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Topic: Mohammed II of Turkey

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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Mohammed and Mohammedanism (Islam)
		Mohammed, "the Praised One", the prophet of Islam and the founder of Mohammedanism, was born at Mecca (20 August?) A.D. Arabia was then torn by warring factions.
		Zwemer himself goes on to criticize the life of Mohammed by the standards, first, of the Old and New Testaments, both of which Mohammed acknowledged as Divine revelation; second, by the pagan morality of his Arabian compatriots; lastly, by the new law of which he pretended to be the "divinely appointed medium and custodian".
		Mohammed selected Friday as the sacred day of the week, and several fanciful reason are adduced by the Prophet himself and by his followers for the selection; the most probable motive was the desire to have a holy day different from that of the Jews and that of the Christians.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10424a.htm (3974 words)

	The Ottoman Sultans of Turkey & Successors in Romania
		Turkey now has an especially tough time with its own identity as it is torn between the Islamic fundamentalist revival seen elsewhere and the secularism that Kemal Atatürk made the foundation of the modern state in the 1920's.
		To a considerable extent he succeeded, though Turkey is still haunted by the shadow of the military dictatorship that he himself represented, by the threat of militant Islâm, whose mediaevalism is fully triumphant in neighboring Irân, and by the disaffection of the Kurds, whose very existence was legally denied for many years.
		King Carol II then married Helen of Greece, who was a great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria, through her mother Sophia, the sister of Kaiser Wilhlem II of Germany.
	www.friesian.com /turkia.htm (12137 words)

	Bijapur in Karnataka, South India, Shubh Yatra
		In 1481, Mohammed III, one of the Bahamani Sultans, appointed Yusuf Adil Khan as the Governor of the Bijapur.
		One of the sons of Sultan Mohammed II of Turkey, Yusuf Adil Khan fled his country on the death of his father, to escape the massacre of crown princes in the battle for the succession to the throne.
		Mohammed Gavan, the Prime Minister of Mohammed III purchased him as a slave.
	www.shubhyatra.com /karnataka/bijapur-india.html (269 words)

	Learn more about Pope John Paul II in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		John Paul II, Karol Józef Wojtyła (born May 18, 1920) is the first Slavic pope in history and the first non-Italian pope since Adrian VI in 1522.
		John Paul II was elected pope of the Roman Catholic Church on October 16, 1978, following the short pontificate of his namesake, Pope John Paul I.
		John Paul II has written and delivered a number of speeches on the subject of the Church's relationship with Jews, and has often paid homage to the victims of the Holocaust in many nations.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /p/po/pope_john_paul_ii.html (2681 words)

	Morocco - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		France's exile of Sultan Mohammed V in 1953 to Madagascar and his replacement by the unpopular Mohammed Ben Aarafa, whose reign was perceived as illegitimate, sparked active opposition to the French protectorate all over the country.
		Its goal was the return of King Mohammed V and the liberation of Algeria and Tunisia as well.
		In some ways the most prestigious is "Mohammed V University" in Rabat -along with Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane (a private university)-, with faculties of law, sciences, and liberal arts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Morocco (4026 words)

	MERHABA (HELLO) TURKEY! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Turkey in Europe is separated from Anatolia by the straits - the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles which form the only sea passage between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.
		Turkey welcomed the Christian era and shortly afterward saw the rule of the Byzantium and the SeIjuk Turks.
		As a consequence of this historic richness, Turkey is filled with ancient cities and their remains as well as monuments, relics, and works of art make the country a paradisical wonderland to the tourist.
	www.merhabaturkey.com /1KAS_BROindex.html (1835 words)

	Timeline Turkey to 1960
		1691-1695 Ahmed II succeeded Suleiman II in the Ottoman House of Osman.
		1703-1730 Ahmed III succeeded Mustafa II in the Ottoman House of Osman.
		In 2004 Turkey's Culture Ministry allowed the film "Ararat" by Atom Egoyan, which recalled the plight of Armenians in Ottoman Turkey during this time, to be shown in Turkey with one rape scene cut.
	timelines.ws /countries/TURKEYA.HTML (10429 words)

	History of the Ottoman Empire, an Islamic Nation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		When Mahmud II (ruled 1808-39) came to the throne, the empire was in desperate straits.
		Abdulhamid II (ruled 1876-1909 CE) developed strong ties with Germany, and the Ottomans fought on Germany's side in World War I. Russia hoped to use the war as an excuse to gain access to the Mediterranean and perhaps capture Constantinople.
		Turkey was proclaimed a republic, with Ataturk as its first president.
	www.sephardiccouncil.org /sages/turkey.html (2002 words)

	Anadolu Agency: News in English, 00-04-23 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Turkey must pass urgent regulations in order to be able to compete in the world markets in the 2000's.
		Due to its geographical position, Turkey is one of the most favourable countries for transit trade and it should participate in the international trade system not only as a producer but also as a trader, he noted.
		Turkey was the first nation which declared a Children's Day under the leadership of Ataturk, Ecevit said and noted that this showed how much Ataturk treasured children.
	www.hri.org /news/turkey/anadolu/2000/00-04-23.anadolu.html (7055 words)

	Turkey and the European Tent – Part II
		Turkey's humiliation in waiting to be invited to begin talks for an eventual membership while countries of the European Union's erstwhile enemy camp have gained entry is more than excessive.
		Turkey became an associate member of the European community in 1963 and applied for full membership in 1987.
		All in all, Turkey seems to be headed in directions not adequately foreseen by commentators focusing on Turkey's likely benefit from EU membership.
	yaleglobal.yale.edu /display.article?id=6368 (1443 words)

	Rise and Decline of Ottoman Power
		Mohammed adopted this principle, and basing it upon the idea, which dominates the whole growth of Moslem power, of absolute union of Church and State, developed the system which has governed in all that region until the present day, and established a series of communities centering about the different ecclesiastical leaders.
		Still, there was a certain independence, and the Greeks gathered again to their city, and the wiser of the Sultans that followed Mohammed II carried out the idea of developing rather than of fiercely oppressing these communities.
		From the death of Mohammed II, in 1481, to the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, in 1520, there were expeditions into Hungary and Moldavia, and war with Venice and Persia, but no great additions to the Ottoman domain.
	armenianhouse.org /bliss/turkey/09-ottoman-power.html (4410 words)

	Turkey and Greece
		Turkey is the only Islamic country in which matters of state and religion are separated by law.
		Turkey has a growing industrial sector and is a key country for foreign trade in the southern borders of the old Soviet Union.
		Turkey is preparing to join the European Union and severe economic measures are now in effect.
	www.dtcc.edu /ccid_pro_dev/turkey.html (3125 words)

	Anadolu Agency: News in English, 00-06-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Turkey is faced with a heavy account, as a country suffering the severe results of neglecting the environment while attaching importance to the environment on June 5, World Environment Day.
		Turkey is one of the many countries suffering from the greenhouse effect, water and atmospheric contamination, extinction of species, and deterioration of natural balances.
		Turkey will participate in a fair which will be organized in Japan in the fall of 2001, Onal said.
	www.hri.org /news/turkey/anadolu/2000/00-06-05.anadolu.html (4151 words)

	UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN SOMALIA II - (UNOSOM II)
		UNOSOM II was also entrusted with assisting the Somali people in rebuilding their economy and social and political life, re-establishing the country's institutional structure, achieving national political reconciliation, recreating a Somali State based on democratic governance and rehabilitating the country's economy and infrastructure.
		By 2 February 1995, UNOSOM II troop strength was reduced to 7,956, comprising Pakistani, Egyptian and Bangladeshi contingents and the remaining headquarters personnel.
		The withdrawal of UNOSOM II marked a point of transition in the efforts of the United Nations to assist a people and a country caught in the throes of famine, civil war and the collapse of all institutions.
	www.un.org /Depts/DPKO/Missions/unosom2b.htm (3684 words)

	Turkish Odyssey/About Turkey/History/Turkish Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Parliament is dissolved by Abdulhamit II Autocracy of Abdulhamit II Birth of Mustafa Kemal in Salonika
		During the reigns of Murat II and Mehmet II the devsirme system of recruiting young Christians for conversion to Islam and service in the Ottoman army and administration was developed.
		Abdulhamit II, however, rescued the empire, at least temporarily, by reforming the Ottoman financial system, manipulating the rivalries of the European powers and developing the pan-Islamic and pan-Turkic movements to undermine the empires of his enemies.
	www.turkishodyssey.com /turkey/history/history3.htm (4652 words)

	Abbas II: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		ABBAS II (Abbas Hilmi), 1874â“1944, last khedive of Egypt (1892â“1914); son and successor of Tewfik Pasha.
		Pope Urban II, the Collectio Britannica, and the Council of Melfi (1089)
		Pope Urban II, The Collectio Britannica, and the Council of Melfi 1089 Pope Urban II, The Collectio Britannica, and the Council of Melfi...proof-reading, Greta Austin--all of whom gave Urban II more attention than one of his late-twentieth-century...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/abbas-ii.jsp?l=A&p=1 (1735 words)

	Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Reconstruction of the church began during the reign of Theodosius II and the second Haghia Sophia was dedicated by him on October 10th, 415.
		Built mostly during the reign of Theodosius II in the early 5th century, the Byzantine land-walls run almost five miles from the Sea of Marmara to the Golden Horn (pictured).
		The present medieval castle was built in 1452 by Sultan Mehmet II (the Conqueror) prior to his conquest of Constantinople in 1453.
	www.math.ucsb.edu /~garcias/travel/turkey.html (5825 words)

	Istanbul Tours,Istanbul Tours in Turkey, Istanbul Package Tour
		This foundation was inaugurated on 1st January 1901 for the memory of the Istanbul visit of the German Emperor II Wilhelm in 1895.
		These classic Turkey Tour favorites are ideal for those who want to see the main historic sights and major attractions of Turkey with a fully escorted tour at a moderate price.
		The surface area of Turkey is divided by the Dardanelles, the sea of Marmara and the Bosphorus.
	www.icemtour.com /turkey/istanbultours.asp (2388 words)

	Enticing Egypt & Turkey - Ancient Adventures
		Once called Byzantium in the 7th century B.C., this ancient city was renamed Constantinople in 326 A.D. by Constantine the Great when he moved the capital of the Roman Empire to what is now Istanbul.
		The city received its current name from Mehmet II in 1453 and is the only city in the world that spans two continents.
		The palace was built by Prince Mohammed Ali, the cousin of King Farouk and includes a museum exhibiting King Farouk's trophies and the prince's own residence with its furnishings and a large collection of the family's memorabilia.
	www.ancientadventures.com /enticing_egypt___turkey.htm (1725 words)

	Battle of Negropont - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Negropont was fought in 1470 between the fleets of Venice and the Ottoman Empire.
		The Ottomans, led by Mohammed II were besieging Negropont, when the Venetians arrived to relieve them.
		However, the Venetians were unable to break the Turkish siege.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Negropont (104 words)

	About Turkey
		Once the residence of Ottoman Sultans and their harems, Topkapi Palace, built between 1457 and 1478 by Mehmet II, the conqueror; is the most extensive and fascinating monument of Ottoman civil architecture in existence.
		A series of courtyards connect various buildings which now house an astonishing collection of Chinese porcelain, gorgeous treasures, the celebrated Topkapi Diamond, armour, fabrics, illuminated manuscripts and many objects belonging to the Sultans.
		Also in display are the holy relics of Prophet Mohammed and Caliphs, Koran scripts, religious books and framed inscriptions.
	www.guidetoturkey.com /aboutturkey/history/topkapi.asp (96 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Turkish Empire
		The Balkan Peninsula (European Turkey), divided into eight provinces or vilayets, comprises the plateaux and terraces which extend to the south-east of the uplands of the Alps between the Adriatic, the Archipelago, and the Black Sea.
		Moreover, the Turks were unable to impede the progress of Russia; in 1774 by the treaty of Kainardji the Turks ceded to Russia the Crimea and the coasts of the Black Sea, and to Austria Rumanian Bukowina.
		In Turkey in Europe, on the contrary, there are 66 percent of Christians to 33 percent Mussulmans.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15097a.htm (5259 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: Spencer vs. Mohammed, Round II by FrontPage Magazine
		Mohammed then plays a name-dropping game, pretending that I cited various Islamic authorities to prove that “the Qur’an gives the Hadith sanction,” and reeling off a list of “scholars of Islam” who presumably deny that the Qur’an does so.
		I can’t imagine why Khaleel Mohammed would have found this objectionable when he himself admits that his are minority views.
		Mohammed concludes his exercise in fact-mugging and smear-mongering by saying I was right all along: “I do not argue with you that normative, contemporary Islam needs to be changed.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=18001 (5809 words)

	Biblical Tours of Turkey: Seven Churches Tour
		TAILORED SE This is a tailored tour that focuses on the Biblical sites of Istanbul and Aegean Turkey including the Seven Churches.
		The Seven Churches tour is a combination of group and private tour arrangements including entry fees and most meals.
		You may imagine the Ephesians shouting at the silversmith Demetrius, " Great is Artemis of the Ephesians" in reaction to the preaching of St. Paul against man-made idols.
	www.tour-turkey.com /seven-churches-tour.htm (1002 words)

	chapati mystery» Blog Archive » Imagining Pakistan II: Jauhar
		A bit of background: In October 1918, Turkey signed an armistice agreement with the Entente Powers and the Ottoman Empire came to an end.
		The Khilafat Movement was a campaign, in India, to unite Muslims across the world in an expression of anxiety over the fate of Turkey and the Khalifa (Caliph) after the war.
		Their sorrows must be our sorrows.” The All India Muslim League, the same year, passed a resolution asking the British respect the “full control by the Sultan of Turkey, Khalifa of the Prophet over the holy places and over the Jazirat-ul-Arab as delimited in the Muslim books”.
	chapatimystery.com /archives/homistan/imagining_pakistan_ii_jauhar.html (2340 words)

	Report: U.S. WEAPONS AT WAR 2005
		Turkey is so valuable that Washington turns a blind eye to human rights abuses and lack of democracy, and supports the country’s bid to become a member of the European Union despite the objections of leaders within that body.
		In 2002, Turkey sought membership in the European Union (EU), but was turned down for a number of reasons, primarily its poor human rights record.
		Before Turkey can join the EU, it must comply with the Copenhagen criteria, including "democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and, protection of minorities."[222] Turkey has not been able to fulfill the criteria in the past, and does not seem to have made much headway recently.
	www.worldpolicy.org /projects/arms/reports/wawjune2005.html (14168 words)

	TURKEY
		As a direct result of his reforms, Turkey is the most secular, modern and Western-facing Muslim country in this part of the world.
		But there's a wonderful area in northeastern Turkey where the sights are difficult to access by bus, so we rented a car for three days.
		The traffic fatality rate in Turkey is either the highest or the second highest in the world.
	www.ebold.com /~rose/xturkey.htm (9727 words)

	Exploring Karnataka's political history
		It is known for Golgumbaz, the magnificient tomb of Mohammed Adil Shah.
		He was purchased as a slave by Mohammed Gavan, the Prime Minister of Mohammed III.
		With the decline of the Bahamani power at Bidar, Yusuf declared his independence in 1489 and thus became the founder of the Adil Shahi Dynasty which survived as the Kingdom till its annexation by Aurangazeb in 1686.
	www.freewebs.com /phkarnataka/pro.htm (3096 words)

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