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Topic: Molecular engineering

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	Molecular engineering - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Molecular engineering is an important part of pharmaceutical research and materials science.
		A general theory of molecular mechanosynthesis to parallel that of photosynthesis and chemosynthesis (both used by living things) is the ultimate goal of the field.
		Molecular engineering is sometimes called generically "nanotechnology", in reference to the nanometre scale at which its basic processes must operate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Molecular_engineering (494 words)

	Learn more about Mechanical engineering in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mechanical engineers often create simulations of the operation of objects, as well as the manufacturing processes to be used, in order to optimize performance, cost effectiveness, and energy efficiencies, before settling on a particular design.
		Mechanical engineers are also expected to understand and be able to apply concepts from the chemistry and electrical engineering fields.
		At the smallest scales, mechanical engineering becomes molecular engineering - one speculative goal of which is to create a molecular assembler to build molecules and materials via mechanosynthesis.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /m/me/mechanical_engineering.html (442 words)

	Bioengineering - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Biological engineering (also biosystems engineering and bioengineering) is a broad-based engineering discipline that deals with bio-molecular and molecular processes, product design, sustainability and analysis of biological systems.
		Generally, bioengineering encompasses other engineering disciplines when they are applied to living organisms (e.g., prosthetics in mechanical engineering).
		Bioengineering is often synonymous with biomedical engineering, though in the strict sense the term can be applied more broadly to include food engineering and agricultural engineering.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biological_engineering (109 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Thus the field can be seen as a precision form of chemical engineering that includes protein engineering, the creation of protein molecules, a process that occurs naturally in biochemistry, e.g.
		As it matures, it is seeming to converge with mechanical engineering, since the molecules being designed often resemble small machines, e.g.
		Molecular engineering is sometimes called generically "nanotechnology", in reference to the nanometer scale at which its basic processes must operate.
	www.informationgenius.com /encyclopedia/m/mo/molecular_engineering.html (363 words)

	Nanotechnology: Science & Technology Essays - 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Molecular building blocks might be produced by ordinary chemistry; products might be strengthened after manufacture by crosslinking; molecular manufactured components might be joined into products by self-assembly; and building blocks similar to those used in self-assembly might be guided into chosen locations and away from alternate possibilities.
		Engineering, direct blueprint injection, and the use of molecular manufacturing tools to build more tools can be combined to achieve this.
		This is enough to make molecular manufacturing seem very interesting, well worth further study; and in the absence of evidence to the contrary, worth a measure of preliminary concern over how some of its possible products might be used.
	www.crnano.org /essays05.htm (16521 words)

	CBE Research Thrusts
		Molecular medicine is widely heralded as the health care technology heir of the revolutionary advances in biotechnology, with efforts increasingly being directed toward the use of molecular-, cell- and tissue-based approaches to diagnosis and treatment of a great number and broad variety of pathologies and injuries.
		Clearly, the road for molecular medicine is not as straightfoward as identifying a crucial gene or protein or cell and then obtaining a desired physiological function by simply generating, replacing, inhibiting, or modifying that entity.
		Efforts in the Molecular Engineering Thrust Area are aimed at identification and characterization of structure and function of important biological macromolecules.
	web.mit.edu /cbe/www/thrust.html (2622 words)

	C&EN: COVER STORY - NANOTECHNOLOGY
		Since "nanotechnology" is now used to label diverse current activities, I have attempted to minimize confusion by relabeling the longer term goal "molecular manufacturing." The consequences of molecular manufacturing are widely understood to be enormous, posing opportunities and dangers of first-rank importance to the long-term security of the U.S. and the world.
		In particular, you have described molecular assemblers as having multiple "fingers" that manipulate individual atoms and suffer from so-called fat finger and sticky finger problems, and you have dismissed their feasibility on this basis.
		I hope you will agree that the actual physical principles of molecular manufacturing are sound and quite unlike the various notions, many widespread in the press, that you have correctly rejected.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/coverstory/8148/8148counterpoint.html (3333 words)

	Institute for Molecular Manufacturing
		IMM responds to attacks on the feasibility of molecular assemblers.
		Molecular machinery parts design work by Dr. Eric Drexler includes a simple pump, a fine motion controller for molecular assembly, and a molecular differential gear.
		IMM is cosponsoring the Foresight Conferences on Molecular Nanotechnology:
	www.imm.org (1293 words)

	Molecular Engineering the Chiropticene Switch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The term "Molecular Engineering" is used to describe the rational exploitation of the compositional flexibility of organic molecules to achieve specific objectives.
		molecule was formulated specifically to enable the utilization of molecular engineering to achieve all the requirements of switching devices for use in molecular electronic applications.
		The molecular fasteners (Rf) at either end of the structure are variable but their selection will be determined by the device architecture.
	www.calmec.com /enginrng.htm (1413 words)

	WPI Center for Molecular Engineering: About the Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Molecular engineering can best be described as the rational design and synthesis of molecules and groups of molecules for specific device applications.
		Positioned within the WPI Bioengineering Institute, the Center for Molecular Engineering is ideally situated to exploit the natural link between molecular engineering and biological systems, both at the research and the applications stages.
		Since by its nature, molecular engineering requires the expertise of scientists and engineers in many different disciplines, a major focus for the center is to help foster collaborative interactions between WPI faculty and with professionals in regional academic and private sector organizations.
	www.wpi.edu /Academics/Research/BEI/CME/about.html (279 words)

	DrexlerNanotechnology81PNAS
		To deny the feasibility of advanced molecular machinery, one must apparently maintain either (i) that design of proteins will remain infeasible indefinitely, or (ii) that complex machines cannot be made of proteins, or (iii) that protein machines cannot build second-generation machines.
		Although the existence of molecular machinery in cells indicates the feasibility of some sort of artificial molecular machinery, errors in assembly might limit the synthesis of structures of great complexity.
		Molecular devices can interact directly with the ultimate molecular components of the cell and thus serve as probes of unique value in studying processes within the cell.
	www.imm.org /PNAS.html (4296 words)

	Biomedical Engineering
		The Department of BME at UT Austin strongly believes that advances in molecular medicine will be driven by individuals with interdisciplinary education and training spanning engineering, areas of molecular and cellular biology and high performance computing, particularly as the genetic basis of disease as elucidated by ongoing research.
		The mission of the Department of Biomedical Engineering at UT Austin is to educate undergraduate and graduate students in the fundamentals of engineering and science as they relate to medicine, and to perform multi-disciplinary, disease-oriented research at the molecular and cellular levels.
		The emphasis is to integrate new advances in imaging science, molecular markers of disease, and novel contrast agents for translational research.
	www.bme.utexas.edu /research/index.cfm (481 words)

	House Committee on Science
		Molecular manufacturing systems can be envisioned as factories operating at the nanometer level, including nanoscale conveyor belts and robotic arms bringing molecular parts together precisely, bonding them to form products with every atom in a precise, designed location (ref 2).
		Medical uses: Molecular machine systems will be able to sense and rearrange patterns of molecules in the human body, providing the tools needed to bring about a state of health, regardless of a disease's cause (ref 5).
		Molecular machine systems able to build complex objects could build copies of themselves, possibly overdoing this activity from a human point of view, as bacteria do.
	www.house.gov /science/hearings/full03/apr09/peterson.htm (1808 words)

	Headlines@Hopkins: Johns Hopkins University News Releases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Using a lab technique called domain insertion, Johns Hopkins researchers have joined two proteins in a way that creates a molecular "switch." The result, the researchers say, is a microscopic protein partnership in which one member controls the activity of the other.
		Marc Ostermeier, assistant professor in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Johns Hopkins.
		Marc Ostermeier is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering.
	www.jhu.edu /news_info/news/home03/mar03/molecule.html (827 words)

	3DM PuraMatrix Publications
		Two key elements in molecular fabrication are chemical complementarity and structural compatibility, both of which confer the weak and noncovalent interactions that bind building blocks together during self-assembly.
		Understanding of new materials at the molecular level has become increasingly critical for a new generation of nanomaterials for nanotechnology, namely, the design, synthesis and fabrication of nanodevices at the molecular scale.
		Other refinements in tissue engineering include the use of stem cells, cell pre-selection and growth factor pre-treatment of cells that are used for seeding scaffolds.
	www.puramatrix.com /pubs/index.htm (4386 words)

	Engineering novel life : Molecular Systems Biology
		In the same way that electrical engineering grew from physics to become a separate discipline in the early part of the last century, we see the growth of a new engineering discipline: one oriented to the intentional design, modeling, construction, debugging, and testing of artificial living systems.
		The notion of a 'part' is essentially an engineering concept, reflecting important synthetic goals of modularity, standardized structural and functional composition, hierarchical assembly, isolation from other components, characterized behavior, and standardized interfaces.
		The 'parts' of the T7 genome are, from the standpoint of engineering practice, still poorly defined in many respects—we do not, for example, know the function of several of them.
	www.nature.com /uidfinder/10.1038/msb4100028 (808 words)

	Schmidt Molecular Tissue Engineering: Publications
		Engineering an improved acellular nerve graft via optimized chemical processing.
		Synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole/hyaluronic acid composite biomaterials for tissue engineering.
		Affinity immobilization of a genetically engineered bifunctional hybrid protein.
	www.bme.utexas.edu /faculty/schmidt/Publications/index.html (579 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Molecular Engineering of Nanosystems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is thus becoming possible not only to build machines at the scale of integrated electronic circuits and circuits with "wires" no thicker than an atom, but also to manipulate biological tissues and materials at the scale of individual cells, organelles, and even molecules.
		The implications of this technology are profound: for computer technology, for electromechanical sensors and actuators, for materials science and manufacturing, and for biomedical engineering.\|\|The molecular machines of living organisms provide the paradigm for the discussion in this text.
		Useful for those who might need a basic introduction to some of the important issues in nanotechnology and the influence of the chemical and biological science on the nanotechnology revolution.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0387989889?v=glance (545 words)

	Nanotechnology (Science Tracer Bullet - Science Reference Services, Library of Congress)
		Nanotechnology is defined in K. Eric Drexler’s Engines of Creation as a ”technology based on the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules to build structures to complex, atomic specifications.” Since nano- signifies one billionth, one nanometer is one billionth of a meter.
		Materials, physics and devices for molecular electronics and photonics: proceedings of Symposium M on Materials, Physics and Devices for Molecular Electronics and Photonics of the 1997 ICAM/E-MRS Spring Conference, Strasbourg, France, June 16-20, 1997.
		The Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (IMM) is a nonprofit foundation formed to carry out research to develop molecular manufacturing (molecular nanotechnology, or MNT).
	www.loc.gov /rr/scitech/tracer-bullets/nanotechnologytb.html (1645 words)

	:: MIT ChE :: Research - Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering
		From understanding the kinetics of the reaction, and the equilibrium extent to which it can proceed, come applications: the network of reactions during combustion, the chain reactions that form polymers, the multiple steps in the synthesis of a complex pharmaceutical molecule, the specialized reactions of proteins and metabolism.
		In designing a reactor, the chemical engineer must consider how the chemical kinetics, often modified by catalysis, interacts with the transport phenomena in flowing materials.
		New microreactor designs are expanding the concept of what a reactor may do, how reactions may be conducted, and what is required to scale a process from laboratory to production.
	web.mit.edu /cheme/research/catalysis.html (346 words)

	Molecular Engineering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We are entering an era when some of the barriers between engineered and living systems will begin to fall.
		The huge difference in capability between engineered and biological systems is not just the materials from which they're made, it's that the fine structure of the integrated circuit stops with what you can see: there's nothing down below.
		Engineers are beginning to learn how to do this.
	www.fourmilab.ch /autofile/www/section2_84_15.html (352 words)

	ScienceIsFun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		To explore the mechanics of single molecules and other subcellular structures more deeply and effectively, we are developing a novel technique of imposing femtonewton level forces to proteins and cells.
		Molecular reaction and diffusion in cell-cell adhesion strengthening.
		Measurement of the molecular bond force between individual receptors on the neutrophil and their antibodies.
	biomed.wustl.edu /faculty/shao/ScienceIsFun.html (1085 words)

	Protein engineering produces 'molecular switch'
		To prove the production of a molecular switch is possible, Ostermeier, assisted by doctoral student Gurkan Guntas, started with two proteins that typically do not interact: beta-lactamase and the maltose binding protein found in a harmless form of E. coli bacteria.
		Ostermeier believed a very small number of these new fusion proteins might possess the molecular switch behavior he was looking for.
		To find them, he and Guntas took a cue from the process of evolution, or “survival of the fittest.” By looking for the E. coli that thrived in maltose, they could isolate only the ones in which the maltose binding partner was still active (in other words, it still bound itself to maltose).
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-03/jhu-pep032403.php (756 words)

	1997 Nanotechnology Conference
		The Sixth Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology will be held November 13-15 1998, at the Westin Hotel in Santa Clara, CA.
		molecular nanotechnology, that is, thorough three-dimensional structural control of materials and devices at the molecular level.
		This conference was a meeting of scientists and technologists working in fields leading toward molecular nanotechnology: thorough three-dimensional structural control of materials and devices at the molecular level.
	www.foresight.org /Conferences/MNT05/Nano5.html (791 words)

	Chemical and Molecular Engineering
		The program in Chemical and Molecular Engineering is designed to meet the expanding demand for chemical engineers in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries for food, health products, and cosmetics in the New York region.
		Freshman and transfer applicants who have specified their interest in the major in chemical and molecular engineering may be accepted directly into the major upon admission to the University.
		Applicants admitted to the University but not immediately accepted into the chemical and molecular engineering major may apply for acceptance at any time during the academic year by contacting the director of the undergraduate program.
	naples.cc.sunysb.edu /CAS/ubdepts0305.nsf/pages/cme (1296 words)

	WPI Center for Molecular Engineering: Projects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Specifically, we are developing a molecular templating technique to allow us to tailor surfaces for specific properties and functions, including molecular electronics, photovoltaics and nanofluidics.
		Their surfaces are coated with a molecular layer that purports to lower the likelihood of sticking and thus prevents failure of the device, but reliability remains difficult to predict.
		We are correlating the properties of the molecular layer with failure rates.
	www.wpi.edu /Academics/Research/BEI/CME/projects.html (307 words)

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