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	Mohist Canons (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		The Mohists often expressed their doctrine of all-inclusive concern as “being concerned for others' as one is concerned for one's own,” a formulation open to the construal that, for instance, one should treat everyone else's father as having a status identical to one's own.
		Alternatively, the Mohists could recast their doctrine of equal moral concern as a doctrine about moral justification: Institutions and practices are to be justified on the grounds that they reflect an equal concern for the welfare of all.
		The Mohists’ account of knowledge bears some similarity to themes in contemporary virtue epistemology, in particular to a position that we might call “ability reliabilism.” The relationship between the Mohist view of mind and knowledge and contemporary epistemology is an area that deserves further research.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/mohist-canons (0 words)

	Mohism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		The Mohists apply several closely interrelated conceptions of knowledge, of which the central one is a form of recognition, or "knowledge-of." Knowledge-of is manifested as a practical ability to correctly distinguish the referent(s) of the word, or "name" (ming), that denotes the object of knowledge.
		The Mohist movement originated during an era of turmoil and violence, and it is possible that their conception of a unified morality is intended to comprise only the minimal moral standards needed to preserve social harmony.
		The Mohists present a pair of examples intended to show that it is already applied by anyone committed to caring for his own and his family's welfare, since such a person would prefer to live under the rule of or entrust his family to someone who practices it.
	www.seop.leeds.ac.uk /entries/mohism (19764 words)

	Destiny, the Culture of China - Philosophy
		By challenging previous judgements and institutions, Mohist ideas could only be seen by the people within the tradition as immoral.
		Ironically, Mencius caused the absorption of Mohist ideas by abandoning traditional Confucianism and engendering a Confucianism which included Mohist principles.
		Taoism grew from the debate between Confucian and Mohist ideas.
	library.thinkquest.org /20443/philosophy.html (741 words)

	Mohism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mohists developed the sciences of fortification and statecraft, and wrote treatises on government, ranging in topic from efficient agricultural production to the laws of inheritance.
		Mohists believed in the heavens as a divine force (Tian), which knew the immoral acts of man and punished them, encouraging moral righteousness.
		Mohists also saw music and dance as forms of extravagance, which wasted resources that could be used to feed, house and protect the people.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mohist (706 words)

	chin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Another difference is that the Mohist school does not believe that it is necessary to have elaborate funerals or musical performances, while the Confucian school is in favour of both.
		The Mohist school also believes that it is not important to cultivate your emotions or virtues, and that impartial care is sufficient.
		The Mohist school also stresses the importance of the wealth and population of the state, which is something which Confucian thinkers do not seem to be concerned about.
	spot.colorado.edu /~harrisov/qac.html (3516 words)

	China History Forum, chinese history forum > Mohist Philosophy
		Mohists believe in God because the existence of God can be justified by the three criteria of Mohist epistemology given above, not because of some sort of mystical insight (as might be the case for the Daoists).
		Mohists welcomed the political trend during the Warring States Period in China where there was increasing centralisation and bureaucratisation, for such a political system offers a higher degree of social mobility, something the Mohists favor for they believed in pure meritocracy and are against hereditary succession in government offices.
		The Mohists tried to define various forms of scientific reasoning, and even though the texts are somewhat uncertain, it seems reasonably established that they reached the two important and basic principles of deduction and induction.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /lofiversion/index.php/t9775.html (6796 words)

	CONTEMPORARY SIGNIFICANCE OF CHINESE BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		CONFUCIAN AND MOHIST THOUGHT ON MORAL AND CULTURAL PROBLEMS As is known among historians, during the period of the 6th century B.C, the central power of the Chou(c) dynasty was steadily declining and the feudal state was rapidly disintegrating.
		In distruction from Indian logic, however, the Mohists did not include the dual instantiations in the syllogistic formula, instead, they theorized that a valid inference is to be based on a hsiao,(bu)(17) i.e., an inductively well proven causal or logical relation based on the method of agreement and difference.
		Hence, the main element of an inference is the laying down of a reason on the basis of the class determination of a given substratum, and not the p.86 verification of a reason (hetu) in relation to a conclusion (sadhya) as held by Hindu logicians.
	ccbs.ntu.edu.tw /FULLTEXT/JR-JOCP/shohei.htm (0 words)

	[No title]
		A closely related set of Mohist antimetaboli deploy hypallage to attack their targets; at 17.133, they assault offensive warfare with multiple inversions: *Now say we have a fellow who seeing a bit of fl calls it fl, but seeing a lot calls it white; we would say this fellow can’t distinguish white from fl.
		For an example where Mohists assault Confucian fatalism, see 32.255: *If we use the words of those who cling to fate, we will overturn what’s right in the world; the ones who overturn right in the world are the ones who would establish fate as standard].
		Mohists largely uphold a traditional notion of social hierarchy, though they do not speak of gentleman vs. mean fellow, possibly due to their lower social origins (for a partial antimetabolic counterexample, see 1.2).
	www.hawaii.edu /eall/ppl/indiv/Chn/McCraw/dblx/xch4.doc (7754 words)

	ON THE PARADOXICAL METHOD OF THE CHINESE MAADHYAMIKA: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		My thesis was that the Maadhyamika dialectic as initially formulated by Naagaarjuna, forefather of the school in India, shares the same structural basis as an ordinary inferential process of the mind, and that 'dialectical thinking' and 'logical thinking' derive from their respective modifications of that common structural basis.
		Their difference is that the principle of instantiation of Indian syllogistic inference is absent from the Mohist system; the Mohists apply the principle of hsiao (d8), a kind of universal statement well established by induction.
		Unlike Indian syllogistic inference, the Mohist system did not advocate the principle of instantiation, but provided the principle of hsiao (au) as essential to valid inference, which Hu Shih interpreted to mean 'model thought' or 'standard mode of thought,' and Chmielewski interpreted to mean any universal statement of causality well established by induction.
	ccbs.ntu.edu.tw /FULLTEXT/JR-JOCP/ichimura.htm (0 words)

	Origins of Ju and Mo
		For me, therefore, to die is to realize the teachings of the Mohists and to expand their influence." He died for his faith, and the disciples who died with the master numbered eighty-three.
		Here the Mohists were again in opposition to the Confucianists, who thought that ceremonies and to a certain extent luxury are needed to make the distinction between the higher and the lower, between the superior man and the small man.
		The Mohists were also specialists for manufacturing the implements for war, though only for defensive war.
	www.cic.sfu.ca /nacc/articles/fung1935.html (4225 words)

	Chinese Siege Warfare - Mohist Siege Crossbow
		The early Mohist siege crossbow or Mohist arcuballista is believed to have been a simple single bow affair, not much more complicated than the common handheld versions which also arose in and about the same time period.
		No one knows for sure the actual form of the Mohist arcuballista except that it existed and that the basic outline was a large frame taller than that of a man, and it could fit onto the ramparts of a Chinese wall.
		Regardless of its actual form, the Mohist siege crossbow or arcuballista of the Warring States period had proved its worth on the battlefield, forming a crucial component of the ancient Chinese army.
	authors.history-forum.com /liang_jieming/chinesesiegewarfare/siegeweapons-mohistarcuballista.html (0 words)

	Chinese PC Game: Xuan Yuan Jian 4
		The protagonist is a young disciple of Mohist School.
		She witnesses Mohist School constantly Step into miserable condition under the circumstances that people of the Qin State encircle and suppress.
		To save the Mohist, She decided to look for the lost ancient science and technology which is strictly forbidden to be studied for 200 years…
	suntendy-usa.com /eversion/others/content_XuanYuanJian4.htm (66 words)

	interval
		All the Mohist apparatus of normative analysis of dao applies to both the activity of interpreting a discourse into performance and evaluating a performance as a particular "walking" of a discourse dao.
		The language is also highly context specific, e.g., "choosing this and not that," interpreting in ways that "benefit." And finally his dao seems to place much more emphasis on the performance side since a test applied to the effect of performance determines what discourse dao is right.
		Mohist utilitarian analysis put the emphasis on the results of actual performance and stimulated a trend toward emphasizing the uniqueness of situations of performance at the same time the universalized reasoning encouraged summing.
	www.duckdaotsu.org /105/interval.html (1081 words)

	Chinese PC Game: Xuan Yuan Jian 4
		The protagonist is a young disciple of Mohist School.
		She witnesses Mohist School constantly Step into miserable condition under the circumstances that people of the Qin State encircle and suppress.
		To save the Mohist, She decided to look for the lost ancient science and technology which is strictly forbidden to be studied for 200 years…
	www.suntendy-usa.com /eversion/others/content_XuanYuanJian4.htm (0 words)

	Logic, Ontology and Language in Ancient China
		In the third century b.C. the Mohists responded to Chuang Tzu's skepticism by systematizing dialectic in the "Moist Canons" and the slightly later Ta-ch'ü and Hsiao-ch'ü.
		The Chinese never analyzed deductive forms, but the Mohists noticed that the formal parallelism of sentences does not necessarily entitle us to infer from one in the same way as from another, and they developed a procedure for testing parallelism by the addition or substitution of words.
		Evidence is offered here that the Mohists clearly distinguished extensional verbs from intensional verbs, and that this insight enabled them to say, among other things, that VN does not follow from VM, even in cases where N is M or contained in M, as long as the V in question is an intensional verb."
	www.formalontology.it /chinese-philosophy.htm (0 words)

	C.J. Fraser
		A survey of later Mohist thought, emphasizing their ethics, philosophy of language, epistemology, and dialectics.
		"Tang Junyi on Mencian and Mohist Conceptions of Mind." Presented at the International Conference on Confucians of the Chinese University, December 20-23, 2004, Chinese University of Hong Kong.
		This is a critical appraisal of the most important edition of the later Mohist texts, a pivotal source in the development of Chinese philosophy of language and epistemology.
	phil.arts.cuhk.edu.hk /~cjfraser/pub.htm (862 words)

	Mohist philosophy
		The social philosophy of Mohists is aggressive and enterprising.
		Their usual attitude is "If I can't do it, who can?" Not only do they discuss universal love and condemn aggression in the relationships among countries, families, and individuals, they also participate in various anti-war movements and social constructions.
		Mohist philosophers also strive to realize their ideal of an equal and harmonious world.
	www.chinaculture.org /gb/en_madeinchina/2005-09/27/content_73492.htm (0 words)

	Chinese philosophy : Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online
		The rationality shared by Xunzi and the later Mohists is based upon their nominalist stances.
		For the Mohists, necessity (bi) is what is ‘unending’ (bu yi ye), a condition of logical and scientific disputation which is invulnerable to time.
		Thus, even though the later Mohist has no explicit metaphysical theory, there is a belief that the world is comprised by concrete particulars with necessary logical relations one to the other (see Mohist philosophy).
	www.rep.routledge.com /article/G001SECT7 (0 words)

	Philosophers : Sung Tzu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A member of the Chi-hsia Academy of Ch'i, an academy that attracted all types of intellectuals for study of all branches of knowledge.
		Mohist ideals include an emphasis on utility, thrift, meritocracy, and a reluctance to wage war.
		He also believed that one's essential desires and needs are few and that one should look inwards instead of externally for social judgements.
	www.trincoll.edu /depts/phil/philo/phils/sungtzu.html (76 words)

	Wednesday
		Mohist philosophy closely resembles Western "utilitarianism," which resolves issues of doubt by asking which alternatives of action, belief, or moral disposition will produce the greatest net benefit to the human race.
		Mohist doctrine consists of the answers to that question.
		(Mohists do not advocate that individuals weigh action alternatives according to their effect on human welfare, but rather that individuals act according to constant standards determined on a utilitarian basis.)
	www.indiana.edu /~p374/8x.html (0 words)

	confucianism
		It is used in Confucian texts sometimes to refer to the all-encompassing ethical ideal and sometimes to refer specifically to an affective concern for all living things.
		Distinctive of Confucian thought and opposed by Mohist opponents is the view that the nature of such concern should vary according to one's relation to such things.
		To avoid its leading to improper behaviour, an affective concern for others has to be regulated by a sense of what is right, and departure from li in unusual circumstances or proper conduct in circumstances not covered by li also calls for an assessment of what is right.
	kfz.freehostingguru.com /article25.php (1993 words)

	hellshaw.com - kavanagh - writings - ?
		The questioner seems to be a Mohist, a follower of Mozi, who taught that the correct dao to guide society was a preference of what is beneficial for human beings, over what is harmful.
		In the continuation of this story, the Mohist is asked by a disciple of Yang Zhu's, "If you could gain a state by cutting off one limb at the joint, would you do it?"[48].
		The Mohist assumes that it is a good thing to attain political power, so that the Mohist dao can be transmitted for the good of all.
	www.hellshaw.com /barry/appendix4.html (1104 words)

	Logic in China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In China, a contemporary of Confucius, Mozi, "Master Mo", is credited with founding the Mohist school, whose canons dealt with issues relating to valid inference and the conditions of correct conclusions.
		The Mohist school of Chinese philosophy contained an approach to logic and argumentation that stresses analogical reasoning over deductive reasoning, and is based on the three fa, or methods of drawing distinctions between kinds of things.
		One of the schools that grew out of Mohism, the Logicians, are credited by some scholars for their early investigation of formal logic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logic_in_China (369 words)

	Chinese Food and Healthy Building - Mohist Philosophy of Health Building
		Mohist thought and practice reflected the people’s urgent demand for food and clothing in the social turbulence of the time.
		Mo Di said: “The five cereals are what the people rely on and what the emperor wants to grow.
		All this reflected the Mohist school’s wish for simple living, but it could not be achieved in reality.
	www.chinesefooddiy.com /about4_healthbuild4.htm (0 words)

	Three Neo-Mohist Concepts
		In this work he incorporates several papers he published earlier, such as "The Logic of the Mohist Hsiao Ch’u" and "Kung-sun Lung’s Essay on Meanings and Things." In the former article, Graham provides to date the most systematic effort to translate as well as explicate a Neo-Mohist work, the Hsiao Ch’u.
		Among the so-called six ‘dialectical’ chapters in the Mo Tzu, the last one is unique in being the only surviving treatise of pre-Buddhist China which discusses the forms of reasoning continuously and at some length.
		That is called hsiao or deduction." In treating Chmielewski’s analysis, I have made three modifications: (1) for consistency, I have romanized as hsiao in stead of hiao; (2) for historical accuracy, I have replaced ‘Neo-Mohist’ for wherever ‘Mohist’ appears in his essay; and (3) I have also modified his logical notations with more familiar ones.
	www.thomehfang.com /suncrates3/3kuo.html (7370 words)

	The Later Mohist Dialecticians
		We use "Later Mohists" to refer to the wing of the school of Mozi (See MOZI) whose central work is known as the Mohist Canon.
		They focused on theory of language, though their writings include fragments on ethics, and included embryonic scientific reflections on economics, geometry, and optics.
		However, a freak textual accident (together with its location in the most heretical and reviled philosophical text of the period) rendered it virtually unintelligible.
	www.hku.hk /philodep/ch/nmintro.htm (0 words)

	PHIL 110 Foundations of Greek and Chinese Thought
		Next we consider the Mohist challenge to Confucian thought and consider the response to that challenge by the Confucian thinker, Mencius.
		Mencius, in turn, proposes a Confucian response to the Mohist ethic based on the notion of a morally productive "human disposition" based on feelings of family affection.
		We close with Zhuangzi, who represents a form of resistance to the ways of the Mohist, the Confucian, and the Logician alike.
	www.kzoo.edu /phil/behuniak/PHIL115syl.html (795 words)

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