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Topic: Molten rock

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	Rock (geology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rocks are classified by mineral and chemical composition, by the texture of the constituent particles and by the processes that formed them.
		Plutonic or intrusive rocks result when magma cools and crystallises slowly within the Earth's crust, while volcanic or extrusive rocks result from magma reaching the surface either as lava (when the molten rock is in the mantle, it is called magma, when it is above the crust, it is called lava) or fragmental ejecta.
		Sedimentary rocks are formed by deposition of either clastic sediments, organic matter, or chemical precipitates (evaporites), followed by compaction of the particulate matter and cementation during diagenesis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rock_(geology) (337 words)

	Amateur Geologist Structured Geological Glossary: Igneous Rocks
		Rocks are made of different kinds of mineral, or broken pieces of crystal, or broken pieces of rocks.
		The unsorted, angular, and un-rounded texture of the fragments in a pyroclastic rock.
		Sedimentary rock undergoes metamorphism at greater depths or is uplifted and exposed to erosion.
	www.amateurgeologist.com /content/glossary/rock/igneous.html (4089 words)

	CVO Website - Igneous Rocks
		Rhyolite (a felsic extrusive rock) has the same mineral composition as granite (an intrusive igneous rock) and is composed dominantly of the minerals potassium feldspar (K-spar), quartz, and lesser amounts of plagioclase feldspar, mica, hornblende, and other minerals.
		Rocks of intermediate composition are derived from the mixing of continental and oceanic crust.
		A body of rock formed from magma migrating and solidifying deep in the subsurface is called a pluton or an igneous intrusion.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /LivingWith/VolcanicPast/Notes/igneous_rocks.html (852 words)

	Igneous Rock Page
		Igneous rocks are classed on the basis of where they form and the compostion of the molten rock.
		Igneous rocks form from molten rock which is either ejected at the surface of the earth or cools off underground.
		This molten rock is less dense than the solid rock, so it rises towards the surface.
	www.usoe.k12.ut.us /curr/science/sciber00/8th/earth/sciber/rocks2.htm (504 words)

	lava - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Lava, molten or partially molten rock that erupts at the earth’s surface.
		Magma, molten or partially molten rock beneath the earth’s surface.
		- molten rock flowing from volcano: molten rock that originates in the Earth's mantle and flows from a volcano or a fissure on land or the ocean floor
	ca.encarta.msn.com /lava.html (174 words)

	Rock Cycle and rock cycle answers
		Chemical weathering is when the rock is chemically attacked: An example of this is the breakdown of limestone by acid rain.
		If the rock has large crystals it means that it slowly cooled, the molten rock solidifies deep down within the crust without ever reaching the surface via an eruption.
		Carbon dioxide and water dissolved in the molten rock is released with the decrease in pressure as it reaches the surface.
	www.moorlandschool.co.uk /earth/rockcycle.htm (1040 words)

	USGS Photo Glossary: Volcanic rocks
		An igneous rock is formed by the cooling and crystallization of molten rock.
		Volcanic and plutonic rocks are divided further on the basis of chemistry and mineral composition.
		When molten rock erupts onto the Earth's surface, it cools quickly, freezing the growth of existing minerals and preventing the development of new minerals.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Products/Pglossary/VolRocks.html (563 words)

	Magma and Rock Formation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Magma is the term used to describe molten material within the Earth; in simple terms: molten rock.
		Molten material within the Earth is called magma.
		Upon cooling from the completely molten state, it is typical for silicon tetrahedra to form first, and they in turn join with each other and other ions to form the nuclei for crystal growth.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/geophys/magma.html (204 words)

	Nuteeriat: The Origin of Volcanos
		The existence under the surface of vaguely spherical bodies of igneous rocks is well known; smaller ones are represented as 'magma chambers' (magma is molten rock), and larger, solidified ones as 'batholiths'.
		Figure 8.2 is a conventional representation of the rise of hot molten rock from the Earth's largely unknown inner reaches, and its further ascent to form a volcano.
		Shown is a large batholith, at the base of a thick layer of crustal rocks, itself connected to a magma chamber which has intruded into the layers of sedimentary rock beneath the land surface.
	www.aoi.com.au /matrix/Nut02.html (1068 words)

	The Rock Cycle
		Plutonic igneous rocks are the result of the slow cooling of molten rock far beneath the surface.
		As you might expect - since most of the earth's surface is covered by water - molten material from inside the earth often breaks through the floor of the ocean and flows from fissures where it is cooled by the water resulting in the formation of igneous rocks.
		The molten material is either driven to the surface as volcanic eruptions, or crystallizes to form plutonic igneous rocks.
	www.rocksandminerals.com /rockcycle.htm (816 words)

	Lava is molten rock that a volcano volcano expels during an...
		Lava is molten rock that a volcano volcano expels during an...
		Lava is molten rock that a volcano volcano expels during an eruption eruption.
		Solidified lava is known as igneous rock igneous rock, although the term "lava flow" refers to the hardened formation.
	www.biodatabase.de /lava (1248 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Igneous rocks are produced this way but most igneous rocks are produced deep underground by the cooling and hardening of magma.
		Magma is molten (melted) rock under the surface of the Earth.
		It is produced in the upper reaches of the mantle or in the lowest areas of the crust usually at a depth of 50 to 200 kilometers.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Igrocks/Igrocks2.html (223 words)

	ROCK CYCLE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Rocks are a major part of this altering process which begins with molten rock.
		Therefore, molten rock inside the earth is called magma and molten rock outside the earth is called lava.
		Rock that forms when igneous or sedimentary rock is subjected to extreme heat, pressure and chemical changes is metamorphic rock.
	studentweb.fontbonne.edu /~clup565/webbit (304 words)

	Pearl Harbor and Kilauea's molten rock, Hawaii
		Cautiously we picked our way between the crumpled piles of rock and saw, spewing and oozing from a gash in the ground, a tongue of viscous red lava, its surface flening and cooling as we watched.
		It was only then that we noticed that the cracks and fissures in the rocks we were standing on were glowing with a deep fiery red; a thin baleful eye glaring from the depths.
		It was then that Brendon noticed that the rocks nearby had begun to split and crack as the lava below began to push them out of the way.
	www.travelinsights.org /writing/travelogues/dan/hilo_39.html (1346 words)

	Molten Rock (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Top image - Molten rock below the surface of the Earth that rises in volcanic vents is known as magma, but after it erupts from a volcano it is called lava.
		Originating many tens of miles beneath the ground, the ascending magma commonly contains some crystals, fragments of surrounding (unmelted) rocks, and dissolved gases, but it is primarily a liquid composed principally of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, titanium, and manganese.
		The red molten rock is seen flowing below the protection of the lava roof.
	cmex.arc.nasa.gov /data/catalog/VolcanismOnMars/MoltenRock.html (206 words)

	USGS Geology in the Parks
		Beneath the soil you walk on and the deep layers of soft mud that cover the ocean basins is a basement of hard rock.
		Rocks are made up mostly of crystals of different kinds of minerals, or broken pieces of crystals, or broken pieces of rocks.
		What a rock is made of, the shapes of the grains or crystals within the rock, and how the grains or crystals fit together all provide valuable clues to help us unlock the rock's history hidden within.
	wrgis.wr.usgs.gov /docs/parks/rxmin/rock.html (457 words)

	rockcycle
		James Hutton (1727—1797), the eminent 18th century gentleman farmer and founder of modern geoscience, authored the concept of the rock cycle, which depicts the interrelationships between igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
		PETROLOGY, the study of rocks and their origins, is essentially the formal process by which we resolve the interrelationships expressed in the rock cycle.
		A. Volcanic igneous rocks formed from molten rock that cooled quickly on or near the earth's surface.
	home.earthlink.net /~akraemer3/rockcycle.html (852 words)

	BBC - GCSE Bitesize - Chemistry \| Changestoearthandatmosphere \| Rocks and the Rock Cycle
		Fossils are the remains of animals and plants from a past geological age, preserved in the earth's crust.
		Erosion is the process whereby rock or soil is worn away by the action of the wind, waves or water.
		The mantle is the region of the Earth's interior between the crust and the Earth's core.
	www.bbc.co.uk /education/rocks/primer.shtml (213 words)

	Evidence Found For Molten Rock Two Thousand Miles Beneath Earth's Surface
		Deep inside the earth, two thousand miles beneath its surface, pockets of molten rock can be found in a region where many scientists did not expect to find anything but solid rock.
		The new study detected a slurry of molten rock across a 300-by-600-mile region deep beneath Tonga.
		A goal of his research is to learn whether material is transported from the core to the mantle, and vice versa.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1998-02/NSF-EFFM-110298.php (482 words)

	IdahoPTV - Dialogue for Kids, Volcanoes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		A volcano is a vent, or opening, in the earth's crust where melted rock (molten rock) called magma is ejected.
		We also use the word volcano to describe the mountain that is built up by the molten rock and ashes.
		Helps to keep track of where the molten rock is inside the earth or flowing down the side of a volcano.) Slowly the lava cools and hardens into rock.
	www.idahoptv.org /dialogue4kids/volcanoes/facts.html (611 words)

	Cyberwest - Changes in Yellowstone volcanic crater tied to molten rock movement
		Recently discovered changes in Yellowstone National Park's crater (or caldera) are the result of molten rock movement 15 kilometers below the Earth's surface, according to research conducted by U.S. Geological Survey scientists using images acquired by the European Space Agency's ERS-2 satellite.
		In 1997, according to ESA, it was observed that the northern rim of the caldera began rising — known as the North Rim Uplift Anomaly (NUA).
		The uplift of the caldera's rim is thought to have occurred even as the floor sank because one of the natural "valves," which allow the magma to enter into the volcanic system, was unable to accommodate the increased flow of magma, causing it to accumulate beneath the north caldera boundary.
	www.cyberwest.com /geology/yellowstone-caldera-volcanic-changes.shtml (703 words)

	Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information - - Document #6700728
		One of the tasks of the project is the study of geophysical measuring systems to locate and define buried molten rock bodies.
		To verify the results of a molten rock sensing experiment performed at Kilauea Iki lava lake, it is necessary to drill a series of holes through the solid upper crust and through the molten zone at that location.
		The results achieved during the drilling of the last two holes indicated that the molten zone in Kilauea Iki is not a simple, relatively homogeneous fluid body as expected.
	www.osti.gov /bridge/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=6700728 (273 words)

	Rum and the Small Islands Online Publication - From Molten Rock
		Pale coloured layers of very hard rock, standing out as distinct cliffs a few metres high, are separated by layers of brown, much more crumbly rock on which grassy slopes have formed.
		These layers are made of gabbro, a rock that here consists chiefly of olivine together with white crystals of feldspar.
		Blocks of solidified rock, together with loose crystals, mixed with still-molten magma, avalanched down the sides of the magma chamber to create a chaotic mixture that eventually solidified to form the rocks we see today.
	www.snh.org.uk /publications/on-line/geology/rumSmallIslands/molten.asp (495 words)

	Ecuador volcano spews molten rock, villagers flee
		PINGUE, Ecuador (Reuters) - Ecuador's Tungurahua volcano spewed ash, gas and molten rock for a second day on Saturday, driving hundreds of evacuated villagers into nearby schools and churches in search of refuge.
		Tungurahua, located about 130 km south of Quito, has been increasingly active since May, when it blew out big clouds of hot gas and prompted officials to renew a limited state of emergency in nearby towns.
		A rain of molten rock in the past two days that set fire to trees and grass marks the volcano's strongest recorded activity since it began erupting in 1999, local scientists said.
	feeds.latinamericanews.net /?rid=52911e628fe6cd10&... (461 words)

	Rock formations
		That rock in your backyard may have traveled hundreds of miles frozen in the ice of an ancient glacier.
		Or maybe it was once molten rock that spewed from a volcano.
		The hardness of various rocks and minerals can be used as an another method of identification.
	cte.jhu.edu /techacademy/fellows/brannon/webquest/Rmform.htm (262 words)

	deseretnews.com \| Molten rock glowing red inside Mount St. Helens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Molten rock glowing red inside Mount St. Helens
		SEATTLE (AP) — The molten rock rising inside Mount St. Helens is giving the peak an eerie red glow at night.
		Lava has been climbing to the surface at nearly 1,300 degrees for the past few days in a process that scientists said Wednesday could go on for days, weeks or months.
	deseretnews.com /dn/view/0,1249,595098106,00.html (158 words)

	ScienceDaily: Evidence Found For Molten Rock Two Thousand Miles Beneath Earth's Surface
		UC Santa Cruz Seismologists Detect Origin Of Volcanic Hotspot That Created The Hawaiian Islands (November 19, 1998) -- A massive plume of hot rock rising through the Earth and erupting through the ocean floor has been building islands in the central Pacific, including those of Hawaii, for at least 80 million years.
		Crust (geology) -- In geology, a crust is the outer layer of a planet, part of its lithosphere.
		Though the process obeyed all the rules of chemistry and physics, the details of that original event pose as...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/1998/02/980212072550.htm (1788 words)

	EN World - Morrus' D&D / d20 News & Reviews Site - MTG Convershens
		Line of Molten Rock (Ex): Every 1d4 rounds a laccolith whelp can release a line of molten rock which deals 2d6 Fire damage and 1d6 Impack damage and can make a Reflex save for half damage (DC 13).
		Line of Molten Rock (Ex): Every 1d4 rounds a laccolith grunt can release a line of molten rock which deals 4d6 Fire damage and 2d6 Impack damage and can make a Reflex save for half damage (DC 16).
		Line of Molten Rock (Ex): Every 1d4 rounds a laccolith warrior can release a line of molten rock which deals 6d6 Fire damage and 3d6 Impack damage and can make a Reflex save for half damage (DC 22).
	www.enworld.org /showthread.php?t=27627 (2555 words)

	Molten Rock Glowing Red Inside Mount St. Helens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Dell is challenging Apple Computer's iPod Mini music player, as part of a plan to expand its Dell brand name in the consumer electronics market.
		As expected, the Round Rock, Texas, PC maker on Thursday launched a diminutive Dell Digital Jukebox portable
		SEATTLE (AP) — The molten rock rising inside Mount St. Helens is giving the peak an eerie red glow at night.
	www.webprowire.com /summaries/892474.html (252 words)

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