seen your "modular approach", possibly because you consider the circuits you taught your students to be individual modules themselves.
	jove.eng.yale.edu /pipermail/eas-info/2001/000081.html (776 words)

	SSRN-Modularity in Technology, Organization, and Society by Richard Langlois (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Modularity is a very general set of principles for managing complexity.
		In separating mine from thine, rights of private property modularize social interaction, which is then mediated through the interface of voluntary exchange, all under the governance of the systems architecture of common law.
		This paper is an attempt to raid both the literature on modular design and the literature on property rights to create the outlines of a modularity theory of the firm.
	papers.ssrn.com /paper.taf?ABSTRACT_ID=204089 (475 words)

	An Application Framework for Compositional Modularity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Compositional modularity supports not only the traditional notions of program decomposition and encapsulation but also effective mechanisms for module recomposition.
		Compositional modularity can be applied within a wide range of systems that manipulate self-referential namespaces.
		To demonstrate, four distinctively differing systems based on the model are presented: an interpreter for a module extension to the programming language Scheme, a programmable linker for composing compiled object files, a compiler front-end for a compositional interface definition language, and a compositional document processing system.
	www.cs.utah.edu /flux/papers/banavar-thesis-abs.html (300 words)

	Modularity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The modularity of block allows talented students to accelerate in math or language, for example.
		In computer science, modularity is a property of programss that describes the extent to which the program has been divided into parts (or modules).
		Programs that have many direct interrelationships between the chosen parts of the program are less modular than programs where those relationships occur via well-defined interfaces.
	www.wikiverse.org /modularity (159 words)

	The Modularity of Dynamic Systems
		Fodor remains the most articulate preacher of the gospel of high church computationalism, and when his concept of modularity goes beyond the tautologous claim that minds are analyzable, it almost always brings in strong commitments to the claim that minds are really computers.
		For although dynamic systems are modular in the loose sense that they are comprehensible, they don't fit easily into many of the constraints that Fodor superimposes on the concept of module.
		But if further research reveals that attractor sets are as good at emulating modular processes as they appear to be now, without the inflexibility of hard wired modules, then it might be possible to bridge the nasty moat that Fodor posits between modules and Quinean-Isotropic processes.
	www.california.com /~mcmf/mod.html (7789 words)

	Citations: natural kinds and the evolution of modularity - Wagner (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Evolutionary Connectionism and Mind/Brain Modularity - Calabretta, Parisi (2001)
		A Case Study of the Evolution of Modularity: Towards..
		....Modularity may critically depend on the duplication and subsequent divergence of units that are already partially adapted to some functional task.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/236564/0 (589 words)

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