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	Mohammad Najibullah - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mohammad Najibullah (1947–September 27, 1996) was the fourth and last President of Afghanistan during the period of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
		Najibullah's achievements as a mediator between factions, an effective diplomat, a clever foe, a resourceful administrator and a brilliant spokesman who coped with constant and changing turmoil throughout his six years as head of government, qualified him as a leader among Afghans.
		Najibullah had been working on a compromise settlement to end the civil war with Ahmad Shah Masood, brokered by the United Nations.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mohammed_Najibullah (1590 words)

	Encyclopedia: History of Afghanistan
		Prince Mohammed Nadir Khan, a cousin of Amanullah's, in turn defeated Bacha-i-Saqao in October of the same year and, with considerable Pashtun tribal support, was declared King Nadir Shah.
		Mohammed Nadir Shah (born Mohammed Nadir Khan; 1883 - November 8, 1933) was king of Afghanistan from 1929 until his assassination in 1933 (see Reigns of Nadir Shah and Zahir Shah).
		Mohammed Zahir Shah (born October 16, 1914) was the last King of Afghanistan from 1933 to 1973.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-Afghanistan (6732 words)

	Abdul Rashid Dostum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On April 18, 1992, he revolted against the government of Mohammed Najibullah, allying with Ahmed Shah Massoud.
		Along with General Mohammed Fahim and Ismail Khan, Dostum was one of three factional leaders that comprised the Afghan Northern Alliance.
		Forces loyal to Dostum continue to clash with forces loyal to Tajik General Mohammed Atta.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Dostum (463 words)

	List of assassinated persons - LearnThis.Info Enclyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mohammed Nader Shah, (1933), king of Afghanistan since 1929.
		Mohammed Daoud Khan, (1978), president of Afghanistan killed in communist coup.
		Mohammed Najibullah, (1996), president of Afghanistan from 1986 to 1992, killed by the Taliban during the capture of Kabul.
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /l/li/list_of_assassinated_persons.html (2075 words)

	Najibullah, President of Afghanistan, hangs in September, 1996
		Najibullah, President of Afghanistan, hangs in September, 1996
		Najibullah was a man who deserved to die a much more horrific death than he actually got.
		Najibullah was a member of Khad, the Afghan Secret Police, at that time, so he very possibly might have come to Jalalabad Mahbas.
	www.ishipress.com /najibull.htm (456 words)

	A short history of Afghanistan
		Mohammed Daoud, until that moment prime minister, becomes president.
		In 1978 the HDK seizes power and a communist dictatorship is established under the HDK, lead by Noor Mohammed Tarraki (1978-1979).
		Karmal is replaced by Mohammed Najibullah in 1986.
	www.electionworld.org /history/afghanistan.htm (787 words)

	Bioterrorism Affects Email
		In 1978 it was the Khalq faction that took over, but their more moderate leader Nur Mohammed Taraki was overthrown and killed by the hardliner Khalq communist Hafizullah Amin.
		But apart from Mullah Mohammed Omar and some other leaders who seem to have truly religious backgrounds (and no other education), the Taliban's military and intelligence are dominated by Soviet-trained communists.
		Najibullah was hanged, but Najibullah's hanging by his former Taliban-turned protégés seems to have camouflaged the actual developments in the Afghan power struggle.
	www.usamemorial.org /sept11078.htm (5397 words)

	The Militant - 10/21/96 -- New Reactionary Regime Takes Power In Afghanistan
		Rabbani's administration had come to power as a result of the defeat of the Moscow-backed regime of Sayid Mohammed Najibullah, which collapsed in 1992 after a sustained offensive by 16 major guerrilla groups armed and financed by Washington and neighboring capitalist regimes.
		Following the collapse of Najibullah's government, the reactionary guerrilla armies, based largely on different ethnic groups or regions, fought among themselves for power, forming a succession of coalition governments.
		In September of 1979, Afghan president Nur Mohammed Taraki was murdered and deposed by Hafzullah Amin.
	www.themilitant.com /1996/6037/6037_12.html (1569 words)

	Afghanistan - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Karmal was replaced by Mohammed Chankani in 1986, and he was in turn replaced by the Soviets with Najibullah (who only had one name, but who was also referred to as Mohammed Najibullah).
		Najibullah lost effective control of the country in 1990 and ceased to be President.
		Ex-President Najibullah and his brother was barbarically executed by the Taliban on September 26, 1996.
	openproxy.ath.cx /af/Afghanistan.html (1707 words)

	Afghanistan: history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In May 1986, Mohammed Najibullah, a young doctor of Pashtu origin, replaced Karmal as PDPA Secretary-General.
		After President Najibullah sought refuge at the UN headquarters in Kabul, in April 1992 (marking the collapse of the communist regime), the government was left in the hands of the four vice-presidents.
		Mohammed Omar Akhunzada (Mullah Omar) was elected in April 1996 as 'Commander of the believers' (amir ol momumin) in the Taliban territories.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=193 (3629 words)

	Reason: Meanwhile in Afghanistan: The coming "warlord war" in America’s other occupation.
		There, Capt. Sayd Mohammed graduated as a teen and went straight into the forces that were attempting to shore up Najibullah’s failing regime.
		Mohammed and others defended the city against the invasions, first of Hekmatyar, whose artillery barrages destroyed much of the then-intact city, then against the Taliban.
		Foor recounted Mohammed’s career, which had spanned two decades of fighting in the country after the youth’s formal military training.
	www.reason.com /0411/fe.bf.meanwhile.shtml (3786 words)

	Revolution and counter-revolution in Afghanistan
		Najibullah addressed the UN General Assembly and stated that the “flexibility of the present leadership of Afghanistan also includes its decision to give up monopoly on power, the introduction of parliament on the basis of party competition and granting of all political, social and economic rights and privileges to those who are returning”.
		Najibullah repeated an invitation to rebel commanders based inside the country to attend talks to end the war and participate in the government.
		Najibullah took refuge in the UN compound in Kabul, where he remained until he was murdered by the Taliban in 1996.
	www.greenleft.org.au /back/2001/475/475p16.htm (3236 words)

	Afghanistan: in the valley of drought.
		1973: A military coup abolishes the monarchy and ushers in a republic presided by Mohammed Daoud, a cousin of the king.
		Factional fighting between troops of the Minister of Defence Ahmed Shah Massoud and the Hezb-I-Islami, led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, continues until the signing of a peace agreement.
		Former President Najibullah is hanged, and Afghanistan declareds an Islamic state under Sharia law.
	www.unesco.org /courier/2001_02/uk/doss7.htm (1393 words)

	TIME Magazine Archive Article -- Afghanistan an Abrupt Shuffle of Puppets -- May. 19, 1986 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		His successor as General Secretary is Major General Mohammed Najibullah, 39, a doctor known for his hard-line fidelity to Moscow and his ruthless efficiency for the past five years as head of Khad, the dread Afghan secret police.
		Although the transition was managed peacefully--the previous three Afghan leaders had been killed during transfers of power --Soviet tanks took up positions in the hills outside Kabul, and armored units patrolled the city to prevent a violent backlash from Karmal loyalists.
		Unlike Karmal, who is a member of the small, Dari-speaking elite, Najibullah has the advantage of belonging to the country's dominant Pushtu tribe.
	time-proxy.yaga.com /time/archive/preview/0,10987,961382,00.html (959 words)

	Brief History of Terrorism
		Bin Laden and his associate Mohammed Atef, almost immediately travelled from Saudi Arabia to Afghanistan to assist organization of the Mujahedeen rebellion against the Soviet occupation.
		Police in Frankfurt, Germany arrested suspect Mohammed Ali Hamadei, who was convicted in 1989 and sentenced to life in prison in Germany.
		The Taliban acquired power in Afghanistan by overthrowing the government of Mohammed Najibullah, the political leader who had acquired power after the departure of the Soviet invaders, was executed by hanging on a public street.
	www.francesfarmersrevenge.com /stuff/archive/oldnews3/terrorism.htm (4968 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Civic-minded, educated Afghans could play a vital role in the reconstruction of the country and the establishment of a democratic government.
		By Mohammed Qabool in London (RCA No. 78, 26-Oct-01) For Afghans, only the formation of a stable and democratic government, capable of putting an end to the misery of the people there, can justify the US air strikes.
		Otherwise, these efforts will be no more than a new phase in the vicious cycle of war and violence, and Afghans will remain as now caught in the trap of fundamentalism and terrorism.
	www.iwpr.net /archive/rca/rca_200110_78_1_eng.txt (876 words)

	Weekly Worker 459 Thursday December 5 2002
		For Owen MacThomas the overthrow of Mohammed Daoud’s - republican-royal - regime by the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan was a “Stalinist military coup” which brought upon the heads of the masses nothing but decades of terrible suffering.
		Communists - real communists, that is - supported the PDPA under Najibullah on the basis that in some way, no matter how ham-fistedly and contradictorily, it stood for and defended certain key social gains and progressive principles.
		Only by grasping that elementary proposition can one get correct programmatic bearings and understand why the Najibullah regime could survive the withdrawal of Soviet forces for three yeas and was then replaced by a chilling barbarism which culminated in the 1996-2001 rule of the Taliban.
	www.cpgb.org.uk /worker/459/awl.html (5071 words)

	Institute for War and Peace Reporting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mohammed Zahir Shah, the former king, is the only personality able to play a central role in reviving state structures.
		But he commands no organised political or military force, so in circumstances where armed organisations have the upper hand, his role could only be symbolic and temporary.
		Mohammed Qabool was publisher and editor of the Kabul newspaper Nawa-e'Sobh (Voice of Morning) in 1990-91, when it was closed by the then president Mohammed Najibullah.
	www.iwpr.net /index.pl?archive/rca/rca_200110_78_1_eng.txt (1016 words)

	The Afghan quagmire
		Pakistan then was among the closest allies of the U.S. Zahir Shah, until his ouster in 1973 in a military coup by his cousin Mohammed Daoud, had embarked on a half-hearted attempt to democratise the feudal and tribalistic Afghan society.
		The orderly departure of the Soviet troops in 1989 from Afghanistan saw the remnants of civil society come under a more intense attack from the extremists, with the CIA and their Pakistani proxies pumping in more aid, for the final kill.
		The political and military astuteness of President Mohammed Najibullah was negated by the purchasing power of his enemies.
	www.flonnet.com /fl1821/18211260.htm (2277 words)

	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 15 \| 1989: Soviet troops pull out of Afghanistan
		President Sayid Mohammed Najibullah's Soviet-backed Afghan government has acknowledged the complete withdrawal of soldiers with a brief statement.
		A diplomat has reported that President Najibullah, although tired, is still defiant and is determined to play a role in the future of Afghanistan.
		The civil war continued following the Soviet withdrawal, as the mujahideen pushed to overthrow President Najibullah, who was toppled in 1992.
	news.bbc.co.uk /onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/15/newsid_4160000/4160827.stm (633 words)

	Mohammed
		1980 Pahlawi Mohammed Reza, shah of Persia (1941-79), dies in Cairo at 60
		1979 Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevi of Iran flees Iran for Egypt
		1483 Zahir al-Din Mohammed Babur Shah, prince/founder Mogols-dynasty
	www.brainyhistory.com /topics/m/mohammed.html (733 words)

	Inside the Taliban
		A third have been killed in the bitter fighting in northern Afghanistan since the Taliban captured Kabul in 1996, but the rest have always remained close friends, comrades-in-arms who are loyal to their leader, Mullah Mohammed Omar.
		"After the Soviets left we fought the communist regime of (Mohammed) Najibullah, and after his fall we went home or to study in madrassas (Islamic schools) in Pakistan," Mullah Mohammed Hassan, the one-legged Governor of Kandahar, said in an interview in 1997.
		A coup against Omar by anyone from this Kandahari group, such as Mullah Mohammed Hassan Akhund, the present head of the Kabul government and second-ranking Taliban leader, is highly improbable.
	www.flonnet.com /fl1822/18220210.htm (1394 words)

	Topica Email List Directory
		Najibullah and then began finishing off each other.
		The Russians fled in the late 1980s, installing the government of Mohammed Najibullah as they departed.
		The instability, violence and civil war under the rule of the Mujahedeen warlords laid the groundwork for the ultra-fundamentalist Taliban militia.
	lists.topica.com /lists/borzou/read/message.html?mid=803414157&sort=d&start=36 (2522 words)

	FMO Research Guide: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The UN facilitated peace negotiations between Najibullah and the mujahudeen in an effort to pull together a settlement that would bring an end to the fighting.
		While some refugees were returning in small numbers, most were waiting on the other side of a border for the fall of Najibullah and the ascendancy of the mujahudeen.
		In April 1992, the mujahudeen captured Kabul, Najibullah was killed, and the Communist era in Afghanistan drew to a close.
	www.forcedmigration.org /guides/fmo006/fmo006-5.htm (5371 words)

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		Most Afghans arrived in the mountainous Central Asian state of 6.5 million in the early to mid 1990s, after the fall of the Najibullah regime, while a good number came after the Taliban took over.
		According to the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), many of these individuals had been processed and had refugee status, though there were some persons whose status had yet to be confirmed, and who consequently were referred to as asylum seekers.
		But while the current government in Afghanistan is unlikely to have anything against them, their fears are more on a personal basis, as opposed to an institutional one, perhaps in the form of old vendettas.
	irinnews.org /report.asp?ReportID=39508&SelectRegion=Central_Asia&... (1527 words)

	Afghanistan archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		According to Professor Azmat Hayat Khan of the University of Peshawar, when Ahmad Shah Massoud's mujaheddin liberated Kabul in 1992, and Najibullah gave up power, the communist generals of the army and of Khad agreed to prolong the Afghan civil war in order to discredit President Burhanuddin Rabbani's mujahid govt and prevent Afghanistan from stabilizing.
		Mullah Mohamed Omar reportedly broke a siege of his mountain redoubt on a motorbike.
		The head of the religious police, Mohammed Wali, told The Associated Press it would be implemented soon.
	www.webnetarts.com /socialjustice/afghanarch.html (18816 words)

	Terrorism - Afghanistan Politics
		Expectations were high that in a few months, if not weeks, the puppet government of President Mohammed Najibullah would fall.
		Not until three years later, in April 1992, did the communists lose power to a loose-knit group called the Northern Alliance.
		Originally allied with the pro-communist government of President Najibullah.
	www.cdi.org /terrorism/afghan-politics.cfm (720 words)

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