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Topic: Molecular laser isotope separation

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	Isotope separation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Isotope separation is the process of concentrating specific isotopes of a chemical element by removing other isotopes.
		Isotope separation is an important process for both peaceful and military nuclear technology, and therefore the capability that a nation has for isotope separation is of extreme interest to the intelligence community.
		Separative Work Unit (SWU) is a complex unit which is a function of the amount of uranium processed and the degree to which it is enriched, ie the extent of increase in the concentration of the U-235 isotope relative to the remainder.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Isotope_separation (1635 words)

	Isotope separation -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Isotope separation is an important process for both peaceful and military nuclear technology, and therefore the capability that a nation
		The resonant absorption of light for an isotope is dependent upon its mass and certain (additional info and facts about hyperfine) hyperfine interactions between electrons and the nucleus, allowing finely tuned lasers to only interact with one isotope.
		One candidate for the largest room temperature (additional info and facts about kinetic isotopic effect) kinetic isotopic effect ever measured at room temperature, 305, may eventually be used for the separation of (A radioactive isotope of hydrogen; atoms of tritium have three times the mass of ordinary hydrogen atoms) tritium (T).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/is/isotope_separation.htm (1653 words)

	ISIS Issue Brief: The South Korean Laser Isotope Separation Experience
		The wavelength of dye laser 1 was 555.648 nm, and that of dye laser 2 was 581.067 nm.
		The wavelength of the third laser was scanned from 430 to 660 nm using the dye Rhodamine 640, 610, and 590 and Coumarine 540A, 500, 480, 460, and 440".
		D.W. Suh, Apparatus for the Isotope Separation, KAERI/RR-256/80
	www.isis-online.org /publications/dprk/sklisword2.html (5276 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Isotopes for Medicine and the Life Sciences (1995)
		The various isotopes of a given element differ from one another only in the number of neutrons in their atomic nucleus (the number of protons in the nucleus differentiates the elements from one another), and even highly purified samples of an element are generally a mixture of several isotopes.
		Large amounts of enriched stable isotopes of the light elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are particularly important for biomedical research (e.g., oxygen-18 as a source material for the fluorine-18 used in position emission tomography).
		In VAC, separation is achieved via the interaction between an ion beam (composed of the isotopes to be separated) with a suitable magnetic field, with the separation factor between any two isotopes depending on the difference in their masses and the rotation frequency of the plasma.
	books.nap.edu /openbook/0309051908/html/19.html (5388 words)

	Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute
		At present investigations conducted by scientists of the Institute of Molecular Physics in field of centrifuge isotope separation are directed to studying the physical and chemical aspects of the separation process and enhancing its efficiency.
		Isotope separation is accomplished using a gas centrifuge machine.
		Plasma isotope separation methods are investigated both experimentally and theoretically at the IMP since 1980.
	www.kiae.ru /rus/inf/new/new6.htm (3660 words)

	Laser Ablation
		In laser ablation, pulsed light from an excimer laser is focused onto a solid target inside a vacuum chamber to "boil off" a plume of energetic atoms of the target material.
		Mashburn envisioned a device that combined a laser, a rotating target drum on which separate oxide targets would be mounted, and a computer-controller that would select (or skip) each target and adjust the laser energy needed to ablate it as it spun by several times each second.
		Because the color and intensity of the laser ablation plumes are intricately related to the type, amount, and condition of material in transit, optical spectroscopy can be employed for precise noninvasive monitoring of the deposition process--a strong potential advantage of the laser ablation technique.
	www.ornl.gov /info/ornlreview/rev27-12/text/lasmain.html (4412 words)

	Laser enrichment: Separation anxiety \| thebulletin.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Brazil's laser project aimed to "demonstrate the technical viability of the laser processes for isotope separation using, as long as possible, resources available in Brazil," according to a 1998 scientific article by a research team centered at the Instituto de Estudos Avançados.
		Brazilian laser research planning originated in the United States in the early 1970s, and was led by Sergio Porto, a Brazilian scientist and professor at the California Institute of Technology and the University of Southern California who took a special interest in educating Brazilian students.
		But because the two isotopes have very similar excitation frequencies, the laser beams used to selectively excite uranium 235 must be finely tuned and have a narrow frequency spread, which is technically demanding to achieve.
	www.thebulletin.org /article.php?art_ofn=ma05boureston (2441 words)

	Laser Isotope Separation Uranium Enrichment
		Present systems for enrichment processes using lasers fall into two categories: those in which the process medium is atomic uranium vapor and those in which the process medium is the vapor of a uranium compound.
		The AVLIS laser system is a pumped laser system comprised of one laser used to optically pump a separate dye laser, which produces the light used in the separation process.
		The laser light emerging from the dye master oscillator laser is increased in power by passage through a dye laser amplifier.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/intro/u-laser.htm (1245 words)

	Chemistry - Helium
		The gain medium of the helium-neon laser (the first gas laser) most commonly used to scan bar codes is a mixture of helium and neon.
		Rocks from the Earth's crust have isotope ratios varying by as much as a factor of ten; this is used in geology to study the origin of such rocks.
		The most common isotope, helium-4, is produced on Earth by alpha decay of heavier radioactive elements; the alpha particles that emerge are fully-ionized helium-4 nuclei.
	www.chemistrydaily.com /chemistry/Helium (4551 words)

	Introduction to Nuclear Power
		The concentration of the fissionable isotope, 235U (0.71 percent in natural uranium) is less than that required to sustain a nuclear chain reaction in light water reactor cores.
		Natural UF6 thus must be "enriched" in the fissionable isotope for it to be used as nuclear fuel.
		In the gaseous diffusion technology, the separation achieved per diffusion stage is relatively low, and a large number of stages is required to achieve the desired level of isotope enrichment.
	eia.doe.gov /cneaf/nuclear/page/intro.html (1980 words)

	The Actinide Research Quarterly: 1st quarter 1999
		From a processing efficiency standpoint, a better way of separating actinides from their major constituents is to act upon only the minor components without dissolving the entire matrices.
		A radical has unpaired electrons unlike a stable molecular electronic configuration so that it is usually very reactive with neighboring species, and it does not hang around long (less than several seconds at most) for us to detect readily in its isolated state.
		Although easily described, this arrangement requires that the laser beam and the probe beam should be made co-linear, and the probe beam should be inside the laser beam volume for maximum sensitivity.
	www.lanl.gov /orgs/nmt/nmtdo/AQarchive/99spring/foof.html (1408 words)

	Mass spectrometry glossary
		Separation is achieved through channels etched on the surface of the capillary (connected to an external high- voltage power supply) which delivers sample to ESI-MS.
		Laser irradiation of a light- absorbing matrix doped with analyte results in release of molecules into the vacuum of the mass spectrometer.
		In a TOF analyzer, ions are separated by differences in their velocities as they move in a straight path toward a collector in order of increasing mass- to- charge ratio.
	www.genomicglossaries.com /content/mass_spectrometry.asp (3198 words)

	Session_7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Laser Technologies for Isotope Separation and Selective Photochemistry.
		Most of its isotopic selectivity is gained at the preexcitation step.
		The process has been applied to isotope separation of 13C on CF3H molecules and exhibits economically promising overall performance.
	home.rclph.spbu.ru /journal/abstracts_2002_6/LAT/ean_s7.htm (95 words)

	The Nuclear Safeguards (Notification) Regulations 2004
		The separation nozzles consist of slit-shaped, curved channels having a radius of curvature less than 1 mm (typically 0.1 to 0.05 mm), resistant to corrosion by UF and having a knife-edge within the nozzle that separates the gas flowing through the nozzle into two fractions.
		The laser system for MLIS usually consists of a CO or excimer laser and a multi-pass optical cell with revolving mirrors at both ends.
		Lasers or laser systems for both processes require a spectrum frequency stabilizer for operation over extended periods of time.
	www.hmso.gov.uk /si/si2004/20041255.htm (4973 words)

	ISIC - Thomas Rizzo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In the area of fundamental research, we have developed a number of multiple laser techniques to prepare isolated molecules in single rovibrational states at high energy.
		In 1986 he was named Assistant Professor of Chemistry at the University of Rochester, where he developed a new generation of spectroscopic techniques to study the dynamics of highly vibrationally excited molecules.
		He is presently the Director of the Institute of Molecular and Biological Chemistry and serves on the direction of the Faculty of Basic Sciences.
	isic.epfl.ch /rizzo_e.htm (1309 words)

	Home page : Prof. Jonathan N. L. Connor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In order to understand chemical reactivity and physical rate processes from a fundamental molecular point of view, it is essential to understand the dynamical motion of the colliding atoms and molecules.
		There are also many important applications including: atmospheric and combustion processes, laser isotope separation, and molecular processes in astronomy.
		A broad range of research is carried out using quantum, classical and semiclassical theories and ranges from purely analytical work to extensive computational studies on state-of-the-art supercomputers and workstations.
	mch3w.ch.man.ac.uk /theory/JNLC (383 words)

	Alternative Applications of Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation Technology -- Executive Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate possible alternative applications for the atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) technology for uranium enrichment and plutonium purification developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and to recommend steps needed for further development of the most promising applications (see Appendix B for Statement of Task).
		C for isotopically pure diamond, and the use of plutonium isotopes for several nonweapons applications are examples of commercially useful products that might be produced at a cost less than the product value.
		Separations of other isotopes such as the elemental constituents of semiconductors were suggested; it is recommended that proposed applications be tested by using existing supplies to establish their value before more efficient enrichment processes are developed.
	www.nap.edu /execsumm/ARC000011.html (1671 words)

	ipedia.com: Nuclear fuel cycle Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Uranium reserves are the amounts of ore that are estimated to be recoverable at stated costs.
		The numbers refer to the atomic mass for each isotope, or the number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus.
		Each laser-based enrichment process can achieve higher initial enrichment (isotope separation) factors than the diffusion or centrifuge processes can achieve.
	www.ipedia.com /nuclear_fuel_cycle.html (1372 words)

	New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade: Disarmament Division - New Zealand Strategic Goods List: Part 2 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Plant for the separation of isotopes of "natural uranium", "depleted uranium" and "special fissile materials", and specially designed or prepared equipment and components therefor, as follows:
		Separation nozzles consisting of slit-shaped, curved channels having a radius of curvature less than 1 mm, resistant to corrosion by UF6, and having a knife-edge contained within the nozzle which separates the gas flowing through the nozzle into two streams;
		Separator module housings (cylindrical) for containing the uranium plasma source, radio-frequency drive coil and the product and tails collectors and made of a suitable non-magnetic material (e.g.
	www.mfat.govt.nz /foreign/dis/nzsgl/pages/part2.html (3337 words)

	Alsos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The site begins by discussing the main characteristics of uranium and how it can be found, as well as the various uses of uranium, including uranium gun-assembled weapons and non-military purposes.
		Most of the page deals with uranium isotope separation and enrichment processes.
		Those included are electromagnetic isotope separation; thermal diffusion; gaseous diffusion; gas centrifuge; aerodynamic processes; laser isotope separation, including atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) and molecular laser isotope separation (MLIS); chemical and ion exchange; and the plasma separation process (PSP).
	alsos.wlu.edu /information.asp?id2=1225&past=6&print=true (111 words)

	Review of the Atomic Energy Corporation p3
		Among the factors which led to the historic decision to develop and exploit the nozzle-based enrichment process were political/strategic considerations in accordance with the government of the day.
		When this political programme was abandoned, the AEC was probably influenced by staff morale and a quest for a new major purpose, leading to the decision to pursue the molecular laser isotope separation process seriously.
		So, for example, to replace reactor-produced isotopes with cyclotron-produced isotopes would not be sensible as this would conflict with the already established interests of the National Accelerator Centre (NAC).
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/rsa/agency/aecpg3.htm (4305 words)

	Inproteo: Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Wolfgang R. Plass and R. Graham Cooks, “A Model for Inelastic Molecular Collisions at Steady State or Non-Steady State with an Arbitrary Distribution of Collision Energies” Int.
		Rodinei Augusti, Xubin Zheng, M. Turowski, and R. Graham Cooks, “Kinetic Isotope and Collision Energy Effects in the Dissociation of Chloride and Bromide Adducts of Aliphatic Alcohols, Benzaldehyde and 2,4-Pentanedione, Australian J. Chem.”, in press.
		A.H. Que and M. Novotny, “Separation of Neutral Saccharide Mixtures with Hydrophilic-phase Capillary Electrochromatography using Monolithic Columns,” Anal.
	www.inproteomics.com /propub.html (2791 words)

	South Korean Laser Isotope Separation Work
		Isotope Shift and Hyperfine Structures of Sm Atom Measured by a Tunable Single-Mode Diode Laser
		Output Characteristics of the Transverse -Discharge Copper-Vapor Laser
		Laser Bandwidth and Doppler Broadening Effects on the Population Dynamics of a Three-Level Atomic Gadolinium
	www.isis-online.org /publications/dprk/sklis.html (2679 words)

	Iran Nuclear Update, 2000
		Another 10,000 pieces of mechanical and electrical equipment are available for use, but they lack the necessary quality assurance documentation or are obsolete.
		Other nuclear imports: It was reported in 1998 that Western intelligence agencies believed that the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI) was trying to procure equipment used in laser enrichment of uranium.
		According to the reports, the AEOI was working on both molecular laser isotope separation (MLIS) and atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) at the Laser Research Center in Tehran.
	www.wisconsinproject.org /countries/iran/nuke2000.htm (477 words)

	Scientific Development and Integration: Products: Laser Applications: Photochemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The photonics group of SDI has a vast amount of experience in the developing and manufacturing of lasers, systems, and plants for photo-chemsitry applications.
		This expertise together with the experience of the Isotope division makes SDI ideally suited for the building of complete systems for laser isotope separation processes and other photo-chemistry applications.
		In parallel with the development of this expertise, the photonics group has been involved in the development of frequency conversion and spectroscopic system that are used with these systems.
	www.sdi.co.za /lasers_applications_photochemistry.htm (109 words)

	CO-OPERATION AGREEMENTS BETWEEN SA AND FRANCE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The agreements open the way for co-operation between South Africa and France on the industrialisation of the Molecular Laser Isotope Separation technology for the commercial enrichment of uranium.
		Prior to 1995 the AEC had for some years been engaged in the development of the Molecular Laser Isotope Separation technology for the commercial enrichment of uranium.
		The potential value of MLIS technology to South Africa lies in the direction of the value that can be added to uranium ore concen- trates exports as well as income that can be generated through the potential international licensing of the technology.
	www.info.gov.za /speeches/1996/m010r701.htm (850 words)

	AEC BRIEFING AT PELINDABA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		South Africa like other countries of the world uses medical and industrial isotopes in everyday applications, generates electricity from its own uranium resources and earns considerable foreign exchange from uranium mining and beneficiation.
		All of us are surrounded by natural phenomena that emit more natural radiation than these industrial and medical uses, for instance cosmic radiation from the skies, natural radiation from rocks and the soil on which we live as well as our own internal radiation within our own bodies.
		What does the agreement between South Africa and France on the industrialisation of the Molecular Laser Isotope Separation (MLIS) technology for the commercial enrichment of uranium, mean to South Africa?
	www.info.gov.za /speeches/1996/m010w992.htm (381 words)

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