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Topic: Mongolian script

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Mongolian alphabet

Khitan script

Sogdian alphabet

Uighur alphabet

Mongolian language

Slavic numerals

Cyrillic alphabet

Chinese written language

Hangul

Manchurian language

Aramaic alphabet

Tibetan script

Syriac alphabet

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		Mongolian is the language of most of the population of Mongolia and also of Inner Mongolia and of separate groups living in several other provinces and regions of China and the Russian Federation.
		The Vaghintara script was invented in 1905 by Agwan-Dorji (Vaghintara is the Indian form of the name Agwan, or rather the first component of his name) on the basis of Mongolian script.
		In official documents it is stated that the reason for the change from the Mongolian script to the new form of writing was twohold: (1) there was a great gap between the written and spoken languages, and (2) the Mongolian script was not suitable for the assimilation of foreign words.
	www.indiana.edu /~mongsoc/mong/language.htm (1204 words)

	Ethnic Groups - china.org.cn
		The Mongolian script was created in the early 13th century on the basis of the script of Huihu or ancient Uygur, which was revised and developed a century later into the form used to this day.
		Mongolian architecture in the construction of cities and especially of palaces at that time was also unique.
		Mongolian medicine has been best known for its Lamaist therapy, which is most effective for traumatic surgery and the setting of fractured bones.
	www.china.org.cn /e-groups/shaoshu/shao-2-mongolian.htm (2297 words)

	Mongolia Today - online magazine \| CULTURE
		Mongolian traditional script is based on an alphabet and written vertically, from top to down, left to right.
		Banned for more than half a century, the traditional Mongolian script is attracting an increasing number of young people who are keen to learn about their national culture and history.
		But thanks to the democratic changes of the early 90s, the old Mongolian script was not only rehabilitated but recognized as a backbone of national culture.
	www.mongoliatoday.com /issue/2/old_script.html (511 words)

	Writing Mongol in Uighur Script
		Script is written in a continuous pen stroke for the length of a word, with accents added after the word is complete, and requires that each letter accommodate the letters before and after it.
		This is a script alphabet, which means the pen should write a continuous line, for the most part, from the beginning to the end of the word.
		The Mongol Script was adopted from Uighur in 1204.
	www.viahistoria.com /SilverHorde/research/UighurScript.html (3677 words)

	Mongolian script - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, two regional variants of the Mongol script use diacritics to represent all phonemic distinctions unambiguously: the western Todo script derived by Zaya Pandit around 1648 for the Oirats and Kalmyks, and still in use today among Mongols in the Dzungaria region of Xinjiang; and its recent offshoot, a northern Buryat script developed in 1905.
		Besides the Mongolian language, the Evenk language is written in the Mongolian script.
		Phagspa extended his native Tibetan script to encompass Mongolian and Chinese; the result was known by several descriptive names, such as the Mongolian seal script, but today is known as the Phagspa alphabet.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mongolian_alphabet (576 words)

	Culture Mongolia - Scripts
		The classical Mongolian script is believed to have originated in the 9th or 10th centuries on the basis of the Uighur alphabet, but did not become the official system of writing until the 12th century.
		Named the "new script", textbooks for its study were distributed to schools, and at the end of the 1260s tax benefits were offered to people who enrolled in literacy courses using the new form of writing.
		This alphabet addressed the problem of one letter in the Mongolian script representing two or more possible sounds; its purpose was to bring closer together the spoken and written Mongolian languages, which had become considerably dissimilar after several centuries of stagnation of the written alphabet.
	www.culture.mn /mongolia.php?recordID=scripts (491 words)

	Writing Mongolian
		The first script used by the Mongols to write their language was the beautiful Uighur (Classical Mongolian) script that originated with China's Uighur, who brought it from the Middle East.
		Nevertheless, Phagsba script is a valuable research tool that yields insights into the phonetics and phonology of 14th century Mongolian and Chinese dictionaries.
		Mongolian can be transliterated using the Roman alphabet, but Cyrillic gives a much better representation of Mongolian sounds than the paltry 26 of the Roman alphabet.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Jta/Mo/MoLAN1.htm (869 words)

	Mongol Scripts
		This script was used as early as the mid 13th century as a stylistic variation of Uighur Script.
		The former is a logographic script based on Chinese characters, and the latter, developed by a Khitan scholar named Diela, is a syllabic script influenced in part by Uighur with characters for each syllable combined into word groups.
		This script was modified in 1632 with influence of the Korean Script (Hunmin Chong'um).
	www.viahistoria.com /SilverHorde/research/MongolScripts.html (2659 words)

	Embassy of Mongolia, Washington, D.C. - Land and People
		The mountain steppe zone occurs in the lower elevations of the Khentii, the Khangai, the Mongolian Altai mountains, in the Orkhon and Selenge river basins, and in the Khyangan mountains.
		As for the linguistic reference of the Mongolian population, it relates to the Mongolian group of the Altaic family except for Kazakhs.
		Mongolians signify the first day of a new year very much; therefore, people exercise religious practices called “khiimorio sergeekh” to be inspired and lucky.
	www.mongolianembassy.us /eng_about_mongolia/land_and_people.php (4055 words)

	Embassy of Mongolia, Washington, D.C. - Culture
		The Mongolian script created by Mongols is one of the six most recognized alphabets used in the contemporary world.
		After the revolution of 1921, the Mongolian script was used in the MPR until 1941, when a new Cyrillic alphabet was adopted.
		In the history of Mongolian circus, the pride of place belongs to her as the initiator of a peculiar kind of acrobatics - a twin plastic etude.
	www.mongolianembassy.us /eng_about_mongolia/culture.php (4754 words)

	Ancient Scripts: hPhags-pa
		The hPhags-pa script was created under the order of Khubilai, the Great Khan of the Mongols, as an official and universal script for his vast empire that stretched from China to Russia and crossed ethnic and cultural borders.
		The script already employed to write Mongolian at that time was originally borrowed from the script used to write Uighur, a Turkic language, and did not fit well phonetically with Mongolian.
		Another characteristic borrowed from the Mongolian script is that the hPhags-pa script is written in vertical columns, which are read from left to right.
	www.ancientscripts.com /hphagspa.html (445 words)

	Learn Mongolian, informations about mongolian language, Mongolia communication
		Mongolian languages belongs to the Altaic family of languages showing structural (and partially lexical) similarities with languages of the Tungusic group of this family (e.g.
		Mongolian has strong vowel harmony: all vowels within one word and even all grammatical particles must be chosen from one of two vowel sets which are known as male and female or back and front vowels.
		Though this script (called Uighur script because the Uighurs had used it first) has been the main vehicle of written Mongolian, a number of other writing systems have been and are being employed.
	www.voyagemongolie.com /Index_fichiers/Learn_mongolian_language.htm (978 words)

	Mongolian alphabets, pronunciation and language
		Mongolian is an Altaic language spoken by approximately 5 million people in Mongolia, China, Afghanistan and Russia.
		There are a number of closely related varieties of Mongolian: Khalkha or Halha, the national language of Mongolia, and Oirat, Chahar and Ordos, which are spoken mainly in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China.
		Between the 13th and 15th Centuries, Mongolian was also written with Chinese characters, the Arabic alphabet and a script derived from Tibetan called Phags-pa.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/mongolian.htm (499 words)

	Edge Translation
		Mongolian is a member of the Mongolic language family.
		The traditional Mongolian alphabet was adapted from Uyghur script in 1208.
		The Mongolian alphabet was used until 1931 when it was replaced by the Latin alphabet.
	www.edgetranslation.net /mongolian1.htm (179 words)

	BabelStone : 'Phags-pa Script
		The 'Phags-pa script is a Brahmic script based on Tibetan that was used for writing Mongolian, Chinese and other languages during the Mongolian Yuan dynasty (1271-1368).
		Unlike other Brahmic scripts, 'Phags-pa was written vertically from left to right after the manner of the Uighur-derived Mongolian script.
		Overview : Overview of the 'Phags script, comprising a brief history of its rise and fall, and a summary of the extant corpus of texts and inscriptions written in the 'Phags-pa script
	www.babelstone.co.uk /Phags-pa/index.html (455 words)

	Mongolian Minority - Chinese Nationalities
		The Mongolian Hordes of Genghis Khan and his successors swept as far as Vienna in the 14th century.
		The Mongolians are found in Gansu, Qinghai Provinces and the Xinjiang and Nei Mongol Autonomous Regions.
		The Mongolian script, still is use today, dates from the early thirteenth century.
	www.paulnoll.com /China/Minorities/min-Mongolian.html (227 words)

	Mongolian Language Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The word blood within Mongolian culture in the 13th century is extremely important to aspects of spirituality.
		While the Mongolian war machine did kill thousands of their enemies during their conquests, contrary to popular belief, they were not unmerciful barbarians.
		Mongolian leaders also made a concerted effort to never torture or publicly maim their enemies because of their beliefs.
	www.macalester.edu /anthropology/mongolia/blood.html (350 words)

	Soyombo script - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Soyombo script was created as the fourth Mongolian script, only 40 years after the invention of the Todo script.
		The eastern Mongols used the script primarily as a ceremonial and decorative script.
		The Soyombo script was the first Mongolian script to be written horizontally from left to right, in contrast to earlier scripts that had been written vertically.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soyombo_script (867 words)

	BabelStone : 'Phags-pa Script : Overview
		However, as a precaution he was detained at the Mongolian court, and had to govern Tibet from a distance (as was also the case for all his successors up until the resurgence of Tibetan nationalism and the dethroning of the Sakya lamas in the 1350s).
		The 'Phags-pa script had from the outset been intended as a "national" script, to be used to represent any and all of the diverse languages that were spoken within the vast Mongolian empire.
		The Mongolian text is written in the 'Phags-pa script, and is of particular interest as it uses additional letters for transcribing Sanskrit sounds that are not part of the original set of 'Phags-pa letters.
	www.babelstone.co.uk /Phags-pa/Overview.html (2586 words)

	Translating Social Change
		Mongolian is an Altaic language, belonging to the Mongoloid branch of this generic family of languages, which also includes a variety of middle-Asian languages, among them Turkic and Tungusic languages as well as other Mongoloid tongues.
		The script used in contemporary Mongolia is a modified version of one that was in popular use before the 1940s; the roots of this script can be traced back to ancient Uighur writing systems that were adopted by the Mongols per a directive of their legendary leader Genghis Khan over eight hundred years ago.
		Mongolian grammar is not extremely complicated but follows a subject-object-predicate structure that can be confusing to English-speakers who are learning the language, unless they have prior experience with other languages that make use of similar structure, such as Turkish.
	accurapid.com /journal/04mongol.htm (2413 words)

	The vertical Script
		At the time of Genghis Khan, Mongolians loaned the script from the Uighurs, who in turn took it from the Aramaic (Syriac).
		Even today, the spelling of the vertical Mongolian script is according to the pronounciation of the spoken Mongolian of the 13th century.
		There, the vertical Mongolian had been abandoned sixty years ago and was replaced by the cyrillic (Russian) alphabet.
	www.mongolbible.com /html/body_the_vertical_script.html (184 words)

	Unicode Mongolian Font Support from XenoType Technologies
		Mongolian is used throughout Mongolia and the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China.
		The traditional vertical script has been in use in Inner Mongolia for hundreds of years but was unfortunately banned in (Outer) Mongolia during the Soviet occupation.
		At a typographic level, the Mongolian script is similar to Arabic in structure — it too requires different letter forms depending on the character and its position in a word (isolated, initial, medial and final).
	www.xenotypetech.com /osxMongolian.html (252 words)

	Mongolian OpenType specification
		The Mongolian script is used to write classical Mongolian, with additional letters for Todo, Sibe and Manchu, and extensions for Sanskrit and Tibetan.
		Mongolian was historically derived from Aramaic, a right to left script but was later transformed to be written vertically from top to bottom, in columns from left to right.
		Similar to Arabic, Mongolian is a contextual script where letters are cursively joined and have initial, medial and final presentation forms for the same letter.
	www.microsoft.com /typography/otfntdev/mongolot/default.htm (346 words)

	The Mongolian Calligraphy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The fact that the scripts system used by Mongols included transcriptions for transcribing foreign words like Tibetian, Sanscrit, Chinese, Manchurian, Russian, Turkish etc. is a real witness of the respect of Mongols towards culture and education.
		The Classic Mongolian script with an ancient tradition used since it’s creation until today, spread widely, firmly and regularly among the Mongol race, is one of the wonders of the spiritual culture and precious heritage of Mongolia which was created taking into consideration the sound specialties of Mongolian language.
		The Classic Mongolian script written from the top downwards and in clockwise turns and has a classic vertical direction which expresses the almost optimal movement of handwriting due to the theory of probability.
	www.inkway.mn /english/mongolcalligraphy.htm (676 words)

	Mongolia Fun Facts, Information on Mongolia, Mongolia Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Ancient scripts and documents have been discovered In Mongolian territory, that are over 2,000 years old.
		In the beginning of the 13th century Mongolian script was replaced by Uigurjin Mongol script, which is still written vertical down the page.
		The Mongolian ger is a comfortable house for herdsman during the four seasons of the year with fresh posture.
	www.mongolian-ways.com /about_mongolia.aspx?pageType=28 (400 words)

	How to read and write Mongolian characters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Mongol language-script is called the het "Sogdian Script" and is related to the Tibetan script.
		The age of the written language (of the script) is mentioned in: the history of writing.
		Kijk eventueel eerst naar het plaatje, dat reeds gedraaid is.
	www.xs4all.nl /~wjsn/mongolian.htm (516 words)

	PHAGS-PA
		Uighur Script, also known as Old Script, Mongol Script, Script Mongolian, or Classical Mongolian, is an alphabetic script written vertically from top to bottom with lines progressing from left to right (All other vertical writing systems are written from right to left.).
		Among Inner Mongolians in China, old Uighur script remains the actual writing system, while Mongolians from other regions primarily use Cyrillic letters but often learn this script as part of their cultural heritage.
		The Uighur script was not much suitable to represent the sounds of neither Mongolian nor the other languages spoken in the empire, like Chinese.
	mehmeteti.150m.com /ilkhanids/hpags-pa.htm (1012 words)

	mongolia.neweurasia.net » Mongol Bichig: Could Mongolia Ever Bring Back its Traditional Script?
		Mongolian script actually uses the Uighur script, which at the time fit the sounds of Mongolian very well.
		Shagdarsuren states that the ability for children to learn the script is SOLELY based on the basis of whether the child is actually “taught,” or “not taught.” Well, there is a little bit more to it than that.
		Since the traditional Mongolian script evolved a very long time ago, the language is completely different, just as its name implies, the traditional Mongolian language.
	mongolia.neweurasia.net /?p=22 (1669 words)

	JAARS Museum of the Alphabet
		The Mongolian alphabet is a central Asian derivative of the Aramaic alphabet with influences from Indic-Tibetan.
		The Mongolian script is written vertically, from top to bottom like Chinese, but columns proceed from left to right, unlike Chinese.
		However, the Russian Cyrillic script was decreed the official alphabet of the former in 1950 and is used to teach reading and writing in the latter.
	www.jaars.org /museum/alphabet/galleries/mongolian.htm (171 words)

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