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Topic: Moldavian language

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	Ask4Geo - Moldova
		Moldavian territory was divided in 1812, when the Ottoman Empire took control of all of the land west of the Prut River and Russia took control at the rest.
		Moldavian state University, the Technical University of Moldova, the state Agricultural University of Moldova and the Moldavian G. Murices Academy of Music are the major higher educational institutions, which all situated in Chisinau.
		Moldavian is the official state language of Moldova; it is similar to Romanian, a Romance language derived mainly from the Latin language.
	www.ask4geo.com /moldova.php (1667 words)

	Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Moldavian ASSR or Moldovan ASSR (Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; Romanian: Republica Autonomă Socialistă Sovietică Moldovenească) was an autonomous region of the Ukrainian SSR between 12 October 1924 and 2 August 1940, encompassing Transnistria (now in Moldova) and parts which are now in Ukraine.
		In order to differentiate the "Moldavian Socialist culture" from the "Romanian burgeois culture" and to keep Soviet Moldovans far from Romanian influences, Cyrillic script was used in Moldavian schools (instead of Latin script which was used in Romania).
		The linguist Leonid Madan was assigned the task of creating this new language, based on the Moldovan dialects of Transnistria and Bessarabia and new words taken from the Russian language or invented by him.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Moldavian_ASSR (954 words)

	Moldavian SSR - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Moldovan Cyrillic: Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ, Romanian: Republica Sovietică Socialistă Moldovenească, Russian: Молда́вская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика) was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union from 1940 to 1941 and from 1945 to 1991.
		The date of the transformation of Moldavian ASSR into Moldavian SSR and its split from the Ukrainian SSR to become a separate republic of the USSR was August 2, 1940.
		The USSR government encouraged the developing of a "Moldavian culture", said to be distinct from the Romanian one, as well as a Moldavian language, which was claimed to be different from Romanian (although even some Soviet linguists disagreed with this
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Moldavian_SSR (551 words)

	Danubian Europe - European Network for Danubian Studies
		Hungarian historians and ethnographers tend to define the composition of the Moldavian Csángó population in terms of language use and dialect, thus the three main groups are refered to as Northern Csángó (speaking the northern Csángó dialect), Southern Csángó (speaking the southern Csángó dialect) and the Sekler Csángó (speaking various Sekler dialects).
		The Moldavian Csángó-Hungarian association is the mass organisation of the Roman Catholic citizens of Hungarian origin, regardless of the members present place of residence or of level of knowledge of the mother tongue.
		The accepted pattern that the language you speak dictates which ‘ethnic group’ you belong to which is synonymous with the ‘nation’ to which you belong is not valid in the case of the Moldavian Csángós.
	www.hi.is /~maurizio/danubiana/csango1.htm (9378 words)

	Moldova - LANGUAGE, RELIGION, AND CULTURE
		Stalin justified the creation of the Moldavian SSR by claiming that a distinct "Moldavian" language was an indicator that "Moldavians" were a separate nationality from the Romanians in Romania.
		In 1979 Russian was claimed as a native language by a large proportion of Jews (66 percent) and ethnic Belarusians (62 percent) and by a significant proportion of ethnic Ukrainians (30 percent).
		Russian was claimed as a second language by a sizable proportion of all the nationalities: Romanians (46 percent), Ukrainians (43 percent), Gagauz (68 percent), Jews (30 percent), Bulgarians (67 percent), Belarusians (34 percent), Germans (53 percent), Roma (36 percent), and Poles (24 percent).
	countrystudies.us /moldova/16.htm (568 words)

	MINELRES - Minority related national legislation - Moldova - Language
		Moldavian language as state one is used in all spheres of political, economical, social and cultural life and in view of this carries out function of language of international intercourse on the territory of republic.
		Language of arrangements and business correspondence in state authority bodies, government and public organisations in localities where majority of population are Ukrainian, Russian, Bulgarian or other nationalities is the state native or any acceptable language.
		Moldavian SSR guarantees the right to obtain pre-school education, secondary specialised, technical professional and higher education in Moldavian and Russian and creates conditions for the realisation of the right of citizens of other nationalities residing in republic for upbringing and education in mother tongue (Gagauz, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Ivrit, Yiddish, etc.).
	www.minelres.lv /NationalLegislation/Moldova/Moldova_Language_English.htm (2180 words)

	Case Studies Database
		Providing the Moldavians of the Ukraine with the possibility of receiving Moldavian (Rumanian) language education in pre-school institutions and schools; publishing information on the problems of the Moldavian minority of the Ukraine in the regional and central media.
		The activities to develop both Moldavian language education, and Moldavian culture in general, are in accordance with Ukrainian laws and implement the basic principles of the Ukrainian minority policy.
		National and cultural interests of the Moldavian minority were taken into consideration in a number of treaties between the Ukraine and Moldavia, in the Ukrainian laws "On Education", "On national minorities in the Ukraine", "On language".
	lgi.osi.hu /ethnic/csdb/results.asp?idx=no&id=247 (867 words)

	World congress on language policies
		Finally two laws were passed in August 1989: the "Law on the status of the state language in the Moldavian Socialist Soviet Republic" and the "Law on the functioning of languages on the territory of the Moldavian Socialist Soviet Republic".
		The "degradation" of Russian language was one of the reasons for the conflict in the Transnistria region, which is mainly inhabited by non-Moldovan speakers.
		The Law on the Functioning of Languages (1989), considered in relation to international legal standards, was tolerable to those unfamiliar with the language of the majority, and encouraged the representatives of the national minorities to learn the official language during a transition period up to 3-7 years.
	www.linguapax.org /congres/taller/taller3/article15_ang.html (4625 words)

	World congress on language policies
		The Law on Education and the Law on Functioning of Languages Spoken in Moldova stipulate the essential principle according to which the state guarantees the right to choose the language of instruction and education at all levels and stages of the education process, giving priority to mono-linguist as the organisation form of the education process.
		Other languages, as well as foreign languages and those, which are mother tongue for minority national groups in the Republic of Moldova, in some schools are studied as separate school subjects, in several schools a number of subjects are taught in them, i.e.
		State language must be the second one for study because it is one of the main conditions of integrating a person in socio-political, economic and cultural life of the republic.
	www.linguapax.org /congres/taller/taller3/article23_ang.html (2389 words)

	Hungarians in Moldavia
		Certain Moldavian place names, as well as the existing documentation and the location of villages which were later Romanianised, clearly suggest that the territory inhabited by the medieval Moldavian Hungarian settlers was considerably larger than that which their successors occupy today.
		Moldavian Csángós living beyond the Carpathian mountains played no part in the great historical movements of the first half of the 19th century which created the modern Hungarian nation and society (language reforms, political and cultural movements of the "Reform Age", the 1848 War of Independence).
		[Moldavian Hungarians in the Romanian Censuses.] In: Magyarságkutatás.
	www.kia.hu /konyvtar/erdely/moldvang.htm (6969 words)

	"Limba noastra" - essay on language in Moldova
		Their native languages and cultures were promoted, linguists developed scripts for up to that time only spoken minority languages, at elementary schools lessons were given in the native languages, secondary schools and universities with native languages as language of instruction were installed, newspapers in non-Russian languages were edited.
		To Moldavian intellectuals, correct use of their native language was very important, because they knew that this was the only way to preserve their language as well as their national heritage.
		Another point is, that many Moldavians left the rural areas and went to live in one of the Moldavian cities, leaving their relatives behind in the village (in 1940 13% of the total population in Moldavia lived in cities, the number increased up to 48% in 1990).
	www.east-west-wg.org /cst/cst-mold/diana.html (2822 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Gagauz in Moldova
		Under Stalin, the traditional Latin alphabet of the Romanian language was replaced with the Cyrillic alphabet in an attempt to foster the perception of Moldavia as a separate nationality from Romanian.
		The decision does reserve the rights of non-Moldovans to speak and write in their own languages (Russian is to be used for "inter-ethnic communication"), but all local and national authorities must be able to operate in Romanian (as well as Gagauz and Russian by the letter of the law in Gagauz and Russian areas).
		In response, the Moldavian Supreme Soviet dissolves and outlaws the Gagauz Khalk.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /mar/chronology.asp?groupId=35901 (2829 words)

	A New Nation in Europe: Romanians or Moldavians?
		That means that approximately two Moldavians in a hundred were city dwellers, and of course only a few them were culturally capable to grasp the meaning of the national idea (most of the people were illiterate even in the cities).
		The Moldavian intellectuals and the remnants of the bourgeois strata retained the culture and the language.
		Moldavians are somewhere in between, in the grey zone with a possibility to go towards both directions.
	www.east-west-wg.org /cst/cst-mold/newnat.html (2553 words)

	Romanian Coins - The vote of the Union the in the Moldavian Parliament - March 27th / April 9th
		Council of the Land) was the legislative and executive organ of the Democratic Moldavian Republic proclaimed on the ashes of an agonizing Russian empire.
		Its session opened on the 21st of November / 3rd of December 1917; at the opening ceremony a national flag was hallowed with holy water and the national anthem, "Deşteaptă-te, române" was sung.
		The later was replaced as result of Russian pressures that assert an ethnic difference between the Moldavians in Basarabia and their brothers in Transylvania, Walachia and western Moldavia and enforces this idea through Russified and Russia oriented communist political leaders.
	www.geocities.com /romaniancoins/unireabasarabiei.html (468 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series/ Belarus (Belarus and Moldova) ...
		Joseph V. Stalin claimed that their language and nationality were different and distinct from the language and nationality of the ethnic Romanians in Romania as a justification for creating the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1940.
		The liturgical language of the Eastern Orthodox and Uniate (q.v.
		Russian was given equal and official status with local languages in most non-Russian republics; it was made the official language of the Soviet Union in state and diplomatic affairs, in the armed forces, and on postage stamps, currency, and military and civilian decorations.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/belarus/by_glos.html (3020 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Slavs in Moldova
		Under pressure from Moldovan (Romanian) nationalists the Moldavian Supreme Soviet (still under Russian control) agrees to return the "Moldavian" language to the Latin alphabet.
		In a related move, it agreed to delay implementation of clauses of a new language law, thus delaying further restrictions on the Slavic (and Gagauz) minorities.
		A Memorandum on the normalization of relations between Moldova and the Trans-Dniester was signed in Moscow on May 8th in the presence of observers including the Presidents of Russia and Ukraine and OSCE representatives.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /mar/chronology.asp?groupId=35902 (7798 words)

	Moldavian SSR - Wikivisual
		The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Moldovan Cyrillic: Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ, Romanian: Republica Sovietică Socialistă Moldovenească, Russian: Молда́вская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика) was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union from 1940 to 1941 and from 1945 to 1991.
		The date of the transformation of Moldavian ASSR into Moldavian SSR and its split from the Ukrainian SSR to become a separate republic of the USSR was August 2 1940.
		Moldovans were encouraged to adopt the Russian language, which was required in order to get a public job (Russian was supposed to be the language of international communication).
	en.wikivisual.com /index.php/Moldavian_SSR (609 words)

	Pravda.RU:“Stumbling-language” in Moldavia
		The crisis was caused by the government’s intention to introduce obligatory studying of Russian language in schools and to change Romanian history to Moldavian history in school programme.
		In the meantime, nationalist opposition that went into hysteric because of introducing Russian language’s teaching in Moldavian schools and because of its state status, brought Moldavia to a sad state within the years of its ruling.
		Moldavian Foreign Ministry spread a statement, declaring that Moldavia refused to send its representatives to the negotiations, because it finds them to be “senseless in the conditions when Tiraspol does not want to compromise.” Kishinev one more time accused Tiraspol of its intention to create an independent state and therefore to hamper settling the conflict.
	newsfromrussia.com /main/2002/02/22/26598_.html (532 words)

	Moldova
		The second is the Moldavian national flag which bears the signatures of the personalities who took part to the proclamation of the Republic (27 August 1991).
		This could not disguise the fact that the Moldavians are essentially Romanian, and although Moldova's initially expressed aspiration of union with Romania is now much more muted, the Moldovan flag is basically that of Romania with the addition of the national coat of arms on the yellow stripe.
		Article 203/2 of the Penal Code of Moldavia says that desecration of national symbols of the Moldavian state or other states by people having official positions shall be punished by destitution, 3 to 7 years in jail or a fine equivalent to 80 average salaries.
	flagspot.net /flags/md.html (1794 words)

	Background facts: Mistreatment of ethnic minorities in Moldova, 1988-92 \| Pridnestrovie.net - Tiraspol, PMR: ...
		In demanding recognition of the identity of the Moldavian and Romanian languages, transfer of the Moldavian language to the Latin alphabet and the status of state language, the new Moldavian political leaders hit upon extremely attractive slogans that proved to be effective mobilizers.
		The frequency of such publications, and the strong language used by leaders of the Moldavian national movement, testified to the fact that Russophobia was considered an important mobilizing factor in political strategy, a kind of fast track to power.
		It became evident that the nationalistic-minded Moldavian leaders had chosen a strategy for deepening the ethnic-linguistic split in society and considered the flare-up of interethnic strife advantageous to their own advancement to the highest posts of the leadership.
	pridnestrovie.net /persecutions-moldova.html (1480 words)

	History of PMR part of Japanese conflict resolution project
		The Moldavian state, the Moldavian culture and the Moldavian history with its unique character is regarded as an unfortunate mistake that broke the integrity of the Romanian ethnos, a sovereignty of the Romanian state that existed before 1359 (that is before formation of the Moldavian feudal principality) as somewhat desired ideal.
		The Moldavian language in PMR preserves the traditional Cyrillic alphabet that the Moldavians have used for five centuries and is one of three official languages of PMR.
		Stating that “lately the process of Romanization of the Moldavian nation has become active in the SSR of Moldova” and “an anti-national policy of burying the Moldavian identity, culture, language, traditions in oblivion is underway”, Parliament outlined a series of measures to preserve the Moldavian identity and culture.
	www.tiraspoltimes.com /node/973 (5576 words)

	Principality of Wallachia
		As was the case for the Moldavian civil ensign it seems that the Wallachian civil ensign changed slightly with time: the Le Gras book shows the stars in fess instead that 2-1, and the eagle is a little different.
		Quite common are reproduction of the flag with a strange white and yellow paly field on which the eagle, often depicted as a white dove, sometimes appears on a yellow rectangle.
		But in July of the same year "...because until now it was not clear how to make national flags..." the same government stated that "...the national flag is a vertical tricolour dark blue, dark yellow and carmine red: the blue at the hoist, the yellow in the middle and the red at the fly.".
	www.fotw.net /flags/ro-wall.html (884 words)

	Cover Pages: Code for the Representation of the Names of Languages. From ISO 639, revised 1989. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The two-character language codes of ISO 639 are relevant to SGML encoding in two respects.
		Second, the WSD (Writing System Declaration) implemented in the Text Encoding Initiative uses the [two-character] language code of ISO 639 (as amended) as a language.code attribute of the nat.language declaration, specifying the language in which the WSD is written.
		The two-character language codes of ISO 639 are recognized as being inadequate for use as SGML language attributes when tagging text, viz, for use as global lang attributes attached to any element to identify the language of the text element or a language shift.
	www.oasis-open.org /cover/iso639a.html (687 words)

	Linguistics 201: Dialectology
		The real basis for much of sociolinguistics is that the differences in language among members of a speech community or between different regions speaking different varieties of the same language are often meaningful for society.
		Thus, the difference between dialect and language is partly linguistic and partly a matter of opinion based on extra-linguistic considerations.
		Portuguese of Brasil. Yiddish like 15th century German). A striking example among Indo-European languages is Lithuanian and Latvian. Often, languages that are on the periphery of a language area tend to retain old forms the longest.
	pandora.cii.wwu.edu /vajda/ling201/test3materials/dialectology.htm (430 words)

	Moldova (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This fiction could not disguise the fact that the Moldavians are essentially Romanian, and although Moldova's initially expressed aspiration of union with Romania is now much more muted, the Moldovan flag is basically that of Romania with the addition of the national coat of arms on the yellow stripe.
		First, Moldovan language is not a "artificial language", it's only a dialect of Romanian and differences between them are as great as between Austrian and German or American English and British English.
		The latter is the Moldavian national flag which bears the signatures of the personalities who took part to the proclamation of the Republic (27 August 1991).
	www.netlinkit.dk /fotw/flags/md.html (1971 words)

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