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Topic: Mongol language

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	Mongols
		The Mongols refer to an ethnic group which originated in what is now Mongolia and now is concentrated in that country, Russia, and China, particularly in Inner Mongolia.
		The Mongols were a nomadic people who in the 13th century found themselves encompassed by large, city-dwelling agrarian civilizations.
		Mongol doctor could easily pull the arrow from the wound wrapped in silken cloth, this reduced the chance of infection and made cleaning and dressing the wound easier, hopefully returning the skilled warrior to combat in time.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/mo/Mongolians.html (1775 words)

	Mongolia - Ethnic and Linguistic Groups
		Except for the dialect of the Buryat Mongols, who predominantly inhabit the area around Lake Baykal in Siberia, and the dialects of scattered isoglosses in Mongolia, all dialects of Mongol spoken in Mongolia are readily understood by native speakers of the language.
		The written language is based on the Khalkha of the Ulaanbaatar region, and when Mongol script was replaced by a Cyrillic alphabet between 1941 and 1946, the Russian Cyrillic was modified to suit the phonetic structure of Khalkha.
		Mongol is taught as the second language and Russian as the third in Kazakh schools, and bilingual Kazakhs appear to participate in the Mongolian professional and bureaucratic elite on an equal footing with Mongols.
	countrystudies.us /mongolia/38.htm (1070 words)

	FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Mongols believe that the spirit of the "Monkh khokh Tengger" ("eternal blue heaven") is among the objects everywhere in the universe, especially in the fire, the sun and the moon.
		The Mongol culture and customs were totally banned during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) and it is very hard for the Mongols to restore and develop their culture and traditional customs under the Chinese government’s assimilation policies.
		The Inner Mongols (or Inner Mongolians) speak the Mongol Language and the Mongol language belongs to the Linguistic Family of Altai.
	www.innermongolia.org /english/faq.htm (2013 words)

	The Mongols in World History \| Asia Topics in World History
		The Mongol rulers were ardent patrons of the theater, and the Yuan Dynasty witnessed a golden age of Chinese theater.
		That is, the Mongols did not abandon their own heritage, even as they adopted many of the values and political structures of the people they conquered and governed.
		In addition, many Mongols continued to wear their native costumes of fur and leather, extravagant feasts in the Mongol tradition were held on Khubilai Khan's birthday and the birthdays of other great Mongol leaders, and the sport of hunting, a quintessential Mongol activity originally designed as training for warfare, flourished.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/eacp/japanworks/mongols/china/china3_g.htm (542 words)

	Mongols - Chinese ethnics - China
		Mongol warriors wore significantly lighter armor, usually in the form of light chain shirts (in the shape of a t-shirt) or leather lamellar.
		Mongols' effective use of terror is often credited for the unprecedented speed with which Mongol armies spread across western Asia and eastern Europe.
		Mongols in Mongolia, especially those that are nomads are regarded as one of the most kindest and warmest of people in the world by most Westerners that had the chance to see first-hand Mongolian nomadic people.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Mongols (2808 words)

	[No title]
		Mongolian is the language of most of the population of Mongolia and also of Inner Mongolia and of separate groups living in several other provinces and regions of China and the Russian Federation.
		By origin, it is one of the languages of the Mongolian group of the Altaic family.
		The monuments of that period are linguistic materials referred to in historical documents of neighboring nations, in a majority of cases in Chinese transcription; materials in the Tabghatch dialect of the Xian'pi language; and in the Mongolian literary language in the Mongolian script based on the ancient Mongolian language.
	www.indiana.edu /~mongsoc/mong/language.htm (1204 words)

	e-Mongol.com - Culture of Mongolia
		Khalkha Mongolian, the official language, is a member of the Ural-Altaic family of languages, which includes Finnish, Turkish, Kazak, Uzbek and Korean.
		The Khaan also decreed to award a special title to anyone who is over 120 years old and to release prisoners on the day of Tsagaan Sar except those convicted of the 5-cruelty case.
		Naadam horse races are a long-standing tradition mentioned in the Secret History of the Mongols, a 13th century literary classic, and in the writings of the famous Marko Polo.
	www.e-mongol.com /mongolia_culture.htm (1922 words)

	About Mongolia - Travel, Maps, Flag and Information
		Mongolia (Khalkh Mongol: Монгол Улс) is a landlocked nation in central Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south.
		It was the centre of the Mongol Empire of the 13th century, but was ruled by the Manchu Qing dynasty from the end of the 18th century until an independent government was formed with Soviet assistance in 1921.
		In the past, because it was once almost their only fuel, schools were sometimes forced to decide between food for the staff and students, or lamplight for reading and learning.
	www.canadiancontent.net /profiles/Mongolia.html (675 words)

	Mongolia - Education
		Tibetan was the language of instruction, the canonical and liturgical language, and it was used at the lower levels of education.
		Such schools used the Mongol language and the curriculums had a heavily religious content.
		As late as 1934, when 55 percent of all party members were illiterate, secular state schools enrolled only 2.7 percent of all children between the ages of eight and seventeen, while 13 percent of that age group were in monastic schools.
	countrystudies.us /mongolia/49.htm (1727 words)

	Mongol Scripts
		Aside from Mongol, the variety of cultures they have had contact with, who have often written historical chronicles involving Mongols, is as vast as Asia with nearly every one having its own languages with corresponding scripts.
		The earliest known use of Latin letters to write Mongol is with the transcription of Mongol words into the journals of the European travelers in the 13th century such as John Plano of Carpini, William of Rubrick, and later Marco Polo.
		So when documents needed to be written in the early days of the Mongol Empire, they were done so by administrators, incorporated into the Mongol domain from neighboring cultures, who used their native writing systems.
	www.viahistoria.com /SilverHorde/research/MongolScripts.html (2659 words)

	Mongols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mongols (Mongolian: Монгол Mongol, Turkish: Moğollar) are an ethnic group that originated in what is now Mongolia, Russia, and China or more specifically on the Central Asian plateau north of the Gobi desert and south of Siberia.
		Major ethnic subgroups of Mongolic peoples are: the Khalkhas; the Buryats and the Dorbots of Siberia; the Kalmyks (Oirats) of the Caucasus; and the Mongours (Tu people), the Daurs, and the various other Mongolic peoples of Inner Mongolia in China.
		Mongols are a Central Asian ethnographic group of closely related tribal peoples who live on the Mongolian Plateau and share a common language and nomadic tradition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mongols (4630 words)

	The Dongxiang Mongols and Their Language
		The Dongxiang language belongs to the Mongol branch of the Altaic languages.
		Unlike Mongol, the stress is usually placed on the last syllable of a word.
		The Dongxiang language has a remarkable proportion of Chinese words which can even be found in the realm of function words, e.g.
	userpage.fu-berlin.de /~corff/im/Sprache/Dongxiang.html (1238 words)

	Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center
		ABSTRACT Language is one of the official criteria of defining a nationality in socialist China, but it simultaneously has been subjected to an "ideology of contempt" by the Chinese regime that builds nationality only to destroy it.
		I was born in the arid oasis grassland of Ordos, in south-western Inner Mongolia.
		He argued that Mongols in the countryside were the masses, hence it was the duty of the cadres to serve the masses.
	www.smhric.org /SMW_12.htm (8351 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Mongol script (the classical Mongolian script) was adopted about 800 years ago by Genghis Khan's decision.
		The Mongol script is a "vertical " script (I think it is the only "vertical" script that people are still using today) and written from the top to the bottom.
		The Mongol language belongs to the Mongolian branch of Altaic Family, and it is a alphabetic language.
	members.aol.com /yikhmongol/monls.htm (228 words)

	mongolia.neweurasia.net » Mongol Bichig: Could Mongolia Ever Bring Back its Traditional Script?
		Calligraphy is all done in Mongol bichig, historical books are printed in Mongol bichig, and anyone studying at the culture and language school of most universities is required to learn it.
		Just like other dead languages such as Latin, studying Mongol bichig is important in order to understand old texts and in order to understand the evolution of the Mongol language.
		Also, instead of Mongol bichig focus, more focus needs to be on redeveloping the Mongolian language in order to educate the populace…just like the economic and social situations in Mongolia, the Mongolian language knowledge of the people is underdeveloped.
	mongolia.neweurasia.net /?p=22 (1669 words)

	Mongolian alphabets, pronunciation and language
		There are a number of closely related varieties of Mongolian: Khalkha or Halha, the national language of Mongolia, and Oirat, Chahar and Ordos, which are spoken mainly in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China.
		Other languages considered part of the Mongolian language family, but separate from Mongolian, include Buryat and Kalmyk, spoken in Russia and Moghul or Mogul, spoken in Afghanistan.
		Between the 13th and 15th Centuries, Mongolian was also written with Chinese characters, the Arabic alphabet and a script derived from Tibetan called Phags-pa.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/mongolian.htm (499 words)

	East Asian Studies 210 Notes: The Manchu
		Before the loss of their language, the Manchu had their own vertical script and literature was written in Manchu.
		Although the group preserves its language, many Chinese features have crept into it over the centuries, so that it is a separate language from that spoken in Mongolia proper.
		They are the ethnic and linguistic remnants of the Mongol hordes who at one time dominated all of Central Asia and subjugated large parts of India under what is called the Moghul Empire (supplanted in the 18th century by European invaders).
	pandora.cii.wwu.edu /vajda/ea210/manchu.htm (1403 words)

	Lingua Mongolia - Mongolian Grammar Reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Mongolian is an agglutinative language which normally ranks as a member of the Altaic language family, a family whose principal members are Turkish, Mongolian and Manchu (with Korean and Japanese listed as possible relations).
		The main features of the language are a system of vowel harmony, agglutination and the SOV word order so characteristic of this proposed language family.
		The grammar section of Lingua Mongolia is primarily intended to be a quick on-line reference to the essentials of Mongolian grammar, and not a grammar tutorial, although there are plans to add these at a later date.
	www.linguamongolia.co.uk /gram1.html (160 words)

	Who We Are? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		In 1991, the Chinese government launched a new round of persecution against the Mongols people in Inner Mongolia who was trying to protect and preserve the endangered culture of the Mongols under Chinese rule.
		He graduated from the department of Mongol Language and Literature, University of Inner Mongolia.
		He writes a lots about the miserable life of the Inner Mongols under the Chinese rule and their fight for freedom and independence against Chinese occupations.
	www.innermongolia.org /english/whoweare.htm (667 words)

	Mongolia
		The Manchus, a tribal group which conquered China in 1644 and formed the Qing dynasty, were able to bring Mongolia under Manchu control in 1691 as Outer Mongolia when the Khalkha Mongol nobles swore an oath of allegiance to the Manchu emperor.
		The Mongol rulers of Outer Mongolia enjoyed considerable autonomy under the Manchus, and all Chinese claims to Outer Mongolia following the establishment of the republic have rested on this oath.
		The Mongols accepted Russian aid and proclaimed their independence of Chinese rule in 1911, shortly after a successful Chinese revolt against the Manchus.
	www.factmonster.com /country/profiles/mongolia.html (3626 words)

	Mongol
		Mongol was also required to carry his own food which usually consisted of
		Mongols said that grass made men weak and was for horses so they didn‚t eat
		The Mongol language belongs to the Mongolian branch of Altaic
	www.alcdsb.on.ca /~mart/junior/2002gr56/mongol.htm (3274 words)

	How to read and write Mongolian characters
		Hoe kun je Mongoolse teksten maken, lezen of leesbaar maken ?
		The Mongol language-script is called the het "Sogdian Script" and is related to the Tibetan script.
		The age of the written language (of the script) is mentioned in: the history of writing.
	www.xs4all.nl /~wjsn/mongolian.htm (516 words)

	KHALKHA SADDLE
		Mongolian life would be impossible without the horse, and the Mongol language reflects their abiding concern for the sex, age, conformation, color, and disposition of each animal in their care.
		The Mongol folklorist B. Rinchen wrote that "it is passed down by tradition that Holy Chinggis Khan once made an offering to the straps of his golden saddle...this is the reason why today the saddle and the bridle of the lord of gifts will be purified, the eight saddle-straps spoken over and a blessing recited."(2)
		Even the highest members of Outer Mongolia's ecclesiastical aristocracy rode on horseback, despite the fact that the Manchu emperors of China, their overlords, awarded some the privilege of being carried in litters or carriages.
	www.asianart.com /mongolia/saddle.html (585 words)

	Mongolian Language \| Mongoluls.Net
		Here you will also find a good tutorial that may be additional to the one presented below.
		Furthermore I can suggest Lonely planet's language kit or, if you are more serious, Routledge Colloquial Mongolian, although not really suitable for fast learning.
		Modern Mongolian as we know it was officially established in 1924 on basis of the Khalkha dialect, when it became the National language.
	www.mongoluls.net /khel/language.htm (457 words)

	InterMongol Network - homepage
		Stories of Mongols who lived their lives in alien lands for various reasons, such as war, persecution and social unrest....
		Latinjin Mongol system will definitely be helpful us to meet the increasing demand of an information age, to regularize Mongolian writing practices to prevent further division of Mongolian language.
		Our Mongol Forum will be a place for Mongols as well as other friends to dicuss issues, exchange information, and our Community Center will help people networking.
	intermongol.net (644 words)

	Beyond The Sea: Mongol Language and Script
		But the letters of a certain word are written continuously.Mongolian alphabet have 23 basic letters (7 vowels and 16 consonants) plus some other letters to stand for foreign words.
		In it’s long history,the Mongols had tried to use some other scripts.
		The first Khutugtu Gegen of Khalkha Mongol---Ündür Gegen Zhanabazar also had created a type of Mongol script --- the Soyonbo script, but non of these scripts were as popular as the Uighur (Classical) script.
	beyondtheisle.blogspot.com /2006/10/mongol-language-and-script.html (298 words)

	::Mongolian Society Inc ::
		"Symbolism in CHINGGIS KHAN'S ADMONITION", in Mongol Language anf Literature 6 (1999) pp 10-20 (in Mongol)
		"Mongol Literature and Arts", in the North China volume of, A Series of China's Regional Cultures.
		"Theory and Methodology of Narratology", Mongol Language and Literature 4 (1998) pp14-24 (in Mongol)
	www.indiana.edu /~mongsoc/mongolists/Nasunbayar.htm (151 words)

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