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	Mollicutes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Mollicutes are mycoplasma and related organisms that are the smallest organisms capable of propagation in cell free media.
		Mollicutes colonise on the mucosa of the respiratory and/or urogenital tract and wait for a cellular lesion to occur, perhaps caused by another pathogen, then they enter into the mucosa.
		Because Mollicutes lack a cell wall for protection, they do not survive for long outside the host and are sensitive to all disinfectants commonly used in the aviary.
	www.tuxford.dabsol.co.uk /masterbreeder/chap9/chap9mollicutes6.htm (282 words)

	Medscape MEDLINE search: Mollicutes
		Mollicutes are a class of bacteria that lack a peptidoglycan layer but have various cell shapes.
		Bacteria belonging to the class Mollicutes were among the first ones to be selected for complete genome sequencing because of the minimal size of their genomes and their pathogenicity for humans and a broad range of animals and plants.
		The Mollicutes (Spiroplasma, Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma) are the most minimal cells known to exist, being the smallest and simplest free-living and self-replicating forms of life.
	search.medscape.com /uslclient/searchMedline.do?queryText=Mollicutes (1057 words)

	MICROBIOLOGY: ON MOLLICUTES
		1) Mollicutes -- Spiroplasma, Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma -- are the smallest and simplest known free-living and self-replicating forms of life.
		On a phylogenetic scale, the spiroplasmas are the closest to the mollicute's Gram-positive ancestors.
		Compared to the rest of the mollicutes, they have the least reduced genomes -- ranging from just below a megabase to more than two megabases -- which is no doubt related to their relative large size, spatial organization and structural complexity.
	scienceweek.com /2005/sw050812-4.htm (844 words)

	Antisignature oligonucleotides and their analogs as inhibitors of mollicutes-cofactors of HIV.
		Inhibition of mollicutes by synthetic oligonucleotides and their analogs complementary to specific "signature" regions of 16S rRNA and corresponding sequences of ribosomal operon DNA was studied.
		It is supposed that under conditions where mollicutes have no free access to starting materials for their own synthesis of nucleic acid these nucleotides could suppress microorganisms completely.
		Antisignature oligonucleotides are considered as superspecific agents not leading to the development of resistance of mollicutes and believed to be the main future remedy against diseased caused by microorganisms lacking the system of nucleoside synthesis.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1997/sep/M9790812.html (462 words)

	Spiroplasma Web Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Spiroplasmas have diverged from gram-positive eubacteria, and belong to the Genus Spiroplasma within the Class Mollicutes.
		The lack of cell wall was used to separate mycoplasmas from other bacteria in a class named Mollicutes.
		Due to degenerative or reductive evolution, accompanied by significant losses of genomic sequences, the genomes of mollicutes have shrunk and are relatively small compared to other bacteria, ranging from 580 kb.
	www.oardc.ohio-state.edu /spiroplasma/what.htm (124 words)

	Effects on mollicutes (wall-less bacteria) of synthetic peptides comprising a signal peptide or a membrane fusion ...
		Effects on mollicutes (wall-less bacteria) of synthetic peptides comprising a signal peptide or a membrane fusion peptide, and a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) -- a comparison with melittin.
		The hydrophobic cluster was in P1 the signal sequence of the heavy chain of Caiman crocodilus immunoglobulin G and in JM123 the fusion peptide of human immunodeficiency virus 1 glycoprotein gp41 in which phenylalanine7 was replaced by a tryptophan residue.
		Actually, the bactericidal activity of these peptides towards mollicutes was proportional to their ability to collapse the electrochemical transmembrane potential.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1998/feb/M9820700.html (566 words)

	Chapter Abstracts: Mycoplasmas: Molecular Biology, Pathogenicity and Strategies for Control
		Genome sequences of mollicutes are available from general sequence databanks and, in some cases, from specific web-sites.
		Their helical shape is maintained by an internal cytoskeleton in the form of a flat, monolayered ribbon comprised of six or seven pairs of ~5 nm fibrils attached to the inner face of the membrane along the shortest helical line.
		The remaining mollicute flora of humans exist primarily as commensals in the respiratory and/or urogenital tracts.
	www.horizonpress.com /hsp/abs/absmyp.html (3523 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: Bai, Xiaodong
		The economically important insect-transmitted plant pathogenic mollicutes, Spiroplasma kunkelii and aster yellows witches' broom (AY-WB) phytoplasma, invade and replicate in various insect tissue cells, and inhabit and replicate in plant phloem tissues.
		Comparative genome analysis among mollicutes was conducted, and resulted in the identification of four genes that are present in the genomes of all plant-pathogenic mollicutes sequenced so far, but missing from the mycoplasmas.
		The described research and approaches might be useful for other pathogenic mollicutes that are recalcitrant to in vitro manipulation, including the economically important mycoplasmas that impact human health and livestock industries.
	www.ohiolink.edu /etd/view.cgi?osu1101752677 (387 words)

	Mitchell F. Balish
		Among these are those bacteria of the class Mollicutes, which are the smallest organisms capable of being grown in pure culture.
		Mollicutes, which lack cell walls, have small genomes, and are generally deficient in biosynthetic pathways, are evolutionarily related to the low G+C Gram-positive bacteria.
		The best-studied Mollicutes are those of the genus Mycoplasma (trivial name mycoplasmas), which infect vertebrates, including humans.
	www.cas.muohio.edu /micro/people/balish.html (667 words)

	motility of mollicutes, The Biophysical Journal - Find Articles
		We demonstrate this possibility for two classes of wall-less bacteria called mollicutes: the swimming of helical-shaped Spiroplasma, and the gliding motility of Mycoplasma.
		Some, like Spiroplasma, a wall-less bacteria, are themselves helically shaped and swim by dynamically changing the conformation of their helical body, sometimes propagating contractile waves that travel the length of the cell (Davis, 1979; Gilad et al., 2003; Trachtenberg and Gilad, 2001).
		One of the simplest living organisms, Spiroplasma is a helical mollicute bacterium (Trachtenberg, 1998).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3938/is_200308/ai_n9265834 (1139 words)

	Species-Specific PCR for Identification of Common Contaminant Mollicutes in Cell Culture -- Kong et al. 67 (7): 3195 -- ...
		mollicutes in cell cultures are not entirely specific.
		Recently, PCR methods have been used to detect contaminant mollicutes in cell culture (8, 36, 37, 41).
		are needed to confirm the presence of mollicutes in specimens
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/67/7/3195 (2836 words)

	[No title]
		Mollicutes are bacteria with the smallest known genomes.
		The rRNA sequence analyses also revealed that the Mollicutes are not at the root of the bacterial phylogenetic tree, but rather developed by degenerate evolution from gram-positive bacteria with a low mol% G+C (guanine plus cytosine) content of DNA, the Lactobacillus group containing Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Streptococcus and two Chlostridium species.
		Mollicutes are also frequent contaminants of animal cell cultures.
	www.stopcwd.org /library/cwd_paper.cfm (11468 words)

	Simultaneous Detection and Identification of Common Cell Culture Contaminant and Pathogenic Mollicutes Strains by ...
		Identification of mollicute strains by species-specific PCR assay.
		Mollicute strains are widespread human, animal, and plant parasites
		The positions of 20 probes specific for mollicute species are shown on the left-hand side.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/70/3/1483 (2641 words)

	Molecular Biology and Pathogenicity of Mycoplasmas -- Razin et al. 62 (4): 1094 -- Microbiology and Molecular Biology ...
		MLOs observed in leukocytes are mollicutes that cause uveitis
		The intracellular location of mollicutes in insect tissues is well established.
		Among the mollicutes, the spiroplasmas and acholeplasmas are the most frequently infected by a variety of viruses (phages),
	mmbr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/62/4/1094 (9242 words)

	Phylogeny of Firmicutes with special reference to Mycoplasma (Mollicutes) as inferred from phosphoglycerate kinase ...
		Phylogeny of Firmicutes with special reference to Mycoplasma (Mollicutes) as inferred from phosphoglycerate kinase amino acid sequence data -- Wolf et al.
		The Pgk tree of the Mollicutes is in agreement with Neimark
		Johansson, K.-E. and Pettersson, B. Taxonomy of Mollicutes.
	ijs.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/54/3/871 (2112 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Phylogenetic Positions of Phytopathogenic Mollicutes As Inferred from Multiple Sets of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Technical Abstract: Pyhtopathogenic mollicutes, which include spiroplasmas and phytoplasmas, are cell wall-less bacteria that parasitize plant hosts and insect vectors.
		Phytoplasmas diverged from spiroplasma and mycoplasmas at early stages of mollicutes evolution.
		The branch lengths are noticeably longer in the mollicutes clade, suggesting that the genes encoding the six sets of proteins evolved at a greater rate in this clade than in other clades.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=172388&pf=1 (442 words)

	2006 FDA Science Forum Poster Abstract: B-91 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Genetic markers of Mollicutes: The use of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region for detection of mycoplasma contamination and identification.
		D. Volokhov, J. George, A. Neverov, H. Kong, D. Chandler, C. Anderson, V. Chizhikov, FDA, Rockville, MD Mollicutes, which include the genera Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma, contamination is a common problem in research and production cell lines.
		Sequence analysis of these species revealed the presence of unique signature sequences in the ITS suitable for Mollicutes species identification using microarray technology and DNA sequencing.
	www.cfsan.fda.gov /~frf/forum06/B-91.htm (395 words)

	Untitled Document
		Prokaryotic, pleiomorphic microbes that lack a cell wall. Phytoplasma and spiroplasma are most common plant pathogenic mollicutes.
		Cell division by binary fission. Mollicutes reside in phloem tissue.
		Cells of mollicutes are observed in host tissue, but not observed outside host tissues.
	www.plantpath.wisc.edu /pp300-UW/Pathogen/procaryotes.html (130 words)

	Living with Genome Instability: the Adaptation of Phytoplasmas to Diverse Environments of Their Insect and Plant Hosts ...
		mollicutes and one AAA clade mollicute (OY-M phytoplasma) (76)
		The correlation between an irregular GC skew and the presence of ISs in mollicute genomes is quite striking.
		Cosmid cloning and sample sequencing of the genome of the uncultivable mollicute, Western X-disease phytoplasma, using DNA purified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/188/10/3682 (8222 words)

	MOLLICUTES
		Les mollicutes sont des bactéries qui ont subi une évolution régressive (absence de paroi, génome de petite taille, activités métaboliques réduites,...) certainement à partir de bactéries du genre Clostridium et qui ont acquis des caractéristiques particulières, notamment sur le plan génétique, ce qui permet de les placer dans une classe distincte.
		En conséquence, les mollicutes sont polymorphes, résistants à la pénicilline et à ses analogues et sensibles aux chocs osmotiques, aux détergents, aux alcools et à la lyse par le système complémentaire (activation par la voie classique en présence d’anticorps spécifiques).
		En dépit de leur absence de paroi, les mollicutes peuvent survivre dans le milieu extérieur lorsqu’ils sont présents dans un milieu riche en protéine, humide et placé à une température froide.
	www.bacterio.cict.fr /bacterio/bacdico/mm/mollicutes.html (474 words)

	Introduction
		The bacteria with the smallest known genomes are found among members of the class Mollicutes.
		For instance, Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas are parasites in different vertebrates, from which they obtain essential compounds such as fatty acids, amino acids, precursors for nucleic acid synthesis and cholesterol, a compound normally not found in bacteria.
		The exchange of toxic metabolic compounds is discussed as a possible cause of cell damage, however, at this stage not a single toxic compound has been identified as a causative agent of cell damage.
	www.zmbh.uni-heidelberg.de /M_pneumoniae/genome/Introduction.html (920 words)

	Mollicutes Edward and Freundt 1967, classis
		According to Rules 15, 22 and 27(3), the class Mollicutes is illegitimate because it was proposed without the designation of a nomenclatural type.
		EUZÉBY (J.P.) and TINDALL (B.J.): Nomenclatural type of orders: corrections necessary according to Rules 15 and 21a of the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision), and designation of appropriate nomenclatural types of classes and subclasses.
		The information on this page may not be reproduced, republished or mirrored on another webpage or website.
	www.bacterio.cict.fr /m/mollicutes.html (196 words)

	Identification of the Origin of Replication of the Mycoplasma pulmonis Chromosome and Its Use in oriC Replicative ...
		region of mollicutes for which sequence data are available.
		Orientations of the genes are indicated by arrows; intergenic regions flanking the dnaA genes are magnified with their lengths (in nucleotides) indicated.
		A match with the consensus defined for mollicutes (TT(A/T)TC(C/A)ACA) is symbolized by the following: fl, nine of nine; horizontal stripes, eight of nine; white, seven of nine.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/184/19/5426 (5305 words)

	The Genome Sequence of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC Type Strain PG1T, the Causative Agent of Contagious ...
		Mollicutes are known to have a restricted biosynthetic capacity.
		for the study of the evolution of the mollicutes.
		Pollack, J.D., Williams, M.V., and McElhaney, R.N. The comparative metabolism of the mollicutes (Mycoplasmas): The utility for taxonomic classification and the relationship of putative gene annotation and phylogeny to enzymatic function in the smallest free-living cells.
	www.genome.org /cgi/content/full/14/2/221 (4719 words)

	intas 94-0535 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Taking into consideration this achievement of antisense technology and the unique biological properties of the mollicutes, especially their nucleic acids and the impossibility of synthesising their precursors, it is supposed that the use of original characteristics of DNA and RNA of these mollicutes may activate pathogens of that type.
		Antisense oligonucleotides wil be tested in vivo for an inhibition of mollicutes in their living habitat.
		O.V. Egorov, L.P. Panchenko, I.G. Skripal and N.V. Amirkhanov: The binding and absorption by mollicute cells of antisignature analogs of oligodeoxyribonucleotides.
	www.intas.be /catalog/94-0535.htm (520 words)

	Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes
		Revised minimum standards for description of new species of the class Mollicutes (division Tenericutes).
		Proposal of minimal standards for descriptions of new species of the class Mollicutes.
		Names of taxa within the class Mollicutes, based in part on Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol.
	www.the-icsp.org /subcoms/mollicutes.htm (419 words)

	2005 FDA Science Forum Poster Abstract: P-06 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Traditional systems of detecting these contaminants are resource intensive; use of a rapid detection system would provide a major advantage to maintaining safety and cell function.
		Sequence analysis of Mollicutes IGS revealed unique signature sequences suitable for Mollicutes species identification using microarray technology.
		Based on genetic divergence in the IGS region, two versions of the microchip were capable of identifying their target Mollicutes species.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~frf/forum05/P-06.htm (300 words)

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