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Topic: Molecular manufacturing

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	Molecular engineering - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Molecular engineering is an important part of pharmaceutical research and materials science.
		A general theory of molecular mechanosynthesis to parallel that of photosynthesis and chemosynthesis (both used by living things) is the ultimate goal of the field.
		Molecular engineering is sometimes called generically "nanotechnology", in reference to the nanometre scale at which its basic processes must operate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Molecular_engineering (502 words)

	Molecular nanotechnology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The desire in molecular nanotechnology would be to place molecular moieties in deterministic locations with deterministic orientation to obtain desired chemical reactions, and then to build systems by further assembling the products of these reactions.
		Molecular nanotechnology is one of the technologies that some analysts believe could lead to a Technological Singularity.
		Either (a) such a manufacturing capabiliity is feasible, in which case the focus should be on what it looks like and how to develop it, or (b) such a manufacturing capability is for some reason infeasible, in which case the focus should be on understanding why it can not be done.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Molecular_nanotechnology (2630 words)

	Nanotechnology: Developing Molecular Manufacturing
		The mechanical component of molecular manufacturing does not require a classical mechanical engineering approach, but such an approach seems to be a good fit for the method—especially since the creation of designed molecules will make it relatively easy to specify their shape.
		Exponential molecular manufacturing may significantly impact the semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries, among others; and integrated molecular manufacturing may even be competitive as a general-purpose manufacturing technology.
		Molecular manufacturing relies on two counterintuitive ideas: first, that mechanical operations can reliably be carried out at the nanoscale; second, that handling of individual molecules can be scaled up to produce useful quantities of product.
	www.crnano.org /developing.htm (4524 words)

	Doing MM - WiseNano
		Molecular manufacturing emphasizes the use of precise, engineered, computer-controlled, nanoscale tools to construct vast numbers of improved tools as well as products with vast numbers of precise, engineered nanoscale features.
		Molecular manufacturing is a fundamentally different approach, using nanoscale machines to construct engineered, heterogeneous, atomically precise structures by direct manipulation.
		The cost of such efforts, and their effect on the speed of advancement of molecular manufacturing and its many spinoff technologies, is currently unknown.
	wise-nano.org /w/Doing_MM (691 words)

	Nanotechnology: Overview of Current Research
		Molecular manufacturing is the use of programmable chemistry to build exponential manufacturing systems and high-performance products.
		Molecular manufacturing can be built into a self-contained, tabletop factory that makes cheap products efficiently at molecular scale.
		Molecular manufacturing can be self-contained and clean; a single packing crate or suitcase could contain all equipment required for a village-scale industrial revolution.
	www.crnano.org /overview.htm (1463 words)

	Mike Treder - Commentary at Future Brief
		Unless molecular manufacturing capability is contained, the number of nanotech-possessing nations in the world could be much higher than today’s number of nuclear nations, increasing the chance of inflaming dangerous regional conflicts that could spin out of control.
		Without wise planning, molecular manufacturing is likely to produce severe economic disruption and social disorder, as well as a perilously unstable new arms race that could lead to devastating acts of war.
		Molecular manufacturing promises the ability to reduce stress on the environment, alleviate most shortages, raise living standards worldwide, and eradicate nearly all poverty, starvation, and homelessness.
	www.futurebrief.com /miketrederwar002.asp (2929 words)

	molecular manufacturing of solar collectors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		New fields often need new terms to describe their characteristic features, and so it may be excusable to begin with a few definitions: Molecular manufacturing is the construction of objects to complex, atomic specifications using sequences of chemical reactions directed by nonbiological molecular machinery.
		Molecular nanotechnology comprises molecular manufacturing together with its techniques, its products, and their design and analysis; it describes the field as a whole.
		Mechanosynthesis—mechanically guided chemical synthesis—is fundamental to molecular manufacturing: it guides chemical reactions on an atomic scale by means other than the local steric ["molecular shape"] and electronic properties of the reagents; it is thus distinct from (for example) enzymatic processes and present techniques for organic synthesis.
	www.serve.com /damien/home/solar-nano/nano/definition.html (261 words)

	DrexlerNanotechnology81PNAS
		To deny the feasibility of advanced molecular machinery, one must apparently maintain either (i) that design of proteins will remain infeasible indefinitely, or (ii) that complex machines cannot be made of proteins, or (iii) that protein machines cannot build second-generation machines.
		Although the existence of molecular machinery in cells indicates the feasibility of some sort of artificial molecular machinery, errors in assembly might limit the synthesis of structures of great complexity.
		Molecular devices can interact directly with the ultimate molecular components of the cell and thus serve as probes of unique value in studying processes within the cell.
	www.imm.org /PNAS.html (4296 words)

	House Committee on Science
		Molecular manufacturing systems can be envisioned as factories operating at the nanometer level, including nanoscale conveyor belts and robotic arms bringing molecular parts together precisely, bonding them to form products with every atom in a precise, designed location (ref 2).
		Raising sustainable living standards: Molecular manufacturing will be able to cleanly and inexpensively produce high-quality products using common materials (especially carbon, which is in excess in the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide) and solar energy (ref 6).
		While the basics of molecular manufacturing have been in the literature for over a decade, controversy still continues about the technical feasibility of this goal.
	www.house.gov /science/hearings/full03/apr09/peterson.htm (1808 words)

	products of molecular manufacturing
		Molecular manufacturing systems can use analogous reactions, but using mechanical control to guide the carbon deposition process with atomic precision (Nanosystems, Section 8.6).
		Molecular manufacturing will enable the construction of a wider range of devices, both imitating and extending natural systems.
		Molecular manufacturing systems need contain no parts of sorts that cannot be made and combined using molecular manufacturing.
	www.e-drexler.com /p/04/03/0325molManufProd.html (519 words)

	Nanotechnology: Molecular Manufacturing
		The basic concept says that goods could be manufactured in a "fl box" with an assembler that arranges the individual atoms and molecules of the raw materials, lining them up until the desired product results.
		Molecular manufacturing is based on a model used in nature, for example by enzymes, hormones, and DNA.
		The manufacturing process must somehow be able to maneuver individual atoms and molecules so that they stay in a certain position.
	www.riverdeep.net /current/2000/03/front.030300.nano.jhtml (1181 words)

	Small Times: News about MEMS, Nanotechnology and Microsystems
		The earthshaking insight of molecular nanotechnology is that, when we reach this scale, we can reverse direction and begin building up, making products by placing individual atoms and molecules exactly where we want them.
		Building an assembler is one of the ambitious research projects of Zyvex, a Texas firm that bills itself as "the first molecular nanotechnology company." Zyvex has gathered many leading minds in physics, chemistry, mechanical engineering, and computer programming to focus on the long-range goal of molecular assembler manufacturing technology.
		In addition, if we are not careful, the flexibility and compactness of molecular manufacturing may allow the creation of free-floating, foraging self-replicators-a "gray goo" that could do serious damage to the biosphere by replicating out of control.
	www.smalltimes.com /document_display.cfm?document_id=7161 (3133 words)

	Steps Toward Molecular Manufacturing
		A recent article [Mer93] has examined the utility of introducing robot-like positional control into the field of synthetic chemistry to achieve molecular manufacturing, which will enable the construction and synthesis of an unprecedented array of desirable materials, including diamond and molecular computers.
		A primitive polymer-based assembler is still a large molecular aggregate by most of today's standards, with linear dimensions on the order of 100nm, somewhat larger than a ribosome.
		Small organic molecules serving as molecular building-blocks have the problem that they are too small to encode significant amounts of information to allow their preprogrammed self-assembly into aggregates with highly idiosyncratic structure.
	www.n-a-n-o.com /nano/cda-news/cda-news.html (778 words)

	5.7
		The difference between serial and parallel processing is equally crucial in molecular manufacturing where the basic parts are very small.
		In order to overcome this advantage and reap the full benefits of flexibility, precision and quality in 21st century molecular manufacturing using positional assembly – also known (in the context of molecular manufacturing) as machine-phase nanotechnology – new techniques for massively parallel positional assembly must be developed.
		The biotechnology and molecular engineering communities are just beginning to seriously study mechanical replicators operating in the nanoscale size domain (Sections 4.4 and 4.5).
	www.molecularassembler.com /KSRM/5.7.htm (1778 words)

	Asia Pacific Nanotechnology Forum: Article / Molecular Manufacturing: Assembling the Future (14 April 2004) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Fruits, vegetables, trees-- indeed, all forms of life-- are made by complex molecular machines involving tens of thousands of genes, proteins, and other molecular components; yet the result is commonplace and inexpensive.
		Molecular scale robotic arms able to move and position molecular parts would be used to assemble rather rigid molecular products using methods more commonly used in factories.
		Similarly, one of the most visually stunning milestones along the path toward molecular manufacturing was the construction of a very small copy of the IBM logo using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to position 35 xenon atoms on the surface of nickel atoms at very low temperatures.
	www.apnf.org /content.php?article.21 (494 words)

	Molecular Manufacturing Products Created Using Nanotechnology Methods
		Proponents of this approach suggest that environmentally clean, inexpensive, and efficient manufacturing of structures, devices, and ‘smart’ products, based on the flexible control of architectures and processes at an atomic or molecular scale of precision, may be feasible in the near future (i.e.
		To realise molecular manufacturing, a number of technical accomplishments are necessary.
		One uses atomic force or molecular microscopes with very small nanoprobes to move atoms or molecules a round with the aid of physical or chemical forces.
	www.azonano.com /details.asp?ArticleID=1065 (1289 words)

	EurekAlert - Nanotechnology In Context
		Molecular manufacturing will likewise use stored data to guide construction work done by molecular machines, greatly extending abilities in nanotechnology.
		The basic idea of controlled molecular assembly is simple: where chemists mix molecules in solution, allowing them to wander and bump together at random, molecular assemblers will instead position molecules, bringing them together in a specific position, orientation, and sequence.
		To picture a molecular assembler in a manufacturing system, imagine that all the parts are measured in nanometers, and that the transferred parts are just a few atoms, shifting from handle to workpiece through a chemical reaction at a specific site.
	www.eurekalert.org /context.php?context=nano&show=essays (1249 words)

	Pathway to Diamond-Based Molecular Manufacturing
		The main impediment to molecular manufacturing today is the lack of an experimental procedure for routinely and precisely building objects, atom by atom, at the molecular scale.
		The key to this is molecular positional assembly, or mechanosynthesis –; the formation of covalent chemical bonds using precisely applied mechanical forces.
		The manufacture of the complete positional diamond mechanosynthesis tool requires four distinct steps: synthesizing a capped tooltip molecule, attaching it to a deposition surface, attaching a handle to it, then separating the tool.
	www.molecularassembler.com /Papers/PathDiamMolMfg.htm (4814 words)

	What is MNT (Molecular Nanotechnology)?
		Molecular nanotechnology ("MNT") is an anticipated manufacturing technology that would allow precise control and positional assembly of molecule-sized building blocks through the use of nano-scale manipulator arms.
		Molecular nanotechnology is usually considered distinct from the more inclusive term "nanotechnology", which is now used to refer to a wide range of scientific or technological projects that focus on phenomena or properties of the nanometer scale (around 0.1-100nm).
		Also, because every little bit of matter in an molecular nanotechnology system would be part of a nano-scale manipulator, nanotechnological systems could be far more productive and maintain much higher throughputs than modern manufacturing techniques, which use macro-scale manipulators to fabricate products.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-molecular-nanotechnology.htm (518 words)

	Nanotechnology
		molecular robotics, e.g., robotic devices that are molecular both in their size and precision.
		Steps towards molecular manufacturing discusses the design of molecular building blocks that could be used in conjunction with positional assembly in solution (no vacuum) to build a useful range of non-diamondoid molecular structures, including early assemblers.
		Molecular Manufacturing Enterprises, Incorporated (MMEI) was founded to help accelerate advancements in the field of nanotechnology.
	www.zyvex.com /nano (2301 words)

	Self Replicating Systems and Molecular Manufacturing
		The reasons for using basically mechanical devices at the molecular scale are similar to the reasons that mechanical devices are employed at the macroscopic scale: the desire for compactness and high positional accuracy (e.g., high stiffness).
		Manufacturing a new and different product would be slow and awkward, for it would involve initializing a new assembler with a new set of blue-prints, then allowing that assembler to replicate into a large number of similarly programmed assemblers, and finally having all the assemblers start building the new product.
		Molecular computers, with individual logic gates and complex interconnection patterns that are literally made with atomic precision will be manufactured and manufactured cheaply.
	www.zyvex.com /nanotech/selfRepJBIS.html (6448 words)

	Responsible Nanotechnology: Molecular Manufacturing Concepts
		The fundamental concept of molecular manufacturing is the manufacture of precise molecular structures using reactions under direct mechanical control.
		Though exponential manufacturing is not part of the definition of molecular manufacturing, it is an early consequence.
		Beyond exponential manufacturing, molecular manufacturing recognizes the goal of combining many nanoscale manufacturing tools into integrated manufacturing systems ("nanofactories"), and combining their outputs into large integrated products.
	crnano.typepad.com /crnblog/2005/02/molecular_manuf_1.html (831 words)

	Future Predictions
		Molecular manufacturing is a way to build nanoscale machinery.
		Recently, there has been an effort to demystify molecular manufacturing and to show that it is neither impossible nor insignificant, but simply a very powerful approach to nanoscale construction.
		A final reason to favor early open development is that molecular manufacturing's access to the nanoscale could help to solve a lot of pressing global problems.
	www.futurebrief.com /predictionsessay005.asp (2079 words)

	molecular manufacturing
		Molecular manufacturing is an anticipated future technology based on Feynman’s vision of factories using nanomachines to build complex products, including additional nanomachines.
		Molecular manufacturing will likewise use stored data to guide construction by molecular machines, greatly extending abilities in nanotechnology.
		The basic principles of nanomachines and molecular manufacturing have been subjected to extensive technical analysis, based on established knowledge in chemistry, applied physics, and mechanical engineering.
	e-drexler.com /p/04/03/0325molManufDef.html (346 words)

	Amoeba, a Simulator for Molecular Manufacturing
		The simulator is aimed at the stage in molecular manufacturing and molecular machine operations in which molecular feedstocks must be transported, sorted, processed and end products accumulated.
		The simulator is directed at the stage in molecular manufacturing and molecular machine operations in which molecular feedstocks must be transported, sorted, processed and end products accumulated.
		The use of molecular flow systems in this application is equivalent to reproducing part of the company laboratory and distributing it throughout the refining process, similar to medical applications for distributing molecular mechanisms in the human body as described in [Mer95].
	www.digitalspace.com /avatars/book/fullbook/papers/nanopap1.htm (2410 words)

	Molecular Manufacturing Enterprises Incorporated
		Molecular Manufacturing Enterprises, Incorporated (MMEI) was founded to help accelerate advancements in the field of molecular nanotechnology.
		Most experts in the field believe that progress towards full-fledged molecular nanotechnology can be made in a series of steps, each one of which will have enough return on the investment to allow funding of the next step.
		Ralph Merkle is one of the leading researchers in the field of molecular nanotechnology, primarily in the areas of computation, automation, and safety.
	www.mmei.com (1309 words)

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