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Topic: Moghul Empire

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	The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan - PART I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Their celebration of the Moharram, with tasteless and extravagant ceremonies, and their forty days' fast in Ramzan, were alike misplaced in a country where, from the movable nature of their dates, they sometimes fell in seasons when the rigour of the climate was such as could never have been contemplated by the Arabian Prophet.
		Of the character of the races who people the wide Empire of which Dehli was the metropolis, very varying estimates have been formed, in the most extreme opposites of which there is still some germ of truth.
		It cannot be denied that, in some of what are termed the unprogressive virtues, they exceeded, as their sons still exceed, most of the nations of Europe; being usually temperate, self-controlled, patient, dignified in misfortune, and affectionate and liberal to kinsfolk and dependents.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/hst/asian/TheFalloftheMoghulEmpireofHindustan/chap1.html (3176 words)

	History of THE MOGHUL EMPIRE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The paintings commissioned by the Moghul emperors are superb, but it is their architecture which has most astonished the world - and in particular the white marble domes characteristic of the reign of Shah Jahan.
		When the Moghul emperor Aurangzeb is in his eighties, and the empire in disarray, an Italian living in India (Niccolao Manucci) predicts appalling bloodshed on the old man's death, worse even than that which disfigured the start of Aurangzeb's reign.
		The death in 1748 of the Moghul viceroy in Hyderabad is followed by French and English assistance for rival sons of the dead ruler.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab99 (4041 words)

	Mughal Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The empire was founded by the Turco-Persian/Turco-Mongol Timurid leader Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat.
		8 The Reign of Aurangzeb and the Decline of the Empire
		The Reign of Aurangzeb and the Decline of the Empire
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Moghul (4199 words)

	Portuguese Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Portuguese empire was guaranteed by the Treaty of Tordesillas of 6 June 1494 with Spain, and Portugal established trading ports at far-flung locations like Goa, Malacca, the Maluku Islands, Macau, and Nagasaki.
		As a final note, due to the creation of the Portuguese Empire, Europe was given a golden chance of development and of gaining soberany in the entire planet thanks to the portuguese efforts and their influence in all five continents in the XV and XVI century.
		Adhered as a province of the new Empire of Brazil in 1822.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Portuguese_Empire (3013 words)

	Asia Food Features
		There is plenty of historical evidence that the Moghuls looked to Persia as the fount of their culture, and it was the interweaving of Persian and Indian culture that became one of the most notable features of the Moghul empire.
		The last Moghul ruler was deposed by the British in 1858, although a decline set in after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707.
		Moghul India has been well documented by historians, but, like the chroniclers of many other cultures, they have neglected to record the historical significance of the Moghul contribution to India's culinary arts.
	www.asiafood.org /intromoghuls.cfm (428 words)

	Moghul Cooking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It took only two centuries and six rulers for the Moghul empire in India to run its course--from the prince Babur's capture of Delhi in 1526 to the death of the last true Moghul emperor, Aurangzeb, in 1707.
		At its height, the Moghul dynasty was known for its cultured tolerance, even enthusiatic support of and participation in, local customs, arts, and religions.
		Many of the dishes served to the Moghuls exist almost unchanged today, and, in fact, they are often mistaken for definitive Indian cuisine by Americans whose only exposure to Indian food is at a local restaurant.
	www.cuisinenet.com /glossary/moghul.html (370 words)

	BBC - Religion & Ethics - The Mughal Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Taj Mahal marks the apex of the Mughal Empire, it symbolises stability, power and confidence.
		The Mughal (or Mogul) Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th centuries.
		The Mughal Empire grew out of descendants of the Mongol Empire who were living in Turkestan in the 15th century.
	www.bbc.co.uk /religion/religions/islam/history/mughal/index.shtml (276 words)

	Commonwealth Secretariat - History
		One of the great legacies of Moghul India is aesthetic: it gave to Indian culture new arts in poetry, architecture, garden design and notably some of the world's greatest palace and funerary buildings, of which the Taj Mahal is only one masterpiece.
		However, the Moghul dynasty also had negative effects, especially for the south, where the trading empires, established for centuries and historically involved in sea trade with such partners as Egypt and the Roman Empire, were destroyed.
		With the decline of the Moghul Empire into separate feudal and often feuding states, new invaders, Portuguese, Dutch, French and British, entered the Indian Ocean.
	www.thecommonwealth.org /Templates/YearbookInternal.asp?NodeID=145160 (1404 words)

	India.htm
		Moghul emperors issued some of the most exquisite gold and silver coins minted in India.
		Among the european colonial powers that came during the decline of Moghul empire, Portuguese were the first to open a mint in Goa in 1510 and issue coins.
		Many small independent princely states emerged as the Moghul empire was collapsing and issued their own coins.
	www.worldcoincatalog.com /C3/India/India.htm (396 words)

	aboutbangladesh.tk:History of bangladesh Second Part
		Moghul rule in Bengal synchronized with the growth of European enterprise.
		It was ironic that when the Moghul Empire shone at its brightest in 1690 with Aurangzeb ruling in Delhi, the Englishman, Job Charnock, was laying the foundation of Calcutta, a city that was to become the British Empires first capital in India.
		Dhaka had been the Moghul capital from 1608 to 1717 (when it was shifted to Murshidabad) and now it again regained its pre-eminent position.
	dhost.info /aboutbangladesh/history_02.htm (1399 words)

	ANI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		With the collapse of Moghul power in Delhi, the emergence of European companies and scores of local bandit rulers, the subcontinent was entangled in a vast civil war, from which the East India Company emerged as the principal beneficiary.
		The Moghul Empire had now been well and truly replaced; 562 warring princes and Maharajas were brought under central control, bearing allegiance to the British Crown.
		The curse ofpolitical instability is raising its head, recalling the chronic instability that followed the fall of the Moghul Empire in the North and the collapse of the Vijaynagara dynasty in the South, bringing with it suffering and poverty to India's millions.
	www.aniin.com /articles/articles_darkmillennium.html (1713 words)

	The Moghul Empire
		The constructor of Taj Mahal, Chah Jahan, was the fifth moghul emperor.
		The moghul empire has it’s beginnings in the times of the great moghul emperor Genghis Khan who, in 13th century, conquered Asia and half of Europe until Hungary, spreading terror and destruction.
		The fourth moghul emperor, son of Akbar, was Jahangir (1569-1627).
	imagem.esmartweb.com /india/ukindiaimperiomogol.htm (891 words)

	TAJ MAHAL Passion and Genius at the Heart of the Moghul Empire
		It is a love story, a devotional shrine, an emblem of a mighty empire, and a masterpiece of design—all of which is beautifully chronicled in Diana and Michael Preston’s new history.
		Built between 1631 and 1654 as a memorial to the beloved wife of Shah Jahan, the Taj Mahal epitomized the splendor and power of the Moghul Empire at its height.
		The battles and the dynastic rivalries of Moghul history served as the foundation for the Taj Mahal.
	www.sanepr.com /TAJ-MAHAL-Passion-and-Genius-at-the-Heart-of-the-Moghul-Empire_16123.cfm (1101 words)

	History of the Muslims, empires of Islam
		Egypt was conquered by 642 and the Persian Empire by 643.
		These empires were primarily based on Sunni Islam, and that meant that there was no religious authority to counterbalance the political power exercised by the caliphs.
		Suleyman the Magnificent (died 1566), the Empire gradually began to deteriorate before the increasing technological and industrial might of the European nations.
	biblia.com /islam/history.htm (2490 words)

	The Moghuls in India
		Invaders from rival empires began to challenge the Sultanate of Delhi.
		By 1526, after a period of steady decline, the last Sultan of Delhi was defeated by Babar of the Mughal empire.
		Akbar was a very open-minded ruler regarding established religion and the interaction of different groups within his empire.
	greetingindia.tripod.com /mogul.html (467 words)

	Establishment of Islamic Institutions of Learning in India
		The Moghul Empire was founded in 1526 by Babar.
		Islamic values of equity, justice, truthfulness and honesty attracted many people in view of the fact that they were suffering as a result of the cast system that prevailed in India and were denied basic human rights as a result of being regarded to belong to an inferior caste.
		They banished the Moghul King Bahdur Shah to Burma and the Muslims were expelled from Delhi, some of them were tortured while others were mercilessly murdered.
	www.islamawareness.net /Asia/India/edindia.html (3428 words)

	Islam Social Organization
		Although their empire had its ups and downs, it was generally peaceful and stable.
		In the empire’s later centuries, its peace was disturbed by Seljuk Turks who came down out of the north, converted to Islam, and ultimately settled in what is today Turkey.
		The Moghul Empire (a.k.a., Mongol Empire) began in 1526 in Northern India.
	uwacadweb.uwyo.edu /ReligioNet/ER/Islam/iorg.htm (2957 words)

	Turkey: The Sixteen Great Turkish Empires (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The 16 Great Turkish Empires are listed on several Turkish sources, such as the websites of the Research Centre for Turkestan and Azerbaijan and the Australian-Turkish Media Group.
		The flag attributed to the Babur Empire is red with a yellow triangle placed all along the fly and pointing to the middle of the hoist.
		The flag attributed to the Ottoman Empire is red with a white crescent and eight-pointed star.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/tr_imp4.html (695 words)

	[No title]
		, is the last one and the First to rock his empire into the cradle of ruin and devastation.
		Guru, Govind Singh, suffered persecution from the hateful designs of Aurangzeb till the end of his life, losing all his sons in the endless wars, rigged with defense and sedition.
		The blood of hatred on Aurangzeb’s hands and within his heart, tainted the whole fabric of his empire and of his own royal household.
	www.cfanet.com /~sfdatta/saint-of-insanity.htm (400 words)

	Khaleej Times Online - The empire strikes from the past (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Within India, none of the warring factions were capable of producing a durable, cohesive rule that would put an end to the bloodshed and confusion that was rampant in the period.
		And although the age of empire might be over, globalisation and neo-imperialism ensure that the destiny of millions is determined in far-away capitals and boardrooms.
		Some blamed the empire for the genocide in Australia, while others praised it for the education, basic health care and the physical infrastructure it introduced into the Subcontinent.
	www.khaleejtimes.com /DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/opinion/2004/June/opinion_June18.xml§ion=opinion&col= (1047 words)

	ANISTORITON: Internet Messages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As to the Middle East: there were TWO empires in the Middle East: Ottomans and Safavids who were involved in an intense military and religious struggle from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century and there were hosts of smaller states from the Central Asian khanates to Georgia.
		Also many of the Ottoman provinces were to a large extent independent from the center - and, still aside from this the Ottoman Empire had an unsettled `frontier' problem in Arabia, the Crimea and Ethiopia, where basically the Empire had constantly to keep on alert for `tribal' (make that cossack in the Crimea) invasions.
		This has never been satisfactorily explained: the most esthetically pleasing explanation is Wallerstein's who links the rise of empires in Eastern Europe with the rise of serfdom and the consequent strengthening of the nobility which was again linked to Eastern Europe's position in the periphery of the capitalist world-system.
	www.anistor.co.hol.gr /english/enback/m002.htm (1025 words)

	India.htm
		Among the european colonial powers that came during the decline of Moghul empire, Portuguese were the first to open a mint in Goa in 1510 and issue coins.
		Many small independent princely states emerged as the Moghul empire was collapsing and issued their own coins.
		During 1717-65, it gained rights from Moghul empire to mint Moghul rupees at their own mints at Bombay (1717), Madras (1742) and Calcutta (1758).
	worldcoincatalog.com /C3/India/India.htm (396 words)

	The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan By H.G.Keene-Part 2 Chapter 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Summoning the neighbouring Musalman chiefs to the aid of Islam and of the empire, he took the field at the head of a small but well-disciplined Moghul army, and soon found the opportunity to strike a decisive blow.
		Since this was the only subject on which the Jat chief would for the present converse, the Moghul proposed to take his leave, trusting that he might reintroduce the subject of the negotiations at a more favourable moment.
		But before the main body of the Moghuls had got clear of the capital, Suraj Mal had arrived near Shahdara on the Hindan, within six miles of Dehli; and, had he retained the caution of his earlier years, he might have at once shut up the Imperialists in their walled city.
	www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in /resources/english/etext-project/history/moghul/part2.chapter2.html (2965 words)

	3f. Islam Comes to South Asia [Beyond Books - Culture and Geography]
		The Moghul Empire became the peak of Muslim civilization in India.
		A master politician and military strategist, Akbar cemented the power of the Moghul Empire so firmly that, after his 50 years as emperor, the empire lasted for a few hundred years.
		Moghul emperor Akbar I played the game on a giant board, with women from his harem acting as pieces.
	www.beyondbooks.com /wcu91/3f.asp (1225 words)

	LAWSO 160 Keywords: The Mogul Empire (16)
		The function of the emperor was to protect the weak and “avenge the persecuted.” Without a monarch there would be confusion and anarchy.
		Differences that existed amongst the people in the empire led to revolutions and the destruction of the state.
		The fall of the Mogul Empire to the English came around the turn of the nineteenth century.
	home.earthlink.net /~garrickl/KEY_16.htm (367 words)

	Travel: A monument to love
		The women of the Moghul Empire were not tame by any means.
		Another bold woman of the empire was Mumtaz Mahal, whose memory is forever honored in the Taj Mahal.
		He said he spent a year researching the Moghul Empire, which invaded Hindustan in the 1500s, before he began writing.
	www.sptimes.com /2004/09/05/Travel/A_monument_to_love.shtml (521 words)

	The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan By H.G.Keene-Part 3 Chapter 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Still the empire of Hindustan did not fall by their contests there; nor were the valour and ambition of the new comers the only causes of its fall when at last the catastrophe arrived.
		We have already seen that the Talukdars (to use by anticipation a term now generally understood, though not applied to the large landholders at the time) were in the habit of making unauthorized collections, which they applied to their own use.
		And the immediate decay of the Muslim Empire was preceded by an attempt to centralize the administration in the Imperial Durbar, and to cashier and alienate the Hindu element.
	www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in /resources/english/etext-project/history/moghul/part3.chapter4.html (5303 words)

	Pak Persian Rugs - Oriental Rugs in the Subcontinent, A Brief History
		The Moghul dynasty of the subcontinent was, as the name implies, ruled by emperors proud of their Mongol descent.
		Babur, the first Moghul Shah from 1526 to 1530, was a fifth generation descendant of Tamerlaine, and was thus related to Ghengis Khan.
		The Moghul carpet designs resemble the Persian, yet they often have thicker textures and prices are less than those of Irani carpets but with a quality that matches and even surpasses the Persian carpets.
	www.pakpersianrugs.com /oriental-rugs-history-subcontinent.lasso?return=Articles (639 words)

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