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Topic: Mongolian Empire

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	Historical Path of Mongolia's Statehood and Independence
		Thus, a powerful Asian empire called the Great Mongolia was born on the vast territory extending from the Great Khingan Mountains in the east to the Tenger (Tian Shan) mountains in the west, from the Sayan Mountains and Lake Baikal in the North to the Great Wall in the South.
		While uniting all Mongolian tribes under his single rule, he believed that of vital importance in the development of the Mongolian society was to enhance and consolidate the country's power, to check foreign invasions and to safeguard the independence the nation.
		The Mongolian statehood reached its zenith as the Great Mongolian Empire because it was based on the traditional oriental social system and the source of its development were the matter and mind (Yen and Yan) principles, which were taken not as something conflicting but rather in its unity.
	mongoluls.net /historicalpathofmongolianstatehood.shtml (4616 words)

	Archira.com -- The Mongolian Empire
		Before dying, Genghis Khan divided his empire among his sons and immediate family, but as custom made clear, it remained the joint property of the entire imperial family who, along with the Mongol aristocracy, constituted the ruling class.
		The empire's expansion continued for a generation or more after Genghis's death in 1227 — indeed, it was under Genghis's successor Ogedei Khan that the speed of expansion reached its peak.
		The disintegration of the Mongol Empire led to the collapse of the Silk Road's political unity.
	www.archira.com /mongolian.html (682 words)

	history paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The strength of his grandson allowed the empire to expand and reach its peak, yet this fact was merely mentioned as if it was an insignificant happening and not mentioned again, the text diverts directly into the fall of the great empire.
		Though the text may have interpreted and presented the major aspects of the Mongolian empire differently, the basic impact that the Mongols left were stated efficiently and the students studying this text will be able to understand the importance of the Mongols and what they have contributed to the rest of the world.
		Their understanding of the Mongolian empire, after reading the unit in this particular text, will be a basic span of knowledge that will allow them to further explore the Mongols and their empire with a substantial base to support them and eager minds to lead them on to find out details, facts, significance, and truth.
	www.csun.edu /~hrs55700/history_paper.html (1244 words)

	e-Mongol.com - History of mongolia
		The Mongolian steppes are also the cradle of terrible Huns and to to to to their head Attila the plague of God who sowed panic grass grass grass grass in Christendom, to the fall of the Romain Worsens.
		The empire was a union of four dominions: the great khan’s realm (Mongolia, China), the Golden Horde (Russia and Urals), the Chagatay realm (Central Asia) and the Ilkhan kingdom (Iran and Middle East).
		Mongolians in Iran gradually vanished in the native population.
	www.e-mongol.com /mongolia_history.htm (4758 words)

	UNESCO's actions for the Dialogue among Civilizations
		Mongolians created the horse transportation network, which was the most expeditious means of communication throughout the territory of the Empire.
		In this sense, the transport network and trading road situated in the Mongolian Empire, which linked the major parts of Europe, Asia and Middle East, served as bridge between many civilizations of the eastern part of the world.
		Therefore, the Mongolian empire founded by Chinggis Khan played a significant role in the history of world civilization and left an indelible trace upon it.
	www.unesco.org /dialogue/delhi/enkhtuvshin.html (1096 words)

	Inventory of Conflict and Environment (ICE), Japanese Divine Wind
		For the Mongolian empire, however, the defeat at the hands of the ‘divine wind’ was considered the beginning of its decline.
		Furthermore the Mongolian army had the element of surprise in the first invasion, as the Japanese were not warned of the oncoming invasion until the barrier islands had already fallen.
		Instead, the Mongolian Empire began to be slowly torn apart by internal conflicts, and a lack of clear leadership.
	www.american.edu /ted/ice/divine-wind.htm (3313 words)

	Mongolian Nature \| History \| Climate \| Fauna \| Flora \| Culture
		The science study of Mongolian fauna was started in the second half of the 19th century.
		Forests- The natural regeneration of Mongolian forests is slow, fires and insects due to the harsh climate often damage the forests.
		Ancient Empires of the Mongols- The first Mongol and the first nomadic empire Khunnu was established 209 BC on the vast land of Central Asia for the first time- till the 13th Century AD.
	www.selenatravel.com /about-mongolia.html (2885 words)

	GlobaLex - The Mongolian Legal System and Laws: a Brief Overview
		It was intended to regulate the social life of outer and is significant for the study of legal tradition and the culture of Mongolians in the middle ages.
		The “Collection of Mongolian Laws” was adopted in 1789 is the legal document reflecting years of policy implemented toward Outer Mongolia by the Manchurian state.
		In Mongolian law, the interpretation of legal norms is considered a special type of legal activity, which is intended to discover the content of the meaning of legal norms.
	www.nyulawglobal.org /globalex/Mongolia.htm (7792 words)

	3. The birth of a Mongolian empire
		Their way through Asia and Eastern Europe was marked by meaningless massacres on all citizens in the cities that the Mongolians had conquered and total destruction and devastation of all the land.
		The ravaging by the Mongolians is supposed to have been of such a disastrous nature, that the lands of Western Asia did not recover until our time.
		These judgments of the Mongolians are based upon a non-critical view of Islamic sources of relatively late origin, like Rashid al-Dins chronicle, which is written almost a hundred years after the events took place.
	hem.passagen.se /coif/history/kublai/kublen03.html (2015 words)

	AGE OF MONGOLIAN EMPIRE:
		Haenisch, although not the first to reconstruct the Mongolian text of the Secret History of the Mongols from Chinese transcription (he was proceeded by Paul Pelliot in France), still produced a valuable edition of the text and a dictionary of the Mongolian words occurring in it4, among many works.
		Although the age of the Mongolian Empire is less directly studied in China, except so far as it impinged on China, and then rarely in comparative terms, Chinese scholarship in the field has continued to be important.
		Mongolian contributions are particularly important in the area of social history, since they know their own culture best, in material culture, for the same reason, and in archaeology.
	www.silk-road.com /newsletter/volumeonenumberone/age.html (7195 words)

	Modern Mongolia: Reclaiming Genghis Khan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The first empire was built by the Hunnu, a proto-Mongolian tribe.
		By 1162, the year of Genghis Khan's birth, the Mongolian tribes had fought so many futile battles against external enemies that the economy collapsed and the population sank into poverty, fear, and uncertainty.
		The ancestors of present-day Mongolians lived around the rivers Onon, Herlen, Tuul, and Orhon in felt tents, or gers; they were nomads and hunters much like modern Mongolian nomads, seasonally moving from one place to another to find better pastures.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /Mongolia/section2.shtml (435 words)

	Mostly Mongolian Cooking
		The Mongolian Empire at its height was so vast that it was broken down into four kingdoms known as khanates.
		The Mongolian grill restaurants perpetuate the story that Mongol warriors would gather around a fire at the end of the day of battle and cook their food on an overturned shield or helmet.
		Although it is documented that Mongolian solders were organized in small groups that shared a cooking pot, the food was probably boiled mutton and reconstituted milk.
	www.viahistoria.com /SilverHorde/research/MostlyMongolianCooking.html (5157 words)

	Mongolian Matters - News from Mongolia: 07/03/2005 - 07/09/2005
		The empires that these urban centres supported undoubtedly influenced societies across Asia and into Europe and in turn absorbed influence from both east and west in a true interchange of human values.
		This culture is still a revered and indeed central part of Mongolian society and is highly respected as a ‘noble’ way to live in harmony with the landscape.
		First and foremost it was the centre of the Mongolian Empire; secondly it reflects a particular Mongolian variation of Turkish power; thirdly, the Tuvkhun hermitage monastery was the setting for the development of a Mongolian form of Buddhism; and fourthly, Khar Balgas, reflects the Uighur urban culture in the capital of the Uighur Empire.
	www.mongolianmatters.com /2005_07_03_mongolianmatters_archive.html (702 words)

	[No title]
		The Mongolian Hordes Persona Ideas For The SCA Fighter by Lord Martin aus Brandenburg The Mongolian Hordes Just saying it brings to mind barbarian horsemen galloping swiftly accross rolling grassy plains, arrows and falcons filling the zephyr winds overhead --Oh, and the movie Conan the Barbarian.
		Genghis Khan, and the Mongolian Hordes were not just kumis-drinking, barbarian horse-archers, but one of the greatest hopes and fears of Western Europe during the 13th century.
		Mongolian Arms, Armor and Garb Every Mongol soldier was required to wear a long, loose undershirt of raw silk.
	members.tripod.com /Mongolian_Page/overview.txt (3999 words)

	Research Project for World History I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Mongolian Empire was built on the greatest series of battles and visionary tactics that ever existed.
		He was to be the father of the Mongolian Empire, and considered by some to be the last of the great conquerors.
		His empire was not strong enough to fight off the Crusader states and the armies of the Mamluks.
	www.stangler.net /Gordon/English/research_project.htm (5210 words)

	MongolianArtist.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		A colorful, energetic display of the folk arts of the diverse Mongolian ethnic groups, including an accurate restoration of the once-banned Tsam (giant mask) dance, khoomi (throat singers) and long song singers, dancers, contortionists and an orchestra of traditional instruments including the morin khuur (horse head fiddle) and yadag (zither).
		Oct 10, 2006 - globalpolitician.com - The Mongolians are celebrating the 800th anniversary of 1206, the year in which a warrior named Temujin united the nomadic steppe tribes and took the title Chingiz Khan, or universal ruler.
		Mongolian artist Chaolun Baatar will present a spectacular display of 800 horses, kicking up a dust storm as they run in a circle, to emulate smoke rising from a ger (tent).
	mongolianartist.com /art/800yrs.cfm (1902 words)

	Mongol Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206, and at its height, it encompassed the majority of the territories from southeast Asia to central Europe.
		Genghis Khan was the founder of the Mongol Empire and Mongol Nation.
		Subotai, in particular, among the Mongol Commanders, viewed winter as the best time for war — while less hardy people hid from the elements, the Mongols were able to use frozen lakes and rivers as highways for their horsemen, a strategy he used with great effect in Russia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mongolian_Empire (4169 words)

	The Historical Mongol Empire
		Heaven has appointed me to rule all the nations, for hitherto there has been no order upon the steppes.
		This map shows the Mongol Empire at its height in the late 1200's..
		This is due to historical discrepancy just as many dates of events are debated so are maps of political boundaries.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Forum/2532/page4.html (71 words)

	Modern Mongolia: Reclaiming Genghis Khan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Genghis Khan's son Ogodei succeeded him in 1229, and he and other descendants extended the empire until it stretched from the Black Sea to the Korean Peninsula, from the rest of the Russian princedoms to the Bulgar principalities, Central Asian territories, and all of East Asia.
		The great expanse of the empire allowed trade and travel to flourish between different countries, encouraging continued trade along the famous Silk Road and forming additional trade routes throughout the vast Eurasian continent.
		The Mongolian capital Harhorin, built during Ogedei's rule around 1235, had a metropolitan culture and served as a center of trade, multicultural exchange of arts and sciences, and as a religious haven.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /Mongolia/section2a.shtml (565 words)

	Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism in the Mongolian Empire
		The Mongolian Empire was influenced by three specific religions which affected its people in different ways.
		The influence of these religions is the result of the expansion and decline of the Mongolian Empire.
		The power of the Mongolians was not fully recognizable until Genghis Khan (a mighty statesman and warrior) united all the feudal clans into a powerful nation, which swept over Asia in the 13th century.
	www.hyperhistory.net /apwh/essays/comp/cw09mongolreligion33030814.htm (1264 words)

	Ancient China: The Mongolian Empire: The Yuan Dynasty, 1279-1368
		The Mongolian Empire was perhaps the largest empire in human history in terms of geographical expanse.
		The Mongolian Empire, so vast in its reach, was separated into four khanates, each ruled by a separate khan and overruled by a Great Khan.
		The fourteenth century is punctuated by Mongolian rebellions against the Yuan.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/CHEMPIRE/YUAN.HTM (1668 words)

	JAARS Museum of the Alphabet
		The Mongolian alphabet is a central Asian derivative of the Aramaic alphabet with influences from Indic-Tibetan.
		The Mongolian script is written vertically, from top to bottom like Chinese, but columns proceed from left to right, unlike Chinese.
		The Mongolian alphabet was the work of three Tibetan lamas: Sa Skya, Phags-Pa, and Tsordji-Osir.
	www.jaars.org /museum/alphabet/galleries/mongolian.htm (171 words)

	All Empires History Forum: English vs. Mongolians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Supossing Ogotai hadn't of died when he did, the Mongolian empire would of engulfed Hungary and Poland.
		The English only had a tiny portion of their army allocated to the use of long range missiles, they were at this stage (1240s) still a force whose decisive arm was the heavy cavalry.
		If you look at the battles between mongolians and europeans the mongolians chose the battlefeild,Khalka river,Sajo river and leignitz.Never will they attack when terrain is unsuitable for them like the french did at Agincourt.
	www.allempires.com /Forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=11470 (1432 words)

	Genghis Grill the Mongolian Feast: ambitious staff seeks Mongolian barbecue empire through variety in cuisine and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In the late 12th century and the early 13th, military leader Genghis Khan roamed the steppes to unite Mongol tribes and create an immense empire that stretched from today's Hungary all the way to Korea.
		In the early 21st century, a number of restaurateurs are trying to build a Mongolian barbecue empire.
		Among them is the fiesty, four-unit Genghis Grill-The Mongolian Feast, which employs not cudgels and whips and fleet-of-hoof horsemen, but Web sites and bustling stores that sizzle with interactive dining.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3190/is_19_36/ai_85932709 (942 words)

	The Mongolian Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Namkhainyambuu could not raise enough animals to feed his family, nor could he enjoy the profits from the wool, meat and hides of the sheep as he did when he lived in the northwest, so he supplements his income by working as a "concierge" in a university dormitory.
		The selections below demonstrate Namkhainyambuu's expertise as a herder as well as his ability to describe clearly and colorfully the life of a Mongolian shepherd.
		Our county was near the great Mongolian desert, which we passed through with our herds on the way to our winter quarters.
	www.globaled.org /nyworld/materials/mongol/Transmit1.html (2082 words)

	Mongolia news: 2006 is the 800th anniversary of the founding of the Mongolian Empire by Genghis Khan
		Mongolians has been planning a lot of events and activities for this anniversary.
		Despite the fact that the Mongolian armies were outnumbered by more than two to one, the brilliant battle tactics of Genghis Khan and his generals resulted in total defeat of the Shah and brought an end to the Khwarazam Empire.
		By Genghis Khan's death in 1227, the Mongol Empire reached from the Pacific Ocean to the Caspian Sea.
	www.discovermongolia.mn /mongolia_travel_news.html (877 words)

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