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Topic: Monoecious

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	Objective basis for evaluation of differences in fibre quality
		At the same time, all the quality parameters of monoecious hemp are lower than those of any fraction of the dioecious variety Kompolti, at best approaching the level of the female plants, as could be expected from their growth habit.
		The fibre content of the monoecious variety Fibrimon 21-63 is lower than that of any Kompolti fractions, despite the fact that it has been selected for fibre content for more than 30 years.
		This fact, and the lower stem yield potential of monoecious hemp make it very doubtful whether these varieties can be grown in the southern hemp-growing region, because they are not competitive with the finer fibre and higher yields of the southern varieties.
	www.hempfood.com /IHA/iha03210.html (1275 words)

	Pollinating and nonpollinating wasps associated with figs
		Monoecious trees produce figs that have both male and female flowers.
		About 8 to 59 percent of wasps associated with monoecious species are nonpollinators while dioecious species have 0.2 to 36 percent nonpollinators (Patel, 1998).
		Typically, monoecious figs are found in the canopy while dioecious figs live in the understory (Kameyama, 1999).
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/Entomology/courses/en507/papers_2001/spriggs.htm (3344 words)

	monoecious plant - Encyclopedia.com
		Variance effective population size for two-stage sampling of monoecious species.(Germplasm Regeneration: Developments in Population Genetics and Their Implications)
		Gender specialization across a climatic gradient: experimental comparison of monoecious and dioecious Ecballium.
		Corn is monoecious, which means that both male and female flowers appear on each corn...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-X-monoecio.html (777 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Plant sexuality
		Monoecious - having unisexual reproductive units (flowers, conifer cones, or functionally equivalent structures) of both sexes appearing on the same plant; from Greek for "one household".
		Individuals that bear only flowers of a single sex at one time are called consecutively monoecious; "protoandrous" describes individuals that function first as males and then change to females; "protogynous" describes individuals that function first as females and then change to males.
		Subdioecious, a tendency many species of dioecious conifers show towards monoecy (that is, a female plant may sometimes produce small numbers of male cones or vice versa).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Plant_sexuality (996 words)

	Robert A. Nelson: Hemp Husbandry ~ Botany & Breeding (Ch 4)
		The monoecious plants with a great number of male and a small number of female plants, crossed with the same type of monoecious plants, gave practically no female plants in their progeny, but the greatest number of male flowering plants with female habit.
		Tetraploid monoecious hemp plants are selected by examination of the number and size of stomata, the number of epidermis and stoma cells, the size of pollen grains, and their number of pores.
		Monoecious (intersex) varieties of hemp are capable of self-pollinating, which soon leads to inbreeding and depression of desired traits.
	www.rexresearch.com /hhusb/hh4bot.htm (10409 words)

	Hydrilla verticillata - Technical Information About this Noxious Aquatic Weed in Washington (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The monoecious biotype of hydrilla became established in the Potomac River in 1981 and covered 3,600 acres by 1985.
		On August 1, 1994 monoecious hydrilla was discovered in Clear Lake, the largest natural lake in California with 44,000 surface acres and 100 miles of shoreline.
		Monoecious hydrilla is found in lakes in North Carolina and the Potomac River near Washington D.C. and also has been reported in Maryland and Delaware.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /programs/wq/plants/weeds/aqua001.html (2963 words)

	The Potential of a Summer Drawdown to Manage Monoecious Hydrilla
		A summer drawdown to manage monoecious hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle) was investigated using a mesocosm system.
		The objectives were: to determine the length of drawdown required to kill vegetative biomass; to evaluate plant recovery in terms of regrowth and production of propagules following the drawdown; and to examine the influence of hydrosoil characteristics on plant response to drawdown.
		These results suggest that a short-term summer drawdown on might be useful in monoecious hydrilla management; however, hydrosoil type may determine length of drawdown required for complete soil desiccation and plant kill.
	www.sgnis.org /publicat/32_japm.htm (291 words)

	Hydrilla verticillata--"The Perfect Aquatic Weed"
		Research suggests that the monoecious strain is better adapted to the temperate climate because it can form tubers more quickly during short photoperiods (Spencer and Anderson 1986, Van 1989) and also during long photoperiod (Van 1989).
		This may explain the distribution of the monoecious and dioecious populations along the Atlantic coast, or the distribution could be coincidental.
		Coexistence of monoecious and dioecious hydrilla in Lake Gaston, North Carolina and Virginia.
	aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu /hydcirc.html (4777 words)

	A STUDY ON TRANSFERING OF MONOECIOUS AND VIRESCENT CHARACTERS TO THE BREEDING LINES OF MUSKMELON (CUCUMIS MELO L.)
		Transfering monoecious and virescent characters to muskmelon varieties were begun in 1985 and 1990 respectively.
		Chi-square analysis of the data indicated the monoecious character is controlled by a dominate gene (A), the virescent character is controlled by a single recessive gene (V).
		After a series of crossing, backcrossing and self-pollinatin, three stable and available breeding lines were be developed, such as: Zuisian monoecious and K6–16 monoecious breeding lines; K2–15 virescent monoecious breeding line; These lines could be useful in hybrid seed production and seedling identification.
	www.actahort.org /books/402/402_6.htm (139 words)

	monoecious - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Although a single flower can be either staminate or pistillate, a plant species must have both to reproduce sexually.
		Oak : characteristics of oak trees: monoecious plant
		Monoecious definition, words related to monoecious, proper usage and pronunciation of the word...
	encarta.msn.com /monoecious.html (181 words)

	monoecious - Definitions from Dictionary.com
		Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006.
		: having male and female sex organs in the same individual —mo·noe·cious·ly adverb
		Perform a new search, or try your search for "monoecious" at:
	dictionary.reference.com /browse/monoecious (183 words)

	Interview
		The improvement of the first unisex hybrids (pure female F1 originating from a monoecious x dioecious crossing) and the development of Bredemann's idea and method are linked with his name.
		He used monoecious varieties only as crossing partners because he was convinced (later proven by experimental evidence) that the monoecious varieties produce lower yields than the dioecious ones due to a 20 % inbreeding depression.
		Monoeciousness is artificial in hemp, it can only exist with the help of man, and without selection, the dioecious state will return in two or three generations.
	www.druglibrary.org /olsen/hemp/iha/iha01215.html (1995 words)

	Hydrilla verticillata - Hydrilla - A Probem Aquatic Plant in the Western USA
		Another complicating factor is that hydrilla can be either monoecious (both male and female flowers on the same plant) or dioecious (male and female flowers on different plants).
		The monoecious plants in found in Washington State in 1995 represent the northernmost occurrence of hydrilla in the United States.
		The monoecious form apparently puts more of its energy into tuber and turion production than the dioecious form, and so has a greater potential for spread by these means.
	www.wapms.org /plants/hydrilla.html (2616 words)

	monoecious
		A monoecious formâ”that is, with both male and female flowers on the same plantâ”appeared in the mid-Atlantic states years after the dioecious biotype was...
		A monoecious hydrilla--a form that has both male and female flowers on the same plant--that first appeared in the middle Atlantic states has, to date, not...
		Plants with separate male and female flowers may be either monoecious (the separate blooms occur on the same plant) or dioecious (each plant bears either male...
	www.mongabay.com /igapo/biotech/monoecious.html (145 words)

	Hydrilla, Egeria, and Elodea (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Monoecious plants often branch freely near the substrate, producing many stolons and a forest of vertical shoots.
		Monoecious turions usually germinate readily, survive ~ 1 year under field conditions, and remain viable for up to ~ 8 hours under dry conditions.
		Monoecious plants often produce 50% or more tubers in a shorter period than dioecious plants, but dioecious tubers are often larger, more likely to remain dormant, and survive for longer periods.
	www.cdfa.ca.gov /phpps/ipc/weedinfo/hydrilla.htm (1639 words)

	CGC4-14
		populations derived from monoecious x andromonoecious crosses involving plants with oblong and round fruit, linkage was detected and estimated in monoecious-1 x andromonoecious-2 in coupling phase and monoecious-4 x andromonoecious-1 in repulsion phase.
		In the cross monoecious flat x andromonoecious round, linkage was detected in the reciprocal cross with a recombination fraction of 0.643 ± 0.080, while no linkage was detected in monoecious flat x andromonoecious oblong.
		The genes for monoecious and andromonoecious sex forms appear to be located on different chromosomes or a second possibility is that genes for fruit shape are located in the same chromosome where genes for sex are present.
	cuke.hort.ncsu.edu /cgc/cgc04/cgc4-14.html (859 words)

	S. Yakimowski
		These phenotypes occur in populations as two sexual systems: monoecious (combined sex; hermaphrodites) and dioecious (separate sex; females and males) populations (Figure 1a) that occur in divergent ecological habitats, and are associated with differentiated life history strategies.
		Because monoecious and dioecious individuals are completely inter-fertile, the two sexual systems may remain distinct through: (1) Pre-zygotic isolation in the form of reduced survival of immigrants occurring in the ‘wrong’ habitat, and/or (2) Post-zygotic isolation either in the form of intrinsic genetic incompatibilities expressed in hybrids, or reduced hybrid fitness in either parental environment.
		Although monoecy and dioecy typically occur in ecologically isolated populations, there exists variation in the distribution of three sex phenotypes (female, male, hermaphrodite) above and beyond what is expected from size-dependent gender variation (Figure 1b).
	www.botany.utoronto.ca /ResearchLabs/barrettLab/Yakimowski.html (955 words)

	B's Cucumber Pages: Commercial Production
		Normally, cucumber plants are monoecious, producing both male and female flowers separately on the same plant.
		Monoecious cucumbers generally go through three phases of sex expression: 1) an initial period when only male flowers are produced, 2) a long period when equal numbers of male and female flowers are borne, and 3) a final relatively short phase when female flowers largely predominate.
		Monoecious cultivars and the newer hybrid "PF" types require one hive of bees per 50,000 plants per acre.
	www.lpl.arizona.edu /~bcohen/cucumbers/commercial.html (4743 words)

	Terminology and Application
		Monoecious cultivars are used as pollen sources or pollenizers for the predominantly gynoecious cultivars to ensure that adequate pollination occurs, resulting in good fruit set and well-formed fruit.
		Many seed companies have developed their own monoecious pollenizers to blend with certain cultivars although Sumter and Poinsett 76 cultivars are often used.
		A good pollenizer should have plenty of male flowers to provide sufficient pollen for adequate pollination, have male flowers that open before the female flowers on the predominantly gynoecious cultivar open, and yield well and produce fruit similar in quality to the predominantly gynoecious cultivar.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /depts/hort/hil/ag552f.html (739 words)

	Cultivation experiments with two fibre hemp varieties
		Seedling emergence, the number of male and female, or rather monoecious plants, as well as the number of plants present at the time of harvest were established on marked square meter areas.
		In 1992 there were visible female inflorescences at the monoecious plants of Felina in about the middle of July (eight weeks after seedling emergence), and at the female plants of Kompolti in the beginning of August (ten weeks after seedling emergence).
		The highest dry matter yields in monoecious or female plants were found in Felina, with a mean of 105.1 dt/ha (1992) and 138 dt/ha (1993) in the highest density populations (Figure 1).
	mojo.calyx.net /~olsen/HEMP/IHA/iha02108.html (2924 words)

	Changes in yield characteristics among various seed generations of hemp variety USO-14
		To maintain all the valuable biological and economic characteristics of these new monoecious hemp varieties at all phases of their cultivation, a system of seed multiplication was elaborated (Senchenko, Sitnik et al.
		The seeds of the plant nursery of the family testing of hemp variety USO-14 (harvest of 1986, 1987, 1988 and 1989) were propagated according to a new method of seed-growing up to the second and third reproductions.
		The genotypes of sexual types of monoecious hemp are not identical to the genotypes of the same sexual types of dioecious hemp.
	www.druglibrary.org /olsen/hemp/iha/iha02211.html (996 words)

	FS-473 - Enterprise Guide for Southern Maryland: Growing Fresh Market Cucumbers
		Since the gynoecious type does not produce pollen, 10 to 15 percent of a gynoecious planting must be monoecious plants for pollination and fruit set to occur.
		Monoecious types, which produce both male and female flowers on the same plant, have a longer growing season than the gynoecious type.
		For growers desiring a long picking season, such as for keeping roadside stands stocked, monoecious varieties may therefore be an advantage.
	www.agnr.umd.edu /MCE/Publications/Publication.cfm?ID=124 (3403 words)

	Bushmans Friend: New Zealand Native Plants & Nature Walks - Dioecious Plants - ...
		Monoecious plants have the 2 sexes on the same plant, with all individuals producing male pollen and female eggs and seed.
		Monoeciousness is the norm in most plants of the world.
		Monoecious plants have separate male and female flowers found on the same plant.
	www.bushmansfriend.co.nz /content.asp?PageID=18308&orgfn=content (793 words)

	Growing Cucumbers in the Home Garden
		Monoecious plants have separate male and female flowers on the same plant.
		Seeds of a standard monoecious variety are commonly included in the seed packet to ensure adequate pollination.
		(The seeds of the monoecious variety may be dyed or placed in a separate packet.) Gynoecious varieties often outproduce standard varieties when a pollenizer (monoecious variety) is present.
	www.ipm.iastate.edu /ipm/hortnews/2002/4-5-2002/cucumbers.html (802 words)

	Best Gardening Source - Allergies Asthma and City Trees
		Monoecious trees, which in Nature always have both sexes (male and female flowers) on the same tree, also usually produce abundant pollen.
		In a somewhat different way, there are also numerous monoecious species where only the top or only the bottom will have either male or female flowers.
		The terms “dioecious,” and “monoecious,” are botanical terms, not horticultural terms.
	www.abblogger.com /sharpent4/2123607 (1535 words)

	Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) - A Noxious Aquatic Weed in Washington
		The plants in Washington are monoecious (having both male and female flowers on the same plant).
		Monoecious hydrilla looks and grows somewhat differently than the southern female populations.
		The tubers from these monoecious plants are smaller than tubers produced by their southern female relatives.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /programs/wq/plants/weeds/hydrilla.html (870 words)

	PRATT, DONALD B., LYNN G. CLARK, AND MICHEAL, D.K. OWEN. (Site not responding. Last check: )*
		A number of the monoecious species have long been an important component of the world's weedy flora; twenty years ago, several Midwestern American endemic dioecious species, including Amaranthus rudis Sauer and A.
		Isozyme analysis of dioecious species reveals fundamental differences in the genetic structure of populations of monoecious and dioecious species.
		Monoecious species tend to have very low within population diversity with most individuals fixed for a single allele, indicating high levels of inbreeding.
	www.ou.edu /cas/botany-micro/bsa-abst/section13/abstracts/85.shtml (158 words)

	Non-wood forest products for rural income and sustainable forestry No 05 - Non-wood forest products for rural income ...
		hapaxanthic, monoecious, feather palm, leaves bipinnate with fish-tail leaflets; seeds used as substitute chewing gum; sap source of palm wine and alcohol, stem source of sago; palm cabbage eaten; soft petiole fibre used for tinder, cauking and stuffing pillows; petioles for basketry; leaves used for thatch; timber slats used for flooring; cultivated as an ornamental
		hapaxanthic, monoecious, feather palm, leaves bipinnate with fish-tail leaflets; mesocarp toxic with numerous oxalate crystals, immature kernel edible; fruits used as a masticatory after leaching macerated fruit; palm cabbage eaten, sap source of wine, stem source of sago; leaves used for thatching, leaf sheath source of fibre; cultivated as an ornamental
		monoecious palm; mesocarp sweet, fleshy, eaten raw; kernels source of oil; fruit as animal feed; palm hearts eaten; leaf fibre for cordage and basketry; leaf midrib for fuel, petiole for local construction; cultivated as an ornamental; potential for development
	www.fao.org /docrep/V8929e/v8929e09.htm (3707 words)

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