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Topic: Modulatory space

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Pitch space

Diatonic set theory

Arnold Schoenberg

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Pitch space
		Models of pitch space are often graphs, groups, lattices, or geometrical figures such as helixes.
		This creates a linear space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and middle C is assigned the number 60, as it is in 'Midi'.
		One problem with linear pitch space is that it does not model the special relationship between octave-related pitches, or pitches sharing the same pitch class.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Pitch_space (911 words)

	Pitch space - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Models of pitch space are often graphs, groups, lattices, or geometrical figures such as helixes.
		This creates a linear space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and middle C is assigned the number 60.
		One problem with linear pitch space is that it does not model the special relationship between octave-related pitches, or pitches sharing the same pitch class.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pitch_space (972 words)

	Modulatory space - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Closely related to pitch class space is pitch space, which represents pitches rather than pitch classes, and chordal space, which models relationships between chords.
		We may represent the modulatory space of a such a temperament as n chains of generators in a circle, forming a cylinder.
		This picture of five-limit modulatory space is generally preferable since it treats the consonances in a uniform way, and does not suggest that, for instance, a major third is more of a consonance than a major sixth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Modulatory_space (1076 words)

	Nancy Kopell Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		There is an extrinsic modulatory input to the L neuron and the L neuron presynaptically inhibits the modulatory neuron.
		Activation of the extrinsic modulatory neuron elicits stable network oscillations in which the L and H neurons are active in alternation.
		We show that there are two different regimes in parameter space in which different combinations of the time constants and other parameters regulate whether the synchronous state is stable.
	math.bu.edu /people/nk/abstracts.html (1670 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Gain modulation is revealed when one input, the modulatory one, affects the gain or the sensitivity of the neuron to the other input, without modifying its selectivity or receptive field properties.
		First, it is an extremely widespread integration mechanism; it is found in a plethora of cortical areas and in some subcortical structures as well, and as a consequence it seems to play an important role in a striking variety of functions, including eye and limb movements, navigation, spatial perception, attentional processing, and object recognition.
		Contralateral neglect arises in the model because the lesion produces an imbalance in the salience of stimuli that is modulated by the orientation of the body in space.
	www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il /~felix/Robotics_2002/project/neglect.txt (1871 words)

	GasNet Group Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Modulatory neurotransmitters are also `indirect' because they cause medium- and long-term changes in the properties of neurons by altering the rate of synthesis of so called `second messenger' molecules.
		The existence of a freely diffusing modulatory transmitter suggests a radically different form of signalling in which the transmitter acts four-dimensionally in space and time, affecting volumes of the brain containing many neurons and synapses (Bredt and Snyder, 1992).
		NO cannot be classified conventionally as excitatory or inhibitory, it is a modulatory transmitter which activates the synthesis of cyclic-GMP, an important second messenger which regulates a wide variety of cellular processes in target neurons, some of which underlie synaptic plasticity (Hölscher, 1997).
	www.cogs.susx.ac.uk /users/toms/GasNets (957 words)

	Biological Complexity Reviews: 2003
		Space and time scales analyzed are single and multigenerations of local populations, metapopulations, community, and ecosystem/landscape.
		Based on such descriptions, it is possible to regard signaling networks as systems that decode complex inputs in time, space and chemistry into combinatorial output patterns of signaling activity.
		Adaptations of brain and behavior to changes in the social or physical environment are common in the animal world, either as short-term (i.e., modulatory) or as long-term modifications (e.g., via gene expression changes) in behavioral or physiologic properties.
	lansbury.bwh.harvard.edu /biological_complexity_reviews_2003.htm (11964 words)

	outer and inner space as hyperlinked essay
		The space within/without is a delicate network of intense nodes of activity, some registering only as blurred glimpses of frenzied movement, some experienced as recursive traces of inhabitation.
		All the goings on and passing by around the blob-enfolded body constitute another aggregate of relation: a sea of movements, each of which has a potential effect on the building, capable of modulating the programmatic threads that are pulled from the relational continuum it carries.
		Which threads the building re-expresses is regulated by the modulatory sense-interferences that the skin, mouth and eyes – not to mention vaginas and anuses– let past.
	www.mewburn.net /inger/masters/argument_as_hyperlinked_essay.htm (1224 words)

	Physical Symbol Systems - Title
		The space is usually an implicit space defined by the combinatoric possibilities of some set of basic encodings, and the transformations are similarly atomized and encoded.
		In this space, an initial state and a goal state are specified and the abstract task is to find a path from the initial state to the goal state via the allowed transformations.
		The phase spaces of the PDP approach introduce a general approach to doing science that, even when abstracted away from the particulars of PDP, is extremely important, and all too rare in studies of mental phenomena.
	www.lehigh.edu /~mhb0/aiforcogs7.html (19270 words)

	Neuromuscular Modulation in Aplysia. II. Modulation of the Neuromuscular Transform in Behavior -- Brezina et al. 90 ...
		The trajectory of the modulatory state is a
		the modulatory space not accessible in the steady state.
		We propose that the slow modulatory dynamics serve to embody
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/90/4/2613 (7245 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction (1995)
		For example, species-specific trail pheromones from the poison glands of myrmicine ants are generally the metabolic by-products of venom synthesis (11), while the Dufour's gland hydrocarbons of formicines sprayed together with formic acid may enhance its spread and penetration.
		Modulatory signals are devices for shifting the threshold for the releasing effectiveness of other stimuli, thus enhancing the behavioral response to them.
		Comparative studies suggest that modulatory signals evolved through ritualization from actions originally not related to the same behavioral context, and modulatory signals may further evolve to become independent releasing signals.
	www.nap.edu /openbook.php?record_id=4979&page=41 (4283 words)

	Topologies - Title
		Neither metric spaces, nor the standard alternative to them, feature-based topologies, are adequate to account for judgments of similarity in particular, or for the role of similarity in developmental constructions more generally (for a review of some additional problems, see Medin et al., 1993).
		Each point in the space of possible dynamics of microgenesis is a distinct mode of functioning, a distinct "program," for the system, and that space may well be infinite, thus not capturable by any finite list of programs.
		Modulations, and, thus, the microgenesis of modulatory relationships, are constrained by the organization of the oscillatory spaces and the architecture of interconnections in the brain that permits modulations among those spaces.
	www.lehigh.edu /~mhb0/topology.html (20195 words)

	Alterations in Endogenous Brain -Endorphin Release by Adrenal Medullary Transplants in the Spinal Cord
		-endorphin in the CNS, and ramifies extensively throughout the brain, with particularly dense innervation in pain modulatory regions of the periaqueductal gray and brainstem, and along the walls of the adjacent third ventricle (Bach 1997; Bloom et al.
		Siegan JB, Sagen J (1997): Attenuation of formalin pain responses in the rat by adrenal medullary transplants in the spinal subarachnoid space.
		Wang H, Sagen J (1995): Attenuation of pain-related hyperventilation in adjuvant arthritic rats with adrenal medullary transplants in the spinal subarachnoid space.
	www.nature.com /npp/journal/v23/n6/full/1395560a.html (4093 words)

	[No title]
		For example, the axons of modulatory neurons tend to be small in diameter (10-25 um), have a slow rate of conduction (1 m s -1), slowly depolarize, and then spontaneously become self-inhibited.
		Presumably, this slower pace of modulatory excitatory followed by self-inhibiting activity is a consquence of the oscillation of GABA (inhibition) and glutamate (excitation) neurotransmitter release, which thus provide these neurons with "pacemaker" functions, which thus gives rise to the rhythmic nature of so many brainstem activities.
		Presumably this is a consequence of an inability to transmit or relay sensory stimuli or to activate the neocortex, for with lesions to the thalamus, cortical EEG desynchronization is usually absent regardless of brainstem activity (Steriade & McCarley, 1990).
	www.brainmind.com /Brainstem.html (15210 words)

	Insect Physiology On Line - Proctolin Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The results suggest diverse, non- synaptic modulatory roles of neuropeptides in the peripheral nervous system of Helix pomatia, including localized membrane effects and neurohormonal-like remote global controls, that may also be of significance in orchestrating the effects of neuropeptides released at the same time on different targets.
		Specificity in the actions of different modulatory neurons is often attributed to their having distinct cotransmitter complements.
		Thus, in addition to its role in enabling a neural circuit to regulate the modulatory transmission that it receives, presynaptic inhibition is also used effectively to rhythmically control the activity level of a distinct, but behaviorally related, neural circuit.
	lamar.colostate.edu /~insects/systems/endocrinology/references/proctolin/ipref_proctolin2.htm (16046 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Potential modulatory compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to, peptides, proteins, metabolic products, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, nucleotides, oligonucleotides, small organic molecules, and combinations thereof.
		The k-space dimensions constitute the fourier space that corresponds to the three spatial dimensions, x, y, and z, and one frequency or chemical shift dimension, f.
		Data is sampled along a k- space path based on the time integral of the gradient waveforms, in which the frequency coordinate is equal to time and the origin is defined as the echo time of the excitation sequence.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/44828.010621&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (13007 words)

	Cell [Ca] model (a cellular automaton)
		In classical applications of cellular automata, such as fluid dynamics, the cellular space [Goles et al., 1991] is homogeneous, one or a few types of particles exist, interactions among particles are mostly limited to collision, and neighborhood rules govern the movement of particles.
		for many sub-systems, rates and modulatory mechanisms are reasonably well characterized; therefore, although this is in contradiction with the need for low-level molecular simulation, it would be very convenient to directly introduce such knowledge as high-level rules in the simulation system.
		Once appropriate time and space scales are set, then molecules present in low concentration will be allowed to move around according to standard rules of simulated diffusion; all molecules — proteins, channels, pumps as well as electrolytes — located in the same cell of the automaton will appropriately react.
	www.neuroworld.it /dino/pages/CaCA.htm (3121 words)

	Eric Kandel Research Laboratory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Heterosynaptic changes occur in a synapse where presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons are themselves not active but there is, instead, activity in one or more modulatory interneurons that act on the presynaptic neurons, on the postsynaptic neurons of the synapse, or on both, to modify the strength of their synaptic connections.
		After exposure to five spaced puffs of serotonin, the concentration of ApCAM at the surface membrane of the presynaptic sensory neuron decreases as a result of the internalization of the transmembrane form of ApCAM, a process that requires ongoing protein synthesis.
		Thus, in the storage of explicit memory of extrapersonal space in the mammalian hippocampus, PKA plays a critical role in the transformation of short-term memory into long-term memory, much as it does in the storage of implicit memory in Aplysia and Drosophila.
	www.erickandel.org /research_nobel.html (10167 words)

	CASSLS Cytoskeleton Conference - Abstract
		These modes of electrical activity corresponded to multiple stable attractors, whose coexistence in state space was an emergent property of the nonlinear dynamics of the cell.
		Finally, the multistability of this neuronal oscillator was found to be regulated by modulatory transmitters.
		The parameter values that were used in these simulations positioned the cells in a region of their parameter space that supported only a single attractor, which was a bursting limit cycle.
	www.mbl.edu /CASSLS/Abstract.Baxter.html (1219 words)

	Modulation (music) - One Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Modulatory space is the pitch space in which modulation is possible.
		Moving from a lower key to a higher often indicates an increase in energy.
		Change of key is not possible in the full chromatic or the twelve tone technique, as the modulatory space is completely filled; i.e., if every pitch is equal and ubiquitous there is nowhere else to go.
	www.onelang.com /encyclopedia/index.php/Modulation_(music) (1215 words)

	Space Perception (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The bearing map is constructed primarily in the dentate gyrus from directional cues such as stimulus gradients.
		Visual attention, the mechanism by which observers select relevant or important information from scenes, can be deployed to locations in space or to spatially invariant object representations.
		A brain model is proposed which describes its structural organization and the related functions as compartments organized in time and space.
	www.accelerated-learning-online.com /research/CTG-Space-Perception-11.asp (755 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, (Sackler NAS Colloquium) Neural Signaling (2002) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Moreover, cyclic voltammetry studies revealed that the rate of dopamine clearance was unaltered either by inhibitors of other transporters or by selective inhibitors of the dopamine degradation enzymes (19).
		Amphetamine, methylphenidate, and cocaine were found to be unable to affect clearance or extracellular dopamine levels in the striatum of DAT-KO mice (18, 19, 21).
		To directly prove that this prolonged clearance could result in alterations in extracellular dopamine concentrations, an alternative approach to assess extracellular dopamine dynamics, a quantitative “no net flux” microdialysis technique in freely moving mice was used (19, 20).
	fermat.nap.edu /books/030908279X/html/54.html (8158 words)

	Conference: Visual Localization in Space-Time: Abstracts: August 22, Thursday
		Clearly, this is a case where localization in space depends on localization in time.
		We think that pre-saccadic mis-localization can be explained by the relative indeterminacy of the timing of a retinal input with respect to the internal signal representing eye displacement.
		Inseparability of spatio-temporal information in early visual processing may be related to the mis-localization of dynamic stimuli in space and time.
	www.sussex.ac.uk /USIS/conferences/vlsp2002/abstracts_august22.shtml (2659 words)

	A Mathematical Model of Cardiocyte Ca2+ Dynamics with a Novel Representation of Sarcoplasmic Reticular Ca2+ Control -- ...
		For the simulation, it was assumed that skinned Purkinje fibers would not have the structural architecture necessary for tightly confined fuzzy space regions (there would be no t-tubules and the sarcolemma would be compromised).
		Therefore, the fuzzy space was modeled to be continuous with the cytosol by an increasein the diffusion rate constant to 3500 s
		the cytosol, the SR, and the fuzzy space.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/79/1/94 (8832 words)

	V1 Responses to 2D Stimuli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The main deviations from this picture are generally thought to include gain controls and modulatory influences.
		Rather, they imply the presence of nonlinearities that are not local in either space or spatial frequency.
		Units showing these differences were present to a similar degree in cat and monkey, in simple and complex cells, and in supragranular, infragranular, and granular layers.
	www-users.med.cornell.edu /~jdvicto/vimerp06.html (283 words)

	Circuits for Local and Global Signal Integration in Primary Visual Cortex -- Angelucci et al. 22 (19): 8633 -- Journal ...
		of the area of visual space that elicited spikes from the neuron.
		The divergent-convergent organization of FB and lateral axons is such that these two systems overlap in space and are active for any stimulus diameter, even for stimuli confined to the RF center.
		Suppression of the center neuron response would result from increasing the weight of excitation onto the pyramid and its local inhibitory neuron, either via high-contrast feedforward drive or via lateral and FB inputs, such as by increasing stimulus diameter.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/19/8633 (9843 words)

	Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology Recent Publications
		Connection weights from primary and modulatory inputs are trained in stages one (Hebb) and two (Hebb-anti-Hebb), respectively, of an unsupervised two-stage algorithm.
		Removal of the modulatory influence greatly reduces MSE but has little effect on DSC unit responses to stimuli of a single modality.
		DCE FLASH signal intensities were converted to gadolinium concentrations by a standard curve, which was fitted by a two-compartment model for the tumor's extravascular extracellular space (EES) volume fraction (v(e)), and the tumor volume normalized transfer rate between plasma and EES(Kp<---->tVT).
	www.library.uiuc.edu /bix/SOLSPUBS/mip.htm (18909 words)

	ScienceDaily: Placebos Can Bring Emotional Relief (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In an article in the June 16, 2005, issue of Neuron, researchers led by Predrag Petrovic of the Karolinska Institutet show that, in relieving anxiety, placebo treatment affects the same basic modulatory circuitry in the brain as it does for relieving pain.
		In their experiments, the researchers tested the effect of placebo treatment on volunteer subjects' ratings of unpleasant pictures, such as images of mutilated bodies.
		Also importantly, the placebo increased brain activity in the same "modulatory network" whose activity is increased when placebos have been used to relieve pain.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/06/050616061459.htm (1087 words)

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