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Topic: Mohajirs

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	MAR \| Data \| Assessment for Mohajirs in Pakistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Mohajirs are likely to continue their nonviolent protest strategies for the foreseeable future, especially so long as grievances remain neglected and the military remains a powerful influence in the Musharraf government.
		Mohajirs are highly mobilized, despite factionalization, in the Sindhi province’s urban center of Karachi.
		Mohajirs are mainly represented by the Muttiheda Qaumi Movement (MQM, originally the Mohajir Qaumi Movement) and its various factions.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=77007 (1114 words)

	Pakistan - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Mohajirs, Punjabis, and Pashtuns are the dominant groups, while Sindhis and Baluchis struggle to advance and protect their interests.
		Mohajirs were the vanguard of the Pakistan Movement, which advocated the partition of British India in order to create the independent nation of Pakistan for Indian Muslims.
		Mohajirs constitute the remaining 40 percent and live mostly in the province’s large cities.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761560851___11/Pakistan.html (2356 words)

	HoustonChronicle.com - Reaping the Whirlwind
		Mohajir domination, both economic and cultural, of Sindh's urban areas was bound to force a reaction.
		His centralist bent was similar to the mohajir vision of a unified state, not one cleaved by regionalism and ethnic influence.
		"The feudals of Punjab have a hatred for the Urdu-speaking mohajirs.
	www.chron.com /content/chronicle/special/pakistan/descent.html (5179 words)

	ISOLATION
		Altaf Hussain said that the first part of this three-pronged strategy is to isolate Mohajirs from the rest of the communities in the country, and this policy is underway through physical, psychological, social and political isolation of Mohajirs.
		While the Mohajirs in general and the MQM in particular, were victimised through State operation, false and fabricated "torture cells" were "exposed" and the MQM was accused of terrorism.
		He said that the Mohajirs are not invited in governmental functions and also in the functions arranged by the government functionaries in their private capacity where guests of other nationalities are invited.
	www.mqm.org /3ps-isolation.htm (1290 words)

	Muhajir - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In particular, it refers to the early Muslims, companions of Muhammad, who emigrated with him from Makka to Medina in the wake of the Hijra, as opposed to the Ansar, or Madinan Muslims of the time.
		Muhajir or Mohajir is essentially an ethnic group within Pakistan.
		Muhajirs are Urdu-speaking people who originally emigrated from India to Pakistan during the partition of 1947.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mohajirs (279 words)

	ISOLATION
		Altaf Hussain said that the first part of this three-pronged strategy is to isolate Mohajirs from the rest of the communities in the country, and this policy is underway through physical, psychological, social and political isolation of Mohajirs.
		While the Mohajirs in general and the MQM in particular, were victimised through State operation, false and fabricated "torture cells" were "exposed" and the MQM was accused of terrorism.
		He said that the Mohajirs are not invited in governmental functions and also in the functions arranged by the government functionaries in their private capacity where guests of other nationalities are invited.
	www.mqm.com /3ps-isolation.htm (1290 words)

	REFUGEE WATCH
		Mohajirs were well educated, were already in finance and business and therefore had little problem in establishing themselves in the new country.
		The Mohajirs withdrew, as it were, to urban Sindh for the defence of what they saw as their core interests.
		Soon the MQM was seen as a highly powerful and effective political force, led by Altaf Hussain who demanded that the Mohajirs should be recognized as the fifth nationality of Pakistan and that they should be allotted a 20 percent quota at the Centre and between 50 percent and 60 percent in Sindh.
	www.safhr.org /refugee_watch14_5.htm (3335 words)

	Ethnicity and Regional Aspirations In Pakistan
		Similarly, the Mohajirs of Pakistan were emerging as an important ethnic group with the growth of MQM since the 1980s as a major force in Urban centers in Sindh, especially in Karachi and the twin city of Hyderabad.
		The Mohajirs were not only in politics but also dominant in administration in Pakistan during the initial years.
		The Mohajirs were no longer in apposition to exert as much influence as they did not vote for Ayub in the 1964 Presidential election.
	www.jammu-kashmir.com /insights/insight20020101d.html (3621 words)

	MQM's Charter of demands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Mohajirs constitute about 50% of Sindh’s population but their share in the Federal and Provincial services is negligible.
		Representation of Mohajirs in Sindh Police is negligible; therefore, recruitment of Mohajirs in Sindh Police be made on emergency basis to make it proportionate according to their population ratio.
		At the same time Mohajir students were being denied admission in professional educational institutions in the urban areas mainly because of fake domicile and permanent residence certificates.
	www.satp.org /satporgtp/countries/pakistan/document/papers/mqm_chater.htm (1097 words)

	Minorities At Risk (MAR) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Mohajirs, as represented by MQM activists, are unlikely to abandon violent tactics in toto in the near future.
		Mohajirs are also likely to continue their protest strategies for the foreseeable future, especially so long as the Musharraf regime postpones national and provincial elections.
		Mohajirs are represented by the Muttiheda Qaumi Movement (MQM, originally the Mohajir Qaumi Movement) and its various factions.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/pakmohaj.htm (922 words)

	RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs)
		Mohajirs in fact hold many top jobs in the country, and other groups frequently complain [that] they are discriminated against by the Mohajirs.
		The petition stated that "thousands of Mohajirs had been arbitrarily arrested, tortured, maimed and extrajudicially executed, or had disappeared in the course of persistent reign of political victimisation and process of systematic annihilation" (ibid.).
		In January 2001, a native of Sindh who was born to a Sindhi father and Mohajir mother authored a letter to the editor of Dawn stating that "I have always felt a resistance from both the groups in accepting me as their own" (31 Jan. 2001).
	www.irb-cisr.gc.ca /en/research/ndp/ref/?action=view&doc=pak41873e (931 words)

	Pakistan's Revolving Door Politics Producing Declining Living Standards
		Later the Mohajirs and the native Sindhis became bitter political rivals in Karachi.
		A quota system deprived Mohajirs with merit of a fair share in the national or Sindh province public sector jobs, and severely reduced their chances of getting into professional schools of higher learning.
		The sense of deprivation among the Mohajirs was further accentuated as growth of the city's infrastructure and physical amenities lagged behind the astronomically increasing population.
	www.wrmea.com /backissues/1194/9411021.htm (1288 words)

	Printer Friendly Version (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		When the Mohajirs took to the streets to protesting against the injustice, the ruling Sindhi and Punjabi lobby unleashed the state machinery against them.
		Every Mohajir rally was fired upon, members of their families picked up from home, detained indiscriminately and many killed.
		There is hardly a Mohajir family in Karachi that has not lost at least one of its members.
	www.indianexpress.com /print.php?content_id=3626 (787 words)

	Pakistan Backgrounder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		It derives its origin from the term Hijr, the flight of the prophet from Mecca to Medina, a journey that was undertaken to escape persecution due to religious beliefs).
		Mohajir dominance in Pakistan’s politics was gradually eroded by the Punjabi bureaucratic-military clique, and Federal power gradually shifted to Punjab.
		In 1985, when a mohajir girl was crushed to death under a bus, a fresh round of violence involving the mohajirs and Pathans began, since the latter were perceived to control the urban transport business.
	www.satp.org /satporgtp/countries/pakistan/backgrounders/index.html (2858 words)

	:: Indian Strategic Review :: A WINDOW INTO PAKISTAN-V
		Mohajirs who comprised more than 40% of the population found themselves as total aliens.
		A Mohajir was still not acceptable, in the corridors of power, to the Generals.
		But most of the trouble can be traced to the Mohajir Qaumi Movement, a party of immigrants, who came to Pakistan from India in 1947, after the Partition.
	members.tripod.com /israindia/isr/March6/pakistan.html (1091 words)

	AAS Abstracts: South Asia Session 42 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Mohajirs are an urban, largely literate minority group which dominates some of Pakistan's largest cities.
		In the last two decades, Mohajirs have moved from staunch supporters of Muslim autonomy in India, to advocating official Pakistani nationalism, to pursuing a political identity based on ethnicity in the last two decades.
		More interesting is the Mohajir transition from mistrusting the prospect of a centralized state in India to supporting then challenging the Pakistani state they helped build.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1997abst/southasi/sa42.htm (1169 words)

	ECCP
		Mohajirs remained committed to the "Two-Nation Theory" (the theory that Hindus and Muslims are separate nations) and possessed a hostile attitude toward ethnic nationalism.
		The renewed tension between Mohajirs and Sindhis was one of the outcomes of the breakup of the alliance between the MQM and Benazir Bhutto's PPP.
		Mohajirs need to understand that as permanent residents of Sindh they should not have extraprovincial loyalties and should seriously think of working with Sindhis for the betterment of the province.
	www.conflict-prevention.net /page.php?id=40&formid=73&action=show&surveyid=15 (4744 words)

	Commentary
		The mohajirs were a homeless lot that wanted to take part in the building of their new nation with a revolutionary zeal.
		More than ninety percent of the mohajirs were committed to eliminating the wadera-pir combine to pull the nation out of its dark ages and build for it a democratic and progressive future.
		Gradually, the mohajirs became a potent political force demolishing icons of the PPP, the Muslim League and the religious parties that were well-entrenched in Karachi and parts of Sindh.
	www.pakistanlink.com /Commentary/2006/July06/14/03.HTM (904 words)

	Na Khuda Hi Mila Na Wisaal-E-Sanam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		What is happening in Pakistan is that the Mohajirs are considered as the agents of RAW, agents of India whereas the Muslims of India are blamed as the agents of ISI.
		But majority of the Mohajirs who migrated to Pakistan after Partition, it is their firm opinion that now they have to live and die here.
		A: We are struggling to obtain the rights of the Mohajir, of all the oppressed people and the rights of all the ethno-linguistic groups, religious minorities and women.
	www.hvk.org /articles/1200/46.html (3729 words)

	Muttahida_Qaumi_Mahaz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		MQM represents the urban Urdu-speaking Mohajir population which emigrated from India when Pakistan and India split in 1947.
		Mohajirs claim that official discrimination against them began in 1958 when Muhammad Ayub Khan seized the presidency of Pakistan in a military coup.
		Mohajirs accuse the subsequent administration of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of nationalizing Mohajir businesses, unfairly taxing them, and outlawing the use of Urdu by teachers and bureaucrats.
	copernicus.subdomain.de /MQM (300 words)

	Daily Excelsior... Editorial
		The Mohajirs were in the forefront of the movement for Pakistan, but unfortunately for them, the land of Islam, as envisioned by them, was formed elsewhere in the north-east and north-west of erstwhile British India, not in the Muslim minority provinces where this movement was spearheaded.
		The Mohajirs who migrated to Pakistan in search of greener pastures were mostly bureaucrats, businessmen, and rich landlords who expected to retain their predominant position in Pakistani society and politics.
		The Mohajirs, along with the Punjabis, became well entrenched in the emerging power equation of Pakistan and their position was further strengthened with the declaration of Urdu as the national language.
	www.dailyexcelsior.com /01jan05/edit.htm (5447 words)

	SAYEED HASAN KHAN -- CRITICAL REFLECTIONS OF A MOHAJIR -- LOGOS 4.1 WINTER 2005
		The mohajirs were Urdu-speaking versus Bengali-speakers, and the mohajir industrialists were an integral part of a Punjabi investor elite.
		Their emotional home remained England in the same way the Urdu speaking mohajirs of Bangla desh are psychologically and emotionally are linked to the metropolitan part of Pakistan (which most of them had not even seen).
		Later this mohajir organization was to win all the urban seats for the provincial and the national parliament.
	www.logosjournal.com /issue_4.1/khan_printable.htm (3778 words)

	SAPRA INDIA: Regional Issues: Pakistan Needs to be Re-Structured
		Since 19th June 1992, having usurped the socio-economic and political rights of the Mohajir nation, they are committing near-genocide and "ethnic elimination" of Mohajirs in general and the MQM leaders, office bearers, workers, supporters and their relatives, in particular.
		However, the Mohajirs were betrayed each time and the Punjabi army, bureaucracy and the ISI chose the military option to annihilate innocent, unarmed, peace loving and law abiding Mohajirs.
		Millions of Mohajirs have been rendered destitute because the bread-winners of the families have been murdered or extra-judicially killed or unlawfully incarcerated without the due process of law or forced to live in hiding or in exile due to fear for their life and liberty.
	www.subcontinent.com /sapra/research/regional/regional20001001b.html (2291 words)

	altafhas.htm in Business Recorder on July 13, 1995 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		He said the Mohajirs are loyal to Pakistan, adding that two million Mohajirs had sacrificed their precious lives for the creation of Pakistan.
		He said Mohajirs constitute 50 percent of the Sindh population, adding that over two million Mohajirs are still stranded in Bangladesh and are being punished merely for extending support to Pakistan Army in the defence of Pakistan.
		The chief of the MQM negotiating team said he is at a loss to understand as to where the killers of the Mohajirs have gone as no murderer of 10,000 Mohajirs killed during the last three years has been nabbed.
	www.paksearch.com /br95/Jul/13/altafhas.htm (648 words)

	Strategic Affairs - Reportage
		Pakistani Punjabi suspicions about the Mohajir community, rests largely on the fact that they have strong blood ties in India and are opposed to any downturn in relations with Delhi which could block their visits to ancestral homes and villages.
		Today, more than 22 million Mohajirs constitute over 50 per cent of the population of Sindh but despite having the majority, Mohajirs have been never given the right to proper representation in the legislative bodies according to their population ratio ever since the creation of Pakistan.
		In the 1991 census, the census figures were manipulated to such an extent that the population of Sindh province exceeded the population of Punjab province and thus challenged the hegemony of the Establishment belonging to Punjab.
	www.stratmag.com /issueOct-15/page05.htm (3161 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : Opinion
		Sindhis, Baluchis, Mohajirs and Punjabis are the disparate ethnic groups which constitute Pakistan.
		Post-1947, the Mohajirs were enthusiastic about Pakistani nationalism since they benefitted from the burgeoning government sector.
		In 1961, the Urdu speaking Mohajirs, who comprised only 3.5 per cent of the population, occupied 21 per cent of posts in the civil services.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1021018/asp/opinion/story_1295997.asp (556 words)

	Asiaweek.com 07/28/95
		Mohajirs make up more than 50% of the Sind population, but our representation in federal and provincial administration, the army and the police is very small, probably 1%.
		Because of the gerrymandering of constituencies, Mohajirs have only 15 out of 45 National Assembly seats from Sind, and 28 out of 100 seats in the provincial assembly, when we should have at least 50.
		Mohajirs contribute nearly 70% of the total tax revenues collected by the federal government.
	www.pathfinder.com /asiaweek/95/0728/nat3.html (815 words)

	GN Online: Abdullah Al Madani: Massacre in Quetta's Ishnam Asheri mosque (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		The outrageous massacre that recently took place in Ishnam Asheri mosque in Quetta, Baluchistan Province, Pakistan, against the Shia minority, resulting in the death of 47 people, is part of a growing sectarian struggle that has shown its ugly face since General Zia-ul-Haq's era in the 1980s.
		Centralisation policies of regimes, the perceived persistence of political, economic, social, and cultural disparities, all have radicalised ethnic sentiments and regionalism among Baluchis, Sindhis, Pakhtuns, and Mohajirs.
		The Sindhis claimed discrimination in government jobs, education and resources by Punjabis, and about Mohajirs' takeover of their land and domination of their major cities (such as Karachi and Hyderabad).
	www.gulf-news.com /articles/print.asp?ArticleID=92494 (1055 words)

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