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Topic: Monoamine

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	Monoamine oxidase - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Monoamine oxidases (singular abbreviation MAO) (EC 1.4.3.4) are enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of monoamines.
		Monoamine oxidases catalyze the oxidative deamination of monoamines.
		Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are one of the major classes of drug prescribed for the treatment of depression.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Monoamine_oxidase (298 words)

	Encyclopedia: Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of antidepressant drugs prescribed for the treatment of depression.
		Monoamine oxidase Monoamine oxidases (singular abbreviation MAO) (EC 1.
		Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Isocarboxazid is a nonselective hydrazine-derived monoamine oxidase inhibitor used in treatment resistant depression.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Monoamine-oxidase-inhibitor (1411 words)

	Monoamine Oxidase (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Monoamine oxidase A is located in the outer membrane of the mitochondria of neurons and initiates degradation of neurotransmitters of the catecholamine family - dopamine, adrenalin (= epinephrine) and noradrenalin (= norepinephrine).
		Monoamine oxidase A degrades the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine by converting the amine group into aldehyde group.
		The gene for monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) is located on the X chromosome and individuals with deletions and point mutations are known.
	www.science.siu.edu /microbiology/micr302/MAO.html (403 words)

	Monoamine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In biochemistry, monoamines are a group of organic compounds containing only one amino group.
		Several mood disorders are explained as due to either an excess or deficiency of monoamines.
		When a cell needs to transport a monoamine in or out of a cell, they use a class of proteins called monoamine transporters.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Monoamine (78 words)

	MAO and TSH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Monoamine oxidase (MAO) seems depressed in many cases of hyperthyroidism and at an excess in manic depression.
		Rat thyroid monoamine oxidase (MAO) is regulated by thyrotrophin: evidence that the main form of the enzyme (MAO-A) is not directly involved in iodide organification.
		The proposal that monoamine oxidase (MAO) is a source of peroxide in thyroid hormone biosynthesis has been examined by use of isolated cultured human thyroid cells which retain the ability to secrete triiodothyronine (T3) in response to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
	www.ithyroid.com /mao_and_tsh.htm (1073 words)

	Excess of high activity monoamine oxidase A gene promoter alleles in female patients with panic disorder -- Deckert et ...
		Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by panic attacks, anticipatory anxiety and phobic avoidance with a life-time prevalence of 1-3% and a female:male ratio among affected of 2:1 (1,2).
		Monoamine oxidase A inhibitors, like other antidepressants, are effective treatments in panic disorder making the monoamine oxidase A gene one of the classical candidate genes (12).
		Reduced monoamine oxidase A activity has been reported to be associated with impulsiveness and aggressiveness in mice and humans (20,31,32).
	hmg.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/8/4/621 (3456 words)

	Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors - Foods to avoid
		Monoamine oxidase is found in the gastrointestinal tract and inactivates tyramine; when drugs prevent the catabolism of exogenous tyramine, this amino acid is absorbed and displaces norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve ending and epinephrine from the adrenal glands.
		Dietary restrictions are required for individuals receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitor therapy to prevent a hypertensive crisis and other side effects.
		Brown CS and Bryant SG: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: safety and efficacy issues.
	www.biopark.org /maoi-1.html (1671 words)

	Schizophrenia, Monoamine Oxidase Activity, and Cigarette Smoking
		Lower levels of monoamine oxidase activity were found in the smokers and this is the likely explanation for the low levels hypothesized as a marker for schizophrenia.
		Reduced monoamine oxidase activity (MAO) was reported in 1972 (Murphy and Wyatt 1972) in the blood platelets of schizophrenic patients and they later suggested that reduced MAO activity might be a genetic marker for vulnerability to schizophrenia (Wyatt et al.
		Marcolin MA, Davis JM (1992): Platelet monoamine oxidase activity in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/dynapage.taf?file=/npp/journal/v20/n4/full/1395302a.html (1466 words)

	Scientists determine the structure of human Monoamine Oxidase B (MAO B)
		Scientists determine the structure of human Monoamine Oxidase B (MAO B) Scientists from Emory University School of Medicine and the University of Pavia, Italy, have determined for the first time the three-dimensional structure of monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) — an enzyme important in several major disease processes; particularly age-related neurological disorders.
		Monoamine oxidases (MAO B and MAO A) are well-known targets for antidepressant drugs and for drugs used to treat neurological disorders and diseases of aging, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimers disease.
		MAO A and MAO B are attached to the outer membrane of the mitochondria — the energy powerhouses of cells and function to oxidize amine neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-11/euhs-sdt_1112101.php (639 words)

	Evaluation of the effects of inhibition of monoamine oxidase and senescence on methamphetamine-induced neuronal damage. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In addition, since monoamine oxidase type B increases with age, the effects of high dose administration of methamphetamine were evaluated in senescent mice.
		It was observed that inhibition of monoamine oxidase type A, and to a lesser degree, type B, increased the magnitude of methamphetamine-induced neuronal damage and that aged mice were more sensitive to the toxic action of methamphetamine.
		These results are interpreted with respect to the use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_1905457.html (183 words)

	Temporal and Spatial Profiles of Pontine-Evoked Monoamine Release in the Rat's Spinal Cord -- Hentall et al. 89 (6): ...
		Monoamine oxidation responses in the dorsal horn lamina IV at 800 µm depth with stimulation of different pontine sites.
		Effects of monoamines on interneurons in four spinal reflex pathways from group I and/or group II muscle afferents.
		Changes in monoamine release in the ventral horn and hypoglossal nucleus linked to pontine inhibition of muscle tone: an in vivo microdialysis study.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/89/6/2943 (5831 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Selective monoamine oxidase subtype inhibition and striatal extracellular dopamine in ...
		Administration of the selective monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitor drug, deprenyl (selegiline), to human parkinsonian patients causes a symptomatic antiparkinsonian response, indicative of a dopaminergic effect in the striatum (Myllyla et al., 1992; Olanow et al., 1996).
		Monoamine oxidase activity in striatum from drug-treated guinea-pigs was expressed as a percentage of activity in that of control animals.
		Finally, the level of extracellular DA is controlled to a lesser extent by the activity of DAT in the guinea-pig than in the rat.
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v130/n8/full/0703493a.html (4478 words)

	20th WCP: The Monoamine Hypothesis, Placebos and Problems of Theory Construction in Psychology, Medicine, and Psychiatry
		The monoamine hypothesis is an attempt to explain-in terms of anatomy, physiology and biochemistry-the cause of clinical depression.
		At the very least the non-cure rate of these patients might be said to refute the monoamine hypothesis, or at least to cause the hypothesis to be amended, or to cause it to be supplemented, or to cause the investigator to propose and test new hypothesess not based on the monoamine hypothesis.
		To maintain the monoamine hypothesis in the light of so many cases of non-cures that might claim to falsify the hypothesis, the experimenter might say that the complex situation doesn't allow isolation of any other variable for test.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Scie/ScieTang.htm (3137 words)

	[No title]
		There are two classes of monoamine oxidases known as monoamine oxidase A and monoamine oxidase B. Monoamine oxidase A metabolizes norepinephrine, dopamine, octopamine, and serotonin, and monoamine oxidase B metabolizes phenylethylamine, dopamine, benzylamine and methyl-histamine (Ferigolo, et al.
		The author of the article states that the inability of deprenyl to prevent apoptosis may be due to the low amount of monoamine oxidase B in the human melanoma cells (Malorni, W., et al.
		In rats, dopamine is mainly metabolized by monoamine oxidase A, so deprenyl would have little effect in protecting these neurons from free radical damage caused by the metabolism of dopamine (Clow, A., et al.
	sulcus.berkeley.edu /mcb/165_001/papers/manuscripts/_400.html (3074 words)

	Monoamine -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In (The organic chemistry of compounds and processes occuring in organisms; the effort to understand biology within the context of chemistry) biochemistry, monoamines are a group of (Any compound of carbon and another element or a radical) organic compounds containing only one (The radical -NH2) amino group.
		Several (Click link for more info and facts about mood disorder) mood disorders are explained as due to either an excess or deficiency of monoamines.
		When a cell needs to transport a monoamine in or out of a cell, they use a class of proteins called (Click link for more info and facts about monoamine transporter) monoamine transporters.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/mo/monoamine.htm (105 words)

	Monoamine oxidase - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Monoamine oxidases (singular abbreviation MAO) are enzymes that oxidize monoamine neurotransmitters and are the target of monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
		When monoamine oxidases oxidize monoamine neurotransmitters they are broken down into metabolites.
		A strong association between lack of MAO activity and criminality was previously reported in another study of a family in which a null-activity MAOA gene was being transmitted (as opposed to the more common, merely low-activity allele, in Caspi’s study).
	www.phatnav.com /wiki/index.php?title=Monoamine_oxidase (856 words)

	Plasma membrane and vesicular monoamine transporters in normal endometrium and early pregnancy decidua -- Bottalico et ...
		of the monoamine from the synaptic cleft by the signalling cell.
		Erickson, J.D., Eiden, L.E. and Hoffman, B.J. (1992) Expression cloning of a reserpine-sensitive vesicular monoamine transporter.
		Weihe, E., Schafer, M.K., Erickson, J.D. and Eiden, L.E. (1994) Localization of vesicular monoamine transporter isoforms (VMAT1 and VMAT2) to endocrine cells and neurons in rat.
	molehr.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/9/7/389 (3735 words)

	Blue Genes and the Monoamine Hypothesis of Depression/Brainstorms February 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		lthough the monoamine hypothesis of depression proposes that depression is due to a deficiency in monoaminergic neurotransmission, no deficiencies in the levels or receptors for serotonin, dopamine, and/or norepinephrine have been consistently reported.
		Currently, the evolving monoamine hypothesis considers the possibility that depression may be linked to a deficiency in signal transduction from the monoamine neurotransmitter to its postsynaptic neuron in the presence of normal amounts of neurotransmitter and receptor.
		Such a deficiency in the molecular events that cascade from receptor occupancy by neurotransmitter to transcription of genes could lead to a deficient response of target neurons to neurotransmission and thus, depression.
	www.psychiatrist.com /pcc/brainstorm/br6102.htm (691 words)

	Gastrin Induces Expression and Promoter Activity of the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter Subtype 2 -- Gerhard et al. 142 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		1994 Biochemistry and molecular biology of the vesicular monoamine transporter from chromaffin granules.
		Nirenberg MJ, Liu Y, Peter D, Edwards RH, Pickel VM 1995 The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 is present in small synaptic vesicles and preferentially localizes to large dense core vesicles in rat solitary tract nuclei.
		H-histamine by the neuronal isoform of the vesicular monoamine transporter.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/142/8/3663 (4825 words)

	Healthopedia.com Drugs Information - Antidepressants, Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitor
		Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors are used to relieve certain types of mental depression.
		They work by blocking the action of a chemical substance known as monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the nervous system.
		Although these medicines are very effective for certain patients, they may also cause some unwanted reactions if not taken in the right way.
	www.healthopedia.com /drugs/detailed/antidepressants-monoamine-oxidase-mao-inhibitor (324 words)

	Combining stimulants with monoamine oxidase inhibitors: a review of uses and one possible additional indication.
		Combining stimulants with monoamine oxidase inhibitors: a review of uses and one possible additional indication.
		BACKGROUND: Among antidepressant augmentation strategies, the addition of a stimulant to a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) has received little attention in the literature in recent years because of the diminished clinical use of the latter and concerns of precipitating a hypertensive crisis or other serious complication.
		METHOD: A MEDLINE search was conducted for articles published from 1962 to December 2003 using relevant search terms (psychostimulant, stimulant, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, pemoline or methylphenidate, atomoxetine, bupropion, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and selegiline).
	counsellingresource.com /medications-research/2005/03/02/combining-stimulants-with-monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors-a-review-of-uses-and-one-possible-additional-indication (523 words)

	Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and borderline personality disorder, Eastern Carolina
		A few monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) that may be prescribed to reduce symptoms associated with borderline personality disorder include isocarboxazid (Marplan), phenelzine sulfate (Nardil), and tranylcypromine sulfate (Parnate).
		These medications balance certain brain chemicals called neurotransmitters by reducing the amount of monoamine oxidase, the substance that breaks down the neurotransmitters.
		When these brain chemicals are in proper balance, symptoms associated with borderline personality disorder (such as anger, irritability, and impulsive behavior) are relieved.
	www.uhseast.com /134043.cfm (465 words)

	Mice with Very Low Expression of the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 Gene Survive into Adulthood: Potential Mouse ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin, as well as their main metabolites, DOPAC, HVA, and 5-HIAA, were measured in perchloric acid extracts prepared from brain areas of 13 wild-type, 17 heterozygous, and 6 homozygous mice using HPLC with electrochemical detection (12).
		In contrast, metabolite levels of all three monoamines were, in general, much less affected in the VMAT2-deficient KA1 mice, consistent with higher rates of monoamine turnover in these animals.
		Knockout of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 gene results in neonatal death and supersensitivity to cocaine and amphetamine.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/21/16/5321 (5826 words)

	Monoamine oxidase (MAO) - Gerard J. Kleywegt
		MAO is involved in the biodegradation of aromatic monoamines, including classical neurotransmitters such as serotonin, adrenalin, histamine, and dopamine, and appears to play a central role in several psychiatric and neurological disorders.
		Irreversible and unspecific inhibitors of monoamine oxidase were the first modern anti-depressants, but due to their adverse side effects they have fallen into disuse.
		The goal of this project is the determination of the three-dimensional, atomic structure of monoamine oxidase by means of X-ray crystallographic methods.
	alpha2.bmc.uu.se /gerard/mao.html (637 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor : Article Excerpt by: Steven Marcus, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is hypothesized that clinical depression is related to decreases in concentration of the neurotransmitters.
		MAO-A present in the liver is involved in the elimination of ingested monoamines such as dietary tyramine.
		Circulating monoamines such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, are inactivated when they pass through a liver rich in MAO-A. MAO-B, on the other hand, is found primarily in the brain and in platelets.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/toxicity-monoamine-oxidase-inhibitor.htm (510 words)

	Specific Genetic Deficiencies of the A and B Isoenzymes of Monoamine Oxidase Are Characterized by Distinct ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Specific Genetic Deficiencies of the A and B Isoenzymes of Monoamine Oxidase Are Characterized by Distinct Neurochemical and Clinical Phenotypes -- Lenders et al.
		Specific Genetic Deficiencies of the A and B Isoenzymes of Monoamine Oxidase Are Characterized by Distinct Neurochemical and Clinical Phenotypes
		Monoamine oxidase (MAO) exists as two isoenzymes and plays a central role in the metabolism of monoamine neurotransmitters.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/97/4/1010 (5178 words)

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