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	Moise Kapenda Tshombe - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Tshombe, Moise Kapenda, 1919-69, political leader in Congo (Kinshasa).
		In Apr., 1961, Tshombe was arrested by the central government but was released when he pledged to reunite Katanga with the Congo.
		Accused (1966) of treason against the government, Tshombe went into exile in Spain and was sentenced (1967) to death in absentia.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-tshombe.html (371 words)

	Moise Tshombe Summary
		Moïse Tshombe was born at Sandoa in southwestern Katanga, the son of a well-to-do father who combined success as a trader with social prominence in his traditional milieu, that of the Lunda (Aruund).
		Moïse Tshombe himself married a daughter of the Mwantayaav (emperor) of the Lunda, and his uncle and brother were subsequently enthroned as emperors while he was at the height of his political career.
		Tshombe himself was not arrested, due to the influence of Western powers, but he found his position increasingly uncomfortable and left the Congo in June 1963.
	www.bookrags.com /Moise_Tshombe (1348 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Moise Tshombe
		Moise Kapenda Tshombe (November 10, 1919 - June 29, 1969) was a Congolese politician.
		The Christian, anti-communist, pro-Western Tshombe was elected president of Katanga in August of 1960, and declared that "we are seceding from chaos." Favoring continued ties with Belgium, Tshombe asked the Belgian government to send military officers to recruit and train a Katangese army.
		On June 30, 1967, a plane he was traveling in was hijacked to Algeria, where he was first jailed and then kept under house arrest until his death from heart failure in 1969.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Moise_Tshombe (490 words)

	Violence In The Congo: A Perspective Of United Nation's Peacekeeping
		Tshombe had succeeded in resisting all political at- tempts to reintegrate Katanga with the Central Government, and his gen- darmerie had demonstrated, several times, that it was more than a match for the ANC.
		Tshombe had established an efficient, well-armed gendarmerie officered by Belgian of- ficers seconded to him by their government and by mercenaries who were working solely for the money.
		Moise Tshombe was a wealthy man who both understood and appreciated the benefits that Katanga had reaped from Belgian business interests with- in the province.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1984/BDR.htm (19257 words)

	INCORE: Publications and Papers:Conference Reports: The UN in the Congo
		Tshombe's Government was dominated by the Lunda tribe and its allies, of which Munongo's small tribe was one.
		Moise Tshombe and his father, with their pursuit of European culture and commerce, were something of an exception to this, but even so Moise married one of the Mwata Yamvo's daughters and was conscious of the tribe's claim to be the natural rulers of, at any rate, South Katanga, which contained all the mineral wealth.
		Tshombe took the line that, now that he had agreed in principle to belong to a federal Congo, it was purely a matter of internal politics -- and therefore none of the UN's business - what kind of federal Congo he belonged to.
	lugh.incore.ulst.ac.uk /home/publication/occasional/kyle.html (8010 words)

	Congo 1960-1964 KH
		Katanga, moreover, was led by Moise Tshombe, a man eminently accommodating to, and respectful of, whites and their investments.
		The government was now headed by none other than Moise Tshombe, a man called "Africa's most unpopular African" for his widely-recognized role in the murder of the popular Lumumba and for his use of white mercenaries, many of them South Africans and Rhodesians, during his secession attempt in Katanga.
		Tshombe once again called upon his white mercenary army, numbering 400 to 500 men, and the CIA called upon its own mercenaries as well, a band which included Americans, Cuban-exile veterans of the Bay of Pigs, Rhodesians, and South Africans, the latter having been recruited with the help of the South African government.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Blum/Congo_KH.html (1824 words)

	TIME.com: Apres Moise? -- May 19, 1961 -- Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Tshombe declared mineral-rich Katanga independent, hoping to maintain economic and cultural ties to Belgium.
		Tshombe came to Coquilhatville with the air of a man who was going to dictate his own terms.
		Tshombe's captors charged him with treason on ten counts, ranging from secession to bootlegging cigarettes.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,872399,00.html (645 words)

	Moise Tshombe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Moise Tshombe, the son of a wealthy businessman, was born in Musumba, Congo, in 1919.
		He placed Tshombe on trial for treason in his absence and was condemned to death.
		Moise Tshombe died in prison of a heart-attack on 29th June 1969.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /COLDtshombe.htm (467 words)

	'The Colonialist Hand Is Visible In The Congo'
		Five months later, Patrice Lumumba, the country's first prime minister and a central leader of Congo's anticolonial movement, was killed by the forces of Moise Tshombe, a wealthy plantation owner who was backed by 10,000 Belgian troops.
		Facing this critical situation, Mobutu brought back Tshombe, who was in exile for a brief period of time, and named him prime minister.
		Tshombe's mercenaries and their imperialist backers eventually crushed the anti-imperialist rebels.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/35/283.html (1120 words)

	Combined Arms Research Library
		In early 1964, a new wave of rebellion swept across the Congo and, this time, Moise Tshombe, the former provincial dissident, was called on to rescue the struggling central government.
		Tshombe's Katangan Gendarmerie humiliated the ANC and aroused Mobutu's ire.
		By the time of the revolt on 5 July 1967, Tshombe was languishing in an Algerian prison, the victim of a hijacking operation apparently sponsored by Mobutu, Two years later, the Algerians announced Tshombe's death of a heart attack, a report questioned by many.
	www-cgsc.army.mil /carl/resources/csi/odom2/odom2.asp (19519 words)

	Katanga — FactMonster.com
		Later a considerable number of UN troops, committed to a policy of nonintervention, were stationed in Katanga to oversee the withdrawal of foreign troops.
		In Jan., 1963, UN troops routed Tshombe's forces and ended the Katanga secession.
		Moise Kapenda Tshombe - Tshombe, Moise Kapenda, 1919–69, political leader in Congo (Kinshasa).
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0827180.html (533 words)

	Annan's Congo burden: Deja vu - The Washington Times: Commentary - August 23, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A U.N. war was fought against Katangese secessionists under Moise Tshombe's leadership, who wanted to keep Congo's copper and cobalt riches to himself.
		Tshombe's forces retreated to Kolwezi, the rich mining headquarters and site of the mine (Shinkolobwe) that supplied the uranium for the first American atomic bombs.
		Tshombe morphed from secessionist leader to president and rehired the mercenaries exiled by the U.N., including "Mad" Mike Hoare (5 Commando), Bob Denard, a former French paratrooper and intelligence agent (Franco-Belgian 6 Commando), and Black Jack Schramme, a renegade Belgian planter (10 Commando).
	washingtontimes.com /commentary/20040822-104445-2614r.htm (1129 words)

	UniMaps.com - Congo Crisis, map & infomation - PRINT
		Under the leadership of Tshombe and with Belgian aid, Katanga fought off repeated attempts by the central government to seize control.
		January 1963, and only after a violent showdown between UN troops and Tshombe's forces was the Katanga secession ended.
		Ironically, a year and a half after Tshombe's defeat by the UN forces -and the most vocal advocate of Katanga secession, Tshombe suddenly popped up as the providential leader of the besieged central government.
	unimaps.com /congo-crisis/print.html (497 words)

	Sese Seko Mobutu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In Kantanga, a rich mining province, was very much under the control of Moise Tshombe.
		This was rejected by Moise Tshombe but evidence emerged later that the Belgian government was behind the events in Katanga.
		He placed Moise Tshombe on trial for treason in his absence and was condemned to death.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /COLDmobutu.htm (521 words)

	Hammarskjold Dies in African Air Crash
		Tshombe's face reflected shock and horror seemed to show in his eyes.
		Tshombe has refused to meet with United Nations officials in Elisabethville, the Katanga capital, since the United Nations took over there last Wednesday in an attempt to restore the province to the control of the central Government in Leopoldville.
		Tshombe was a last-minute one, prompted by the Katanga fighting.
	partners.nytimes.com /library/world/africa/610919killed.html (888 words)

	AllRefer.com - Moise Kapenda Tshombe (African History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Moise Kapenda Tshombe (African History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Moise Kapenda Tshombe[mO-Es´ kupen´dA chOm´bA] Pronunciation Key, 1919–69, political leader in Congo (Kinshasa).
		In the general elections of 1960 Conakat gained control of the Katanga provincial legislature, and, when the Congo became an independent republic, Tshombe proclaimed Katanga's secession from the country.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/T/Tshombe.html (425 words)

	MOISE TSHOMBE Autograph
		On February 13, 1961, just two days before Tshombe wrote this letter from Elizabethville, Godefroid Munongo, Katanga's Minister of the Interior, called a press conference in Elizabethville and announced that Lumumba was dead.
		He placed an absent Tshombe on trial for treason, and Tshombe was condemned to death.
		In July 1967, Tshombe was kidnapped and taken to Algeria, where he died in prison of a heart attack in 1969 at the age of 49.
	www.historyforsale.com /html/prodetails.asp?documentid=264592 (475 words)

	Cascon Case CON: Congo (Katanga) 1960-63 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Katanga province's President Moise Tshombe requested Belgian paratroopers to quell rebels in the chaos following the Congo's independence from Belgian rule.
		Tshombe ordered mobilization to resist the UN force, which he called "Lumumba's agent" referring to leftist Premier Patrice Lumumba.
		Events culminating in Lumumba's murder in February 1961 engendered crises in the Congo and also the UN and Africa.
	web.mit.edu /cascon/cases/case_con.html (337 words)

	Invaders for Covert Operations in the Congo
		The Katangese succession was finally defeated by January 1963, and Moise Tshombe went into exile.
		In a move of desperation, in June of 1964 the Congolese government recalled Moise Tshombe from exile and made him Prime Minister (replacing Adoula) in an attempt to provide some sort of a unifying force.
		The US government agreed to help Tshombe raise a force of mercenaries to fight against the Simba rebellion, and decided to expand its air strike unit.
	home.att.net /~jbaugher4/a26_30.html (1657 words)

	Douglas A-26 Invader -- Chapter 30 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Katangese succession was defeated by January 1963, and Moise Tshombe went into exile.
		In a move of desperation, in June of 1964 the Congolese government recalled Moise Tshombe from exile and made him Prime Minister in an attempt to provide some sort of a unifying force.
		The B-26 was thought to be an ideal aircraft for this sort of operation, but by this time virtually all of the B-26Bs and Cs had been grounded due to fatigue problems.
	www.csd.uwo.ca /~pettypi/elevon/baugher_us/a26-30.html (1033 words)

	Réhabilitation de Moïse Tshombe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		MOÏSE TSHOMBE est le père d’une partie des Congolais en général et de plus de deux tiers (2/3) des Katangais en particulier, il est notre héros.
		Devenu président du Katanga, Tshombé regrettera beaucoup ce tournant de sa vie.
		Tshombé essaie donc de rester indépendant sur les plans politique et idéologique (on sent poindre le futur président entêté du Katanga sécessionniste!).
	www.congonline.com /Forum1/Forum09/Naki01.htm (1438 words)

	LBJ & the Congo
		Moise Tshombe declared indep of Katanga July 11, 1960, was the richest province in the Congo desired by former Belgian business interests
		June 26, 1964 - Tshombe returned from his Spanish exile and was appointed PM by President Kasavubu and Gen. Mobutu, but he was considered a "walking museum of colonialism" due to his ties with Belgium and Portugal and favored a partitioning of the Congo
		Although Tshombe sought to present an anti-colonial image by contributing $800 to Holden Roberto of Angola, he secretly accepted weapons and mercenaries from South Africa to fight the rebels
	history.sandiego.edu /gen/20th/LBJ/lbj-congo.html (645 words)

	Ralph Bunche \| The Drive to Decolonize \| Ralph Bunche and the Congo
		Bunche was already in the capital city of Leopoldville working with the new government to coordinate the UN's technical assistance program, when he also found himself in charge of a UN-sponsored mediation between Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and Belgian supported Moise Tshombe.
		Tshombe, head of the province of Katanga, one of the wealthiest provinces of this vast mineral-rich land, was threatening to secede.
		In the atmosphere of the Cold War, the UN becomes the "third presence", as Bunche put it, in the East-West contest for control over the Congo.
	www.pbs.org /ralphbunche/decol_congo.html (319 words)

	New Tape / Congo
		The crisis was further compounded by the trial of strength at the center between President Kasavubu and Prime Minister Lumumba, culminating in Lumumba's assassination at the hands of the Katangan secessionists in January 1961.
		The breakdown of central authority offered Moise Tshombe an ideal pretext for proclaiming the long-planned independence of Katanga on July 11, 1960.
		On December 28 Tshombe called for a general uprising of the population, to which the UN responded by moving against key points.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/ops/congo.htm (644 words)

	The Militant - May 18, 2004 -- Congo, 1965: UN role in Lumumba’s death
		The imperialist intervention enabled the Moise Tshombe government to eventually defeat the rebels.
		In Katanga, Belgian troops crushed uprisings of Congolese soldiers and miners, and protected Tshombe’s efforts to suppress opposition from minority leaders in the Katanga parliament.
		On December 1st, Lumumba was seized, publicly mauled in a truck before U.S. TV cameras and imprisoned in Leopoldville; this while UN forces stood by.
	www.themilitant.com /2004/6819/681949.html (804 words)

	Patrice Emery Lumumba
		He was a member of the small Batetela tribe, a fact that was to become significant in his later political life.
		His two principal rivals, Moise Tshombe, who led the breakaway of the Katanga province, and Joseph Kasavubu, who later became the nation's president, both came from large, powerful tribes from which they derived their major support, giving their political movements a regional character.
		But the Belgian troops landed principally in Katanga, where they sustained the secessionist regime of Moise Tshombe.
	www.africawithin.com /lumumba/historical_bio.htm (1202 words)

	Lumumba
		He began leveraging his influence in the power struggle between Kasavubu and Lumumba, a duplicitous role.
		Meanwhile, an embittered Moise Tshombe (Pascal N'Zonzi), President of the mineral-rich province of Katanga, used the confusion of the mutiny to declare Katanga independent.
		Pascal N'Zonzi's portrayal of despot Moise Tshombe gets to his heart of darkness.
	www.reelmoviecritic.com /2002/id1735.htm (710 words)

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