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Topic: Mongol invasions of Japan

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	Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In 1999, Japan adopted new legislation on the national flag.
		It is said that at the time of the Mongol Invasions of Japan (1274 and 1281) the priest Nichiren presented a sun flag to the shogun.
		The vertical to horizontal ratio was set at 2:3, the disc was to be placed at the exact center, and the diameter of the disc was to equal three-fifths of the vertical measurement of the flag.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/jp.html (1182 words)

	Beginning of the End
		The two Mongol armies were due to arrive off Iki Island in the Tsushima Strait sometime in May. General Hong Da-gu was ready for combat operations much sooner than the Southern Route Army, decided to strike Tsushima and Iki islands on his own and without the support of the much larger force sailing from China.
		Following the Mongol invasion of Koryo, a community of 1,500 Koryo families established itself in the area of Liaoyang, an area the Mongols referred to as Shenyang.
		Once the Mongols established their domination, Koryo's crown princes regularly traveled to the Yuan court at Khanbalik where they were obliged to marry a Mongol princess and live until the death of the reigning king in Koryo.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C06/E0607.htm (2927 words)

	Mongol Empire - Medbib.com, the modern encyclopedia
		The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206, and at its height, it encompassed the majority of the territories from East Asia to Central Europe.
		Subotai, in particular, among the Mongol Commanders, viewed winter as the best time for war — while less hardy people hid from the elements, the Mongols were able to use frozen lakes and rivers as highways for their horsemen, a strategy he used with great effect in Russia.
		Mongol armies pushed into Persia, finished off the Xia and the remnants of the Khwarezmids, and came into conflict with the Song Dynasty of China, starting a war that concluded in 1279 with the conquest of populous China, which then constituted the majority of the world's economic production.
	www.medbib.com /Mongolian_Empire (4270 words)

	Japan Mongol Invasions - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		Although Shinto priests attributed the two defeats of the Mongols to a "divine wind" (kamikaze), a sign of heaven's special protection of Japan, the invasion left a deep impression on the bakufu leaders.
		Long-standing fears of the Chinese threat to Japan were reinforced, and the Korean Peninsula became regarded as "an arrow pointed at the heart of Japan." The Japanese victory, however, gave the bushi a sense of fighting superiority that remained with Japan's soldiers until 1945.
		The Mongol war had been a drain on the economy, and new taxes had to be levied to maintain defensive preparations for the future.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/japan/japan_history_mongol_invasions.html (495 words)

	Mongol Empire information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Mongols themselves were assimilated into local populations after the fall of the empire, and many of these descendants adopted local religions — for example, the eastern Khanates adopted Islam, largely under Sufi influence.
		Mongols prized their commercial and trade relationships with neighboring economies and this policy they continued during the process of their conquests and during the expansion of their empire.
		Mongol armies pushed into Persia, finished off the Xia and the remnants of the Khwarezmids, and came into conflict with the Song Dynasty of China, starting a war that would last until 1279 concluding with the Mongols' successful conquest of populous China, which consituted then the majority of the world's economic production.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Mongol_Empire (4119 words)

	Session 167 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Focusing on Japan and relying on the critiques of Yuan and Korean/East Asian maritime history specialists, this panel attempts to undermine the unquestioned assumptions of the Mongol Invasions and explore how myths of the invasion were created and propounded by competing social, political, and institutional entities both within and without Japan.
		Relegated to the realm of legend, the Mongol invasions have generated little debate: all commentators concur that the chance passing of a typhoon spared Japan from defeat by the militarily superior Mongols.
		The Mongol Invasions were used to disseminate the social and political ideology of religious institutions, but such an ideology was also used for different purposes by different social groups.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/2000abst/Japan/J-167.htm (952 words)

	Japan Mongol Invasions - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		Although Shinto priests attributed the two defeats of the Mongols to a "divine wind" (kamikaze), a sign of heaven's special protection of Japan, the invasion left a deep impression on the bakufu leaders.
		Long-standing fears of the Chinese threat to Japan were reinforced, and the Korean Peninsula became regarded as "an arrow pointed at the heart of Japan." The Japanese victory, however, gave the bushi a sense of fighting superiority that remained with Japan's soldiers until 1945.
		The Mongol war had been a drain on the economy, and new taxes had to be levied to maintain defensive preparations for the future.
	www.workmall.com /wfb2001/japan/japan_history_mongol_invasions.html (495 words)

	Mongol Battles - Asia Finest Discussion Forum
		The Mongols have also been renowned for their lack of hygiene, and to make it worse, they have brought their precious horse across the sea with them.
		Japan is one nation, and if the Japanese did not repent their ways, then he threatened that a foreign invasion would come! Whether he was a prophet or an astute observer of foreign politics is debatable, but his religion gained incredible popularity after the first invasion.
		After the first invasion, a notice went out from the Bakufu stating that all those who did not cooperate with the defence should be suitably dealt with.
	www.asiafinest.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=73351 (1949 words)

	Japan History : Feudal Japan
		The most traumatic event of the period was the Mongol Invasions of Japan between 1272 and 1281, in which massive Mongol forces with superior naval and weapon technology brought a real threat to the Japanese island.
		During the early part of the 17th century, Japan's Tokugawa Shogunate suspected that the traders and missionaries were actually forerunners of a military conquest by European powers.
		In 1615, Japan also sent embassies to the Americas and Europe, headed by the samurai Hasekura Tsunenaga, although these efforts were defeated by the deteriorating relationship between Japan and Catholic countries.
	japan.twinisles.com /history/h003.php (1165 words)

	The Age of the Samurai - Mongol Invasion 1274-1281
		Mongol bows were superior to Japanese ones, had a longer range, and often shot poisoned arrows.
		The Mongols were quite surprised at the level of resistance displayed by the Japanese as they were used to quick shock raids and the amount of fighting reduced both provisions and ammunition alike.
		Japan was already preparing itself for the next invasion which even resulted in the establishment of a coast guard.
	www.taots.co.uk /content/view/25/30 (1517 words)

	Mongols (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mongols (Mongolian: Монгол Mongol) are an ethnic group that originated in what is now Mongolia, Russia, and China or more specifically on the Central Asian plateau north of the Gobi desert and south of Siberia.
		There are approximately 2.7 million Mongols in Mongolia, five million Mongols living in Inner Mongolia, China and one million Mongols live in Russia.
		Under the leadership of Genghis Khan, the Mongols created the second largest empire in world history, ruling thirty-five million square kilometres (13.8 million square miles) and more than 100 million people, nearly equal to the British Empire in land area.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Mongol.htm (4431 words)

	Japan Karatedo Organization : JKO Forums : MONGOL INVASIONS OF JAPAN 1274 & 1281AD
		The experience brought the story of Kublai Khan's invasions of Japan and the kamikaze--the legendary "divine wind" said to have destroyed his fleets in 1274 and 1281--into the realm of the tangible, touchable past.
		The story of the invasion and the kamikaze grew in importance to the Japanese government's reinterpretation of its past as the nation prepared for war.
		Conlan's research masterfully refutes many of the traditional myths and commonly held perceptions of the invasion, downplaying the number of ships and troops involved and arguing that it was not the storms but the Japanese defenders ashore, as well as confusion and a lack of coordination, that thwarted the khan's two invasions.
	www.jko.com /portal/forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=55 (5692 words)

	SOUDA Masaaki's Letter from Japan
		Japan is also hit by several tropical storms which are called typhoons, every year.
		The Pacific equivalent of the hurricanes of the Western hemisphere, these tropical storms are prevalent in Japan during the late summer and early autumn.
		Named for their place of entry into Japan or the area of heaviest damage, since 1953 typhoons have also carried serial numbers by year and order of formation.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /mysouda/aihara/letter/letter03.html (1092 words)

	Mongols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mongols (Mongolian: Монгол Mongol, Turkish: Moğollar) are an ethnic group that originated in what is now Mongolia, Russia, and China or more specifically on the Central Asian plateau north of the Gobi desert and south of Siberia.
		Major ethnic subgroups of Mongolic peoples are: the Khalkhas; the Buryats and the Dorbots of Siberia; the Kalmyks (Oirats) of the Caucasus; and the Mongours (Tu people), the Daurs, and the various other Mongolic peoples of Inner Mongolia in China.
		Mongols are a Central Asian ethnographic group of closely related tribal peoples who live on the Mongolian Plateau and share a common language and nomadic tradition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mongols (4630 words)

	The Mongols in World History \| Asia Topics in World History
		Among the failed campaigns were two naval campaigns against Japan one in 1274 and one in 1281 —; both of which turned into complete fiascos.
		Still determined, the Mongols launched a second expedition in the summer of 1281 —; this time much larger than the first — but were once again thwarted by weather: a terrible typhoon, in fact, that erupted and damaged the Mongol fleet enough to force them to abort the mission.
		Though this time the Mongols actually managed to land in Java, the heat, tropical environment, and parasitic and infectious diseases there led to their withdrawal from Java within a year.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/eacp/japanworks/mongols/china/china4_a.htm (411 words)

	East Asia Program - CEAS - A-Z Item Listing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In Little Need of Divine Intervention presents a fundamental revision of the thirteenth-century Mongol Invasions of Japan by revealing that the warriors of medieval Japan were capable of fighting the Mongols to a standstill without the aid of any "divine winds" or kamikaze.
		Conlan's interpretation of the invasions is supplemented with translations of the picture scrolls commissioned by Takezaki Suenaga, a warrior who fought against the Mongols.
		"The Mongol Invasions Scroll by Takezaki Suenaga is a well-known and invaluable historical source on the two Mongol invasions in the late thirteenth century.
	www.einaudi.cornell.edu /eastasia/CEASbooks/item.asp?id=44 (514 words)

	Of Particular Interest - Page 2
		The Mongols have also been renowned for their lack of hygiene, and to make it worse, they have brought their precious horse across the sea with them.
		Japan is one nation, and if the Japanese did not repent their ways, then he threatened that a foreign invasion would come!
		After the first invasion, a notice went out from the Bakufu stating that all those who did not cooperate with the defence should be suitably dealt with.
	danielroy.tripod.com /cgi-bin/alternate/mongolia/opi2.html (2234 words)

	Japan
		Japan only appears in texts by 57 AD, when referred by Chinese histories as "Wa." Aside from Chinese accounts, on 700 AD, “The Record of Ancient Matters” and the “Chronicles of Japan” report a legendary history of Japan that will become the basis of traditional accounts of the history of Japan.
		During the Ice Ages, Japan territory was connected to the Korean peninsula and to Siberia, and therefore, early settlers of the Japanese archipelago probably moved into it from the East Asian Siberian mainland during the Palaeolithic period.
		The Kamakura and the The Mongol Invasions of Japan Mar 19, 2007
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Places/Place/325076 (554 words)

	Japan Flag - World Flags 101 - Japanian Flags
		The flag of Japan consists of a white background with a red circle in the middle.
		Japan's name translates to "The land of the rising sun." The white represents honesty and purity and the red disc is a sun symbol meaning brightness, sincerity and warmth.
		Legend says its origins lie in the days of Mongol invasions of Japan in the 13th century, when a Buddhist priest offered the sun disc flag to the Emperor of Japan, who was considered a descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu.
	www.worldflags101.com /j/japan-flag.aspx (269 words)

	The Koryo-Mongol Allied Invasion of Japan - The Myth of Kamikaze
		Allied armies of Koryo and Kublai Khan invaded Japan in1274 and 1281.
		The Mongol princess brought with her an army of Mongol attendants, cooks, and guards, and turned the Koryo court into a virtual Mongol home away from home.
		The Mongols built a fortress near Masan and stationed a large garrison army there, and Cheju-do was turned into a vast pasture for Mongol army horses.
	www.kimsoft.com /2004/mongol-koryo-japan.htm (1275 words)

	Mongol Invasions
		Salon - The people of ancient Vietnam, for instance, resisted and defeated all three of their Mongol invasions at a time when literally half of the world had fallen to Mongol occupiers.
		then thers the massive 2 persion invasions which come sort of like the mongol invasion in med2, and ull hav to like team up with the other city states to beat de persians.
		Mongols (Mongolian: ÐÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð» Mongol) are an ethnic group that originated in what is now Mongolia, Russia, and China or more specifically on the Central Asian plateau north of the Gobi desert and...
	psychicinvestigator.com /kw/cults/mongol-invasions.php (437 words)

	onlinefx destination guide to korea
		After the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea by Silla in 676, Korea was ruled by a single government and maintained political and cultural independence, despite the Mongol invasions of the Goryeo Dynasty in the 13th century and Japanese invasions of the Joseon Dynasty in the 16th century.
		In 1910, Korea was forcibly annexed by Japan and remained occupied until the end of World War II in 1945.
		The Yellow Sea is to the west, the East China Sea is to the south, and the Sea of Japan (East Sea) is to the east of Korea.
	www.onlinefx.co.uk /fx/Stores/OnlineFX/destinationguide/korea.asp (779 words)

	Japan Omnibus - History - Early Japanese History
		Although legend has it that Japan was founded in 660BC, archaeologists agree that settlement in the Japanese archpelago dates back as far as 100,000 years.
		In the middle of this Kamakura Period (1185~1333), Kublai Khan's Mongols tried twice to invade the north of the southern island of Kyushu.
		During both attacks, the Mongol fleet was destroyed by a typhoon and this kamikaze or Wind of the Gods entered Japanese folklore.
	www.japan-zone.com /omnibus/history1.shtml (1014 words)

	East Meets West: Crusades and Mongol Invasions
		Mongol detachment sent to pursue Shah across his own empire.
		Mongol combination of mobility and communication probably not equalled again until W.W. Extremely ruthless in battle.
		Selected as papal envoy to Mongols after invasion of 1241-42 because he was familiar with trade routes to Russia.
	www.uwgb.edu /dutchs/WestTech/eastwest.htm (671 words)

	Inventory of Conflict and Environment (ICE), Japanese Divine Wind
		When the Mongols sought to conquer Japan and complete its quest for control of all of Asia, it should have been a swift conquest because of the better organization, skill and weaponry of the Mongol force.
		Japan had been saved twice by hurricanes that often proved devastating to its own population during the typhoon season.
		Japan is an archipelago consisting of over 3,000 islands in a long line from North to South.
	www.american.edu /ted/ice/divine-wind.htm (3313 words)

	Sino-Japanese War Summary
		China continued to believe in a system of tributary relations in which Korea was a vassal state, but Japan had thrown off its feudal past and was rapidly modernizing in the aftermath of the 1868 Meiji Restoration that had returned the Japanese emperor to nominal power.
		Japan was better organized, and its commanders were more willing to take risks.
		Russia was concerned about Japan's interest in Korea and southern Manchuria, and with the support of France and Germany (the so-called Triple Intervention) forced Japan to return Liaodong—while demanding an even larger indemnity from China—thus helping to set the stage for the Russo-Japanese War about a decade later.
	www.bookrags.com /Sino-Japanese_War (605 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Fukuoka, Fukuoka
		Fukuoka (the area of Kashii, Hakata, Sawara and Imazu) is said to be the oldest city in Japan, because it is the nearest city to China and Korea.
		Fukuoka was formerly the residence of the powerful daimyo of Chikuzen, and played a conspicuous part in the medieval history of Japan; the renowned temple of Ieyasu in the district was destroyed by fire during the Boshin war of 1868.
		With an average age of 38.6 years, Fukuoka is Japan's second youngest major city and with a growth rate of 4.4%, is also Japan's second-fastest growing city (based on 2000 census data).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Fukuoka,_Fukuoka (2522 words)

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