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Topic: Mohammed II of Umayyad

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	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Pope John Paul II
		Pope John Paul II was succeded by Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger of Germany, the former head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and Dean of the College of Cardinals, who became Benedict XVI only days after having led the funeral mass for John Paul II.
		Pope John Paul II was interred in the grottoes under the basilica, the Tomb of the Popes.
		John Paul II was a conservative on doctrine and issues relating to reproduction and the ordination of women.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/John_Paul_II (7156 words)

	Suleiman II of Córdoba - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		1016) was the fifth Umayyad Caliph of Cordoba and ruled from 1009 to 1010, and from 1013 to 1016.
		Suleiman, great-grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III, was installed as Caliph by the Berber soldiers after they had deposed Mohammed II al-Mahdi.
		In 1016 Suleiman was betrayed into the hands of the Hammudids and executed, and the Caliphate passed from the Umayyads to the Hammudids under Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir (1016-1018).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Suleiman_II_of_Umayyad (230 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		About the time Mohammed was forty years old he received what he interpreted to be a revelation from the God of Jews and Christians in which he was commissioned to bring God’s worship to the pagan Arabs.
		Mohammed emptied the Kaaba of all its idols (except for the meteorite).
		Mohammed adopted the patriarchs of the Bible as ancestors of the Arabs.
	www.rlk.net /emmanuel/display.rml?id=59 (2544 words)

	Umayyad
		The Umayyad dynasty was the first dynasty of caliphs ("successors") of the Prophet Muhammad who were not closely related to Muhammad, though they were of the same Meccan clan.
		The Umayyads were overthrown in the east by the Abbasid dynasty.
		An Umayyad prince, Abd-ar-rahman I, took over the Muslim territory in Spain and founded a new Umayyad dynasty there.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/um/Ummayads.html (78 words)

	[No title]
		The legend is that Mohammed, either literally, or in a dream/vision made a journey to heaven from Mecca with a stopover in Jerusalem.
		Mohammed's second wife, Ayesha, said that on the night Mohammed was supposed to make this night flight, he was sleeping soundly by her side.
		In view of her testimony, Mohammed's night flight has often been presented as a dream or vision rather than as a literal event, although there are still those who choose not to be confused with facts and present Mohammed's flight as a literal happening.
	jerusalem.indymedia.org /news/2004/07/131512.php?l=ar (1397 words)

	Umayyads
		The Umayyads were an Islamic dynasty established by the caliph Muawiyah I (Mu'awiya) in 661.
		The Umayyad period was characterized by Arabization--the spread and intermarriage of Arabs with native peoples and the adoption of Arabic as the common language within the empire.
		Uthman ibn Affan, a member of the prominent Umayyad family of Mecca, had been elected to the caliphate in 644 to succeed Umar I, but his weakness and nepotism resulted in rebellion and he was murdered in 656.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txh/umayyad.htm (901 words)

	washingtonpost.com: For First Time, a Pope Sets Foot in a Mosque
		The pope's visit to the Umayyad mosque served as a recognition that the two religions share some ideas and prophets, even as they differ on theological issues such as the divinity of Christ and the nature of the Koran.
		The Umayyad mosque was built in 705 on a site that was once used for pagan sacrifices in honor of the Roman god Jupiter; it later became a Christian basilica.
		At the peak of the Umayyad caliph's rule from Damascus, it was converted to a mosque, with relics of John the Baptist, known to Muslims as the prophet Yahya, given a central place.
	www.library.cornell.edu /colldev/mideast/popsyr.htm (965 words)

	Myth #5 - Mohammed was a Prophet from Allah
		Mohammed elected to meet this army on the field of battle, and the Muslims were seriously defeated, with Mohammed himself being wounded and sent fleeing from the battlefield.
		Mohammed was a violent man. As with other pagan war leaders of his day, it was not merely enough to defeat and control an enemy.
		Mohammed’s personal dislike for the Jews resulted in the condemnation of this group to death, a point which to this day still bears its evil fruit in the attitudes and behaviour of orthodox Islam.
	www.studytoanswer.net /myths_ch5.html (9102 words)

	[No title]
		Mohammed told his family and friends that Allah sent the word of Allah from the 7th Heaven to the 1st Heaven by way of Gabriel who appeared to Mohammed and gave him the word of Allah, the beginnings of what was collected as the Quran.
		The Umayyad leaders wanted to raise their position in Islam and diminish that of Mecca, so they declared Jerusalem to be a holy city.
		They taught that during that night, Mohammed was taken from the Kab’ah, the Sacred Mosque in Mecca, to Jerusalem, the furthest mosque, and was then taken to heaven from the Temple Mount to get the word of Allah.
	www.singlesplus.net /Islam04.htm (3202 words)

	An Atheist's Guide to Mohammedanism
		Mohammed was just a man - albeit the perfect man, leading a completely sinless life which has become the model for all true believers to emulate.
		Mohammed was a passive agent of Allah, simply serving as his mouthpiece or oracle.
		Mohammed convinced himself that he had been called to be a prophet in the tradition of the Jews and of Jesus.
	www.atheists.org /Islam/mohammedanism.html (11059 words)

	[No title]
		Chadija-name of weathly female owner of the corporation, trading corp. Mohammed was an able lutenant running things and eventually married his employer.
		He had to go abck to mecca that’s where it is at, he had to go and try and fight, his armies still ahd a difficult time, defeated, after a few years mecca bows.
		Mohammed made it back to Mecca ordered all these statues of God demolished.
	www.eden.rutgers.edu /~debiase/Spring2004/deathandafterli/3-30-04.doc (927 words)

	Europe - List Of State Leaders In 1009
		England - Ethelred II of England Ethelred II, also known as Ethelred the Unready, King of England (March 18, 978 - December 25, 1013 and February 2, 1014 - April 23, 1016)
		Mohammed II of Umayyad Mohammed II of the Umayyad Dynasty, Caliph of Cordoba (1008- 1009)
		Suleiman II of Umayyad Suleiman II of the Umayyad Dynasty, Caliph of Cordoba (1009- 1010 and 1012- 1017)
	mywebpage.netscape.com /Aakashshah2910/list-of-state-leaders-in-1009/europe.html (189 words)

	[No title]
		John Paul II said of the meeting, "What we talked about will have to remain a secret between him and me. I spoke to him as a brother whom I have pardoned and who has my complete trust." The assumption of the papacy by John Paul II was correctly predicted decades earlier by Padre Pio.
		John Paul II was also considered to have halted the progressive efforts of Vatican II, becoming a flagship for the conservative side of the Catholic Church.
		John Paul II says that it is up to the United Nations to solve the international conflict through diplomacy and that a unilateral aggression is a crime against peace and a violation of international law.
	www.angelfire.com /scifi2/rsolecki/john_paul_II.html (6389 words)

	BBC News \| MIDDLE EAST \| Inside the Umayyad mosque
		And it comes from the Umayyad mosque at the heart of the city, built on land that has been sacred for three millennia.
		Finally after the Arab conquest in the 7th Century, the mosque was built.
		This is the site that Pope John Paul II has chosen for the first ever papal visit to a mosque.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/middle_east/1315190.stm (492 words)

	Wikinfo \| Umayyad
		The Umayyad Dynasty (ummawiyy) was the first dynasty of caliphs of the Prophet Muhammad who were not closely related to Muhammad himself, though they were of the same Makkan tribe, the Quraish.
		Ironically, the Quraishi clan from which the Umayyad's originated were bitter enemies of Muhammad.
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Umayyads (247 words)

	Mohammed-Terrorism Religions with Innocent Victims-Deception
		In September 1997 Mohammed Naguib Abu-Higazi was reportedly arrested by a State Security Intelligence (SSI) officer in Alexandria, Egypt, and accused of belonging to al-Gama'a al-Islamiya (Islamic Group).
		Othman II (1618) was jailed and strangled by his own Janissaries (it was during his reign that a British envoy first described the Ottoman Empire as the "sick man of Europe).
		Sultan Mahmoud II finally managed to free himself from the tyranny of his imperial guard, secretly recruiting a gunner force that destroyed the Janissaries during one of their many revolts.
	www.angelfire.com /or/don9840/terror2.html (19673 words)

	Weighing Up Claims to The 'City of Peace' -- 09/29/2000
		Islam's original claim to Jerusalem was based, entirely, on the legend that Mohammed rode on his magical winged steed, al-Buraq, from "the sacred mosque" in Arabia to "the farthest mosque" during an out-of-body experience called the "night journey" (Sura 17, the Koran).
		The Umayyads also built the Al-Aqsa mosque on the Temple Mount, and retroactively gave both Jerusalem and site on which the mosque now stands a prominent role in Mohammed's life.
		Mohammed did not visit Jerusalem once during his lifetime.
	www.cnsnews.com /ViewPrint.asp?Page=\Commentary\archive\200009\COM20000929e.html (883 words)

	Excerpts from some of Pope John Paul II’s addresses pertaining to Christian-Muslim Relations
		In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus teaches his disciples that holiness consists in assuming, in our human way, the qualities of God’s own holiness which he has revealed to mankind: ‘Be holy, even as your heavenly Father is holy’ (Mt 5:48).
		In confronting this situation, allow me to repeat the advice of the Apostle Paul: ‘Those who have placed their faith in God should set their hearts on the practice of what is good’ (Tt 3:8).
		Violence destroys the image of the Creator in his creatures and should never be considered as the fruit of religious conviction.
	www.rcab.org /EandI/muslim/JPII_and_Islam.html (1757 words)

	battle of poitiers 732 battle of Moussais, Charles Martel Eudes of Aquitaine, Abd. er-Rahman, medieval warfare
		Poitiers I was fought between Clovis and the Huns in 507 at Vouillé (west of Poitiers), Poitiers II was fought in 732 between Charles Martel and Eudes of Aquitaine against Abd.
		Many historians agree that Poitiers II was the most significant of the three.
		This Frankish victory occurred 100 years after the death of Mohammed and essentially ended, for a time, the serious threat of a broad Arab invasion into Europe through Spain.
	home.eckerd.edu /~oberhot/moussais.htm (1437 words)

	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 7 \| 2001: Thousands greet Pope in Syrian visit
		Vatican and Syrian flags decorated the Umayyad Mosque in the old walled city of Damascus.
		As required by Muslim custom, John Paul II removed his shoes and put on white slippers before entering the mosque.
		John Paul II asked for a joint act of contrition, saying: "For all the times that Muslims and Christians have offended one another...we need to seek forgiveness from the Almighty and offer each other forgiveness."
	news.bbc.co.uk /onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/7/newsid_4290000/4290719.stm (469 words)

	Our Sunday Visitor Newspaper and Magazines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Patriarch Alexei II of Moscow, who welcomed Archbishop Christodoulos for a 10-day tour of Russia immediately after the Pope’s departure from Athens, accused Catholics on May 8 of combining "appeals for forgiveness and understanding" with a policy of "expansionism," and said Pope John Paul could not "count on a Russian Orthodox Church invitation."
		Earlier this month, Pope John Paul II set foot inside a mosque in Syria and invoked the power of forgiveness in a region not clearly known for modeling the virtue of forbearance from revenge.
		As was Pope John Paul’s visit to the 1,300-year-old Umayyad Mosque, where he removed his shoes and donned white slippers in respect for Islamic tradition.
	www.osv.com /periodicals/show-article.asp?pid=304 (2083 words)

	Islam, Muhammad, Mohammed
		Mohammed became thus the more easily corruptible when fortune in the end smiled upon him.
		In 750, Umayyad rule in Damascus was ended by the Abbasids, who moved the caliphate's capital to Baghdad.
		The Shiites were those who maintained that only "members of the family" (Hashimites, or, in the more restricted sense, descendants of the Prophet via his daughter, Fatima and her husband Ali) had a right to the caliphate.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txo/islam.htm (9091 words)

	USCCB - (Office of Media Relations) - Vatican Council and Papal Statements on Islam
		Religion is the enemy of exclusion and discrimination; it seeks the good of everyone and therefore ought to be a stimulus for solidarity and harmony between individuals and among peoples.
		I thank especially the minister of the Waqf and the grand mufti for their gracious greetings, which put into words the great yearning for peace which fills the hearts of all people of good will.
		Your land is dear to Christians: Here our religion has known vital moments of its growth and doctrinal development, and here are found Christian communities which have lived in peace and harmony with their Muslim neighbors for many centuries.
	www.usccb.org /comm/nationaltragedy/textsislam.shtml (4585 words)

	Watt. Muhammad
		There was the social unrest in Mecca and Medina, the movement towards monotheism, the reaction against Hellenism in Syria and Egypt, the decline of the Persian and Byzantine empires, and a growing realization by the nomadic Arabs of the opportunities for plunder in the settled lands round them.
		Yet these forces, and others like them which might be added, would not in themselves account for the rise of the empire known as the Umayyad caliphate nor for the development of Islam into a world religion.
		In particular there is at least one point at which they seem to be unsoundthe idea that ' revelation ' or the product of the creative imagination is superior to normal human traditions as a source of bare historical fact.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/watt.html (3575 words)

	History of Islam
		to Mohammed needs only to be one of his descendants.
		In 1071 at the battle of Manzikert, Seljuk Turks captured Asia Minor from the Byzantines.
		In 1095 Pope Urban II initiated the Holy Crusades to drive Muslims from the Holy Land.
	hometown.aol.com /peterwebit/Islam3.html (246 words)

	Untitled Document
		On April 12, 2000, Antipope John Paul II met with Morocco's King Mohammed VI in a private audience at the Vatican.
		Antipope John Paul II observed that the young king traces his ancestry back directly to the Islamic "prophet" Mohammed.
		Antipope John Paul II committed another act of apostasy in his speech to the Muslims.
	www.mostholyfamilymonastery.com /JP2apostasywithMuslims.html (621 words)

	medievalislam.html
		(originally supporters of Ali, Mohammed's son-in-law, who was also later murdered): came to believe first three caliphs were usurpers; and only direct descendants were qualified to be imam.
		Shiites became a minority within the Muslim world; and eventually came to oppose the Umayyad caliphate.
		The Seljuk Turks and their occupation of the "Holy Land" (holy to all three "religions of the book") were the primary reason for the Crusades.
	www.loyno.edu /~seduffy/medievalislam.html (312 words)

	Pope John Paul - II
		Pope John Paul - II Pope John Paul - II - A Legacy
		During his reign, Pope John Paul II made more foreign trips (over 100) than all previous popes put together.
		Also in 1999, John Paul II made another of his multiple trips to the United States, this time celebrating mass in
	www.spiritofchennai.com /pope/pt.htm (456 words)

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