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	Monju - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Monju is an experimental fast breeder reactor located in Tsuruga, Fukui Prefecture in Japan.
		The reactor began construction in 1985 and first achieved criticality in April 1994.
		However, there was massive public outrage in Japan when it was revealed that Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corp. (PNC), the semigovernmental agency then in charge of Monju, had tried to cover up the extent of the accident and resulting damage.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /monju.htm (356 words)

	Fast breeder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A fast neutron reactor, commonly called simply fast reactor, is a nuclear reactor design that uses no moderator but instead relies on fast neutrons to sustain its chain reaction.
		Surrounding the reactor core are tubes containing non-fissile uranium-238 which, by capturing neutrons from the reaction in the core, is partially converted to fissile plutonium 239 (as is some of the uranium in the core), which can then be reprocessed for use as nuclear fuel.
		Fast reactors typically use liquid metal as the primary coolant, to cool the core and heat the water used to power the electricity generating turbines.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Breeder_reactor (1473 words)

	MONJU Website : Low Graphics : Reactor & Primary Loops (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Sodium coolant is pumped into the reactor under the core (see sodium inlet pipe right) at a temperature of 397°C and flows upwards through the core leaving by the outlet pipe (left) at a temperature of 529°C. There are three loops which supply and remove sodium; these are called the Primary Loops.
		The reactor vessel and the sodium pipes are surrounded by a Guard Vessel; in the unlikely event that the Main Vessel were to leak, the Guard Vessel would ensure that the sodium level does not fall below what is required to cool the reactor core.
		The FCR and BCR are used to control the power output of the reactor and to compensate for the gradual loss of reactivity of the core from the beginning to the end of an operation cycle.
	www.jnc.go.jp /zmonju/mjweb/LGReactor.htm (1181 words)

	MONJU Website : About MONJU > Sodium Leak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A leak of 640 kg of non-radioactive sodium from the MONJU secondary Loop C occurred on 8 December 1995 while the reactor was operating at low power.
		The reactor was shut down manually and remains in the shut-down state pending a review of safety and possible plant improvements.
		During the accident there was no loss of cooling to the reactor, nor was there any danger of the fire spreading to the reactor and primary systems or other secondary loops.
	www.jnc.go.jp /zmonju/mjweb/NaL.htm (2549 words)

	Court upholds Japan nuke reactor approval - Boston.com - Asia - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Environmentalists were outaged by the ruling, which overturned a 2003 decision by a high court to nullify the government's 1983 approval for the Monju reactor in Tsuruga, 200 miles west of Tokyo, court spokesman Takao Arakawa said.
		Monju went into service in August 1995 but was shut down on Dec. 8, when more than a ton of volatile liquid sodium leaked from a secondary cooling system.
		The Japanese Supreme Court upheld government approval of the Monju reactor Monday, May 30, 2005, paving the way for the reopening of a plant that was shut down a decade ago by an accident and cover-up.
	www.boston.com /news/world/asia/articles/2005/05/30/court_upholds_japans_ok_of_nuke_reactor (568 words)

	Japan Times: Widow sues Monju reactor operator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The widow of Shigeo Nishimura, 49, a deputy administration department chief at what was then Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corp., which ran the reactor, is seeking 148 million yen for the death of her husband on Jan. 13, 1996.
		Monju, Japan's first prototype fast-breeder reactor, has been shut since a sodium coolant leak sparked a fire on Dec. 8, 1995.
		Nishimura was a key figure in the probe, which was trying to shed light on an attempt to conceal a videotape of the reactor that was shot shortly after the leak.
	search.japantimes.co.jp /print/news/nn10-2004/nn20041014b2.htm (180 words)

	Fast_neutron_reactor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A '''fast neutron reactor''' or simply a '''fast reactor''' is a category of nuclear reactor in which the fission chain reaction is sustained by fast neutrons.
		Such a reactor needs no neutron moderator, but must use fuel that is relatively rich in fissile material when compared to that required for a thermal reactor.
		Because absorption in the moderator is a major loss of neutrons in a thermal reactor, a fast reactor has an inherently superior neutron economy; that is, there are excess neutrons not required to sustain the chain reaction.
	q-basic.xodox.de /fast_reactor (426 words)

	CNFC Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Monju, the prototype fast breeder reactor (FBR) constructed in Tsuruga City, Fukui Prefecture by the Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute (JNC), submitted a "Request for Prior Agreement on Remediation Program to Deal with Sodium Leakage Issues" to both Fukui Pref.
		On March 26, the Nuclear Safety Commission (NSC), which is in charge of reactor safety assessment, expressed the view that the safety assessment of the Monju was sufficient with regard to the technical issues debated at the High Court.
		In addition, the FBR can burn spent fuels from light water reactors, which are the main reactors operated at present, and convert the transuranic elements (heavier element than uranium) and long-lived fission products (elements that continue to emit radiation for a long period of time) into light elements or short-lived elements.
	www.cnfc.or.jp /plutonium/pl43/e/cnfc_report2.html (455 words)

	Japan puts reactor program on back burner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The state-owned Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corp (PNC), the operator of Japan's fault-prone prototype fast- breeder reactor Monju, also came under criticism in the report for accidents and cover-ups.
		Monju, which the report said took 12 years and $4.91 billion to build, has been shut down since December 1995 after a massive coolant leak.
		The PNC is due to be streamlined next year after the incident at Monju and a series of other recent accidents at its facilities, which prompted a review of the organization.
	www.dieoff.com /page155.htm (497 words)

	Plutonium Investigation n°2: Japan
		On 8 December 1995, the secondary cooling circuit of the Monju reactor leaked 700 kg of molten sodium, the largest (known) sodium leak ever during the operation of a reactor.
		One of the characteristics of fast-breeder reactors is the reactor coolant which consists of molten sodium rather than the water coolant used in light water reactors.
		The governor of the Fukui prefecture, where Monju is located, appears to be opposed to the restart of Monju, at least in the near future.
	www.wise-paris.org /english/ournewsletter/2/page7.html (922 words)

	Monju reactor Definition / Monju reactor Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A fast neutron reactor, commonly named simply fast reactor, is a nuclear reactor design that uses no moderator but instead relies on fast neutrons to sustain its chain reaction.
		The reactor began construction in 1985 and first achieved criticalityA nuclear chain reaction occurs when on average further than one nuclear reaction is caused by another nuclear reaction, thus leading to an exponential increase in the number of nuclear reactions.
		Monju reactor is a 280 MWe liquid metal fast breeder reactor.
	www.elresearch.com /Monju_reactor (299 words)

	Tsuruga to OK Monju reactor renovation after top court ruling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		While expressing disappointment with the high court ruling, Kawase said the reactor may not be built in the city if the top court judges that the reactor poses significant safety threats, suggesting a delay in the city's approval.
		The reactor began operations in August 1995, but was shut down after a sodium coolant leak from the facility sparked a fire in December that year.
		As part of the government's move to restart the reactor, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry approved last December a plan by the state-run Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute to renovate Monju with a view to reactivating it.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /radsafe/0302/msg00015.html (1363 words)

	Kyodo World News Service: Monju Tsuruga 2 3 0469 Tsuruga to OK Monju reactor renovation after top court ruling@ ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Monju Tsuruga 2 3 0469 Tsuruga to OK Monju reactor renovation after top court ruling
		The move comes in the wake of the central government's decision on Friday to appeal a Nagoya High Court decision nullifying its 1983 approval to build the plutonium-producing reactor in the Fukui Prefecture city.
		While expressing disappointment with the high court ruling, Kawase said the reactor may not be built in the city if the top...
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:71459029&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (211 words)

	Pu-Series 17 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Although the issues surrounding the fast breeder reactor (FBR) have their roots in the accident of "Monju," when I think about it, I feel that it may also be a result of the inconsistencies between the social structures and the structure which promotes the nuclear energy development program.
		Moreover, although it was not a big problem in the accident at the Monju reactor, it was discovered that under the extreme situations created to simulate the experiment where hot sodium and iron oxides are in contact with each other, the corrosion of iron may be accelerated.
		In the analysis of the incidents at the Monju reactor, it has been pointed out that the reactor would not hold in the event of such an accident, because it is designed on the premise that only two or three of the pipes would break.
	www.cnfc.or.jp /plutonium/pl20/series17.e.html (7124 words)

	wiki/Monju reactor Definition / wiki/Monju reactor Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Monju is an experimental fast breeder reactor located in TsurugaTsuruga (敦賀市; -shi) is a city located in Fukui, Japan.
		The reactor began construction in 1985 and first achieved criticalityA nuclear chain reaction occurs when on average more than one nuclear reaction is caused by another nuclear reaction, thus leading to an exponential increase in the number of nuclear reactions.
		Intense vibration caused a thermometer inside a pipe carrying sodium Sodium is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Na (Natrium in Latin) and atom number 11.
	www.elresearch.com /wiki/Monju_reactor (715 words)

	Aljazeera.Net - Japan debates controversial N-reactors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The charm offensive launched by the nuclear industry to convince the public that Monju is the answer to the country's long-term energy problems and poses no threat, is slick and professional.
		A fast-breeder nuclear reactor uses a combination of plutonium-uranium mixed oxide (MOX) fuel and is designed to produce more plutonium than it consumes, providing a perpetual source of energy.
		Work on Monju, near the coastal town of Tsuruga in northern Japan, began in 1985 and the reactor reached criticality - the point at which a nuclear reactor is self-sustaining - in April 1994.
	english.aljazeera.net /NR/exeres/20B25B3B-5F20-4CDF-BA33-360E01FE7A29.htm (1099 words)

	Plutonium Investigation - Others News - 28/01/2003 - High court nullifies approval of Monju reactor
		The reactor was operating at 40% of capacity when the sodium coolant leak occurred, sparking a fire.
		The 32 plaintiffs, mainly residents of Tsuruga, asked the high court to overturn the district court ruling that rejected their 1985 suit seeking annulment of the government's permission to build the plant, which began in October 1985 in the city on the Sea of Japan coast some 370 kilometers west of Tokyo.
		If the reactor were to be scrapped, it would cost 170 billion yen, according to a ministry estimate.
	www.wise-paris.org /english/othersnews/year_2003/othersnews030128a.html (759 words)

	asahi.com : English (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Monju was once regarded as a ``dream reactor'' because the technology allows it to produce fissile material plutonium, to be used as nuclear fuel, at a faster rate than the reactor consumes it.
		When current light-water reactors reach their safe operating limits, the Japanese power companies operating them will be forced to construct new facilities using the same conventional technology.
		Restarting Monju will make it inherent on the government and the company that operates the reactor to convince the public that there are real benefits to society at reasonable costs.
	www.asahi.com /english/opinion/TKY200502100116.html (712 words)

	The Japan Times Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Nagoya High Court's Kanazawa branch supported a claim by 32 plaintiffs that the massive sodium coolant leak at Monju in 1995 was a result of flawed safety assessments that were carried out on the prototype reactor prior to construction.
		The landmark decision -- the first in the nation to let plaintiffs nullify a nuclear reactor and halt its construction or operations -- dealt a severe blow to the government's nuclear energy program, especially its goal of recycling spent nuclear fuel and using extracted plutonium at fast-breeder reactors.
		The reactor was operating at 40 percent capacity when the sodium coolant leaked in December 1995, sparking a fire.
	www.japantimes.co.jp /cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20041203a2.htm (583 words)

	High court hears appeal on Monju reactor shutdown (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		High court hears appeal on Monju reactor shutdown KANAZAWA, Japan, Dec. 18 (Kyodo) - The Kanazawa branch of the Nagoya High Court on Monday began hearing an appeal by residents in Fukui Prefecture to permanently shut down Japan's prototype fast-breeder nuclear reactor, which leaked coolant in December 1995, sparking a fire.
		Kiyoshi Yoshimura, a 75-year-old leader for the plaintiffs, asked the court to fairly judge the appeal by taking into account the wishes of local residents and the fact that distrust of nuclear power plants grows each time an accident occurs, causing the plants to lose their appeal as a means to promote local industries.
		They claimed almost no safety assessments were done based on fast- breeder reactors and alleged the ruling ''wrongly concluded'' that the reactor would be safe based on testimony by the defendants.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /radsafe/0012/msg00337.html (557 words)

	Plutonium as an Energy Source
		Almost half of the world's breeder reactor capacity is in a single reactor, the Superphènix in France, which has faced serious operating problems and is not currently run as a breeder reactor.
		Breeder reactors are more difficult to control than light water reactors because runaway nuclear reactions (including complete loss of control, or "prompt criticalities") can occur far more easily in fast breeder reactors than in light water and other reactors that use slow neutrons for the chain reaction.
		While electricity systems based on breeder reactors have not been built, it is still possible to use plutonium as a fuel in light water and other power reactors not designed to breed plutonium.
	www.ieer.org /ensec/no-1/puuse.html (3050 words)

	WISE NC: MONJU SHUT DOWN AFTER SODIUM LEAK
		Japan's prototype fast-breeder nuclear reactor, Monju, was manually shut down on December 8, after 3 tonnes (NHK tv is claiming up to 5 tonnes) of sodium leaked from the cooling system.
		Monju, located on the coast of Tsuruga, northwest of Tokyo, is the world's second largest fast-breeder reactor and the cornerstone of Japan's ambitious nuclear-power programme.
		PNC planned the start-up last April but the reactor was shut down during a pre-test run in March because of a problem with the reactor's steam control system.
	www.antenna.nl /wise/444/4392.html (423 words)

	Government appeals ruling on Monju nuclear reactor.
		Construction of the reactor was originally approved in 1983.
		Plaintiffs in the case -- mainly residents living near the reactor in Tsuruga, Fukui Prefecture -- are confident the Supreme Court will uphold the ruling.
		The decision was the first by a Japanese court in favor of plaintiffs seeking to halt the construction and operation of a nuclear reactor and is a huge blow to the government`s nuclear-fuel recycling policy.
	nuclearno.com /text.asp?5036 (395 words)

	asahi.com : ENGLISH
		The ruling, the first time a court has decided in favor of residents seeking to overturn construction approval of nuclear reactors or an injunction on the construction and operation of nuclear reactors, is a severe blow to the government.
		More ominously, he said the Monju reactor had the potential for a reactor core meltdown.
		Issues considered included the 1995 sodium leak; the possibility of a major accident, for example, pipes bursting simultaneously within the steam generator; and the ability of the reactor to withstand seismic activity.
	www.ohiocitizen.org /campaigns/electric/2003/monju.htm (648 words)

	Channelnewsasia.com
		He has yet to set a date for renewed operation of the 280,000-kilowatt reactor, built at a cost of six billion dollars in Tsuruga, 350 kilometers (220 miles) west of Tokyo.
		Monju was shut down in December 1995 after a massive leak of sodium coolant due to design flaws.
		No one was injured and no radiation was leaked, but the public was outraged after workers and officials involved in the project allegedly lied by hiding a video recording of the accident.
	www.channelnewsasia.com /stories/afp_asiapacific/view/131262/1/.html (504 words)

	Global Network - Report on Trip to Europe - 9/11/03 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Monju reactor started its operations in August 1995, but it has been shut down since its sodium leak and fire that occurred in December of the same year.
		On January 27, 2003, the Nagoya High Court ruled out the construction standard of the Monju reactor, accepting the plaintiff's arguments re: the high risk of sodium fire and collapse of the core, though it rejected the argument on the seismic risks of the Monju design.
		The Monju reactor is loaded with plutonium, and tons of sodium are still circulating in its long, winding pipes.
	www.globenet.free-online.co.uk /reports/europerep091103.htm (3264 words)

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