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Topic: Monogenea

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Trematoda

Digenea

Flatworm

Platyhelminthes

Acanthocephala

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Arothron

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Whipworm

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Monogenea
		Some parasitologists divide Monogenea into two subclasses based on the complexity of their haptor: Monopisthocotylea have one main part to the haptor, often with hooks or a large attachment disc, whereasPolyopisthocotylea have multiple parts to the haptor, typically clamps.
		Monogenetic trematodes (Monogenea) are parasitic flatworms mostly found on the gills, fins, skin, and eggs of freshwater and saltwater fishes.
		Most Monogenea are fairly host-specific, i.e., having a genetically narrow range of host species, so unless the hosts are closely related, or the worms have low host-specificity, a particular species of worm does not usually infect different species of fishes.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Monogenea (904 words)

	Monogenea of Fishes, by Dr. Adrian Lawler
		Summary: Monogenetic trematodes (Monogenea) are parasitic flatworms mostly found on the gills, fins, skin, and eggs of freshwater and saltwater fishes.
		This type of Monogenea generally must be treated with a different salinity or chemicals for control.
		Control of Monogenea that reproduce via live young (Gyrodactylus and similar genera) is more difficult as the young that are born can quickly attach to the same host as their parents.
	www.aquarticles.com /articles/management/Lawler_Monogenea.html (1080 words)

	Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the tegument of Paranaella ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The surface topography of Pseudothoracocotyla indica (Unnitham, 1956) (Monogenea) from the gills of Scom-beromorus commerson.
		The surface topography of Bicotyle vellavoli (Monogenea) from the gills of Pampus chinensis.
		Atriaster heterodus (Lebedev and Paruchin, 1969) and Polylabris tubicirrus (Paperna and Kohn, 1964) (Monogenea) from Diplodus argenteus (Val., 1830) (Teleostei: Sparidae) from Brazil.
	www.scielo.br /scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0074-02762001000400019&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en (2134 words)

	Manual of diagnostic for Aquatic Animals, 2006 - SUMMARY
		Gyrodactylosis is a disease of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) caused by the viviparous freshwater parasite Gyrodactylus salaris (Platyhelminthes; Monogenea).
		Collins C.M. and Cunningham C.O. Characterization of the Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957 (Platyhelminthes : Monogenea) ribosomal intergenic spacer (IGS) DNA.
		(Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae) populations infecting Atlantic salmon, grayling, and rainbow trout in Norway and Sweden.
	www.oie.int /eng/normes/fmanual/A_00031.htm (3435 words)

	The Class Monogenea
		The class monogenea is distinguished by most of its members being ectoparasite (meaning they live on the outside of their host's bodies), whereas Digeneans and Cestodes are all endoparasites (meaning they live inside the bodies of their hosts).
		In order to facilitate their parasitic life style the Monogeneans have complicated attachment organs at the posterior or tail end of their bodies, often including a mixture of suckers, clamps, hooks and spines.
		It is not expensive and should be thoroughly enjoyable, so if you like it please tell people about it, or better still give it to someone as a present for Christmas of a birthday.
	www.earthlife.net /inverts/monogenea.html (724 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		A redescription of the morphology of Metamicrocotyla macracantha (Alexander, 1954) Koratha, 1955 (Monogenea, Microcotylidae) from Mugil liza in Brazil.
		Monogenea in the light of new evidence and their position among platyhelminthes.
		On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?oc95120 (1664 words)

	Aquamedicine.no - Tor Atle Mo
		Appleby C & Mo TA (1997) Population dynamics of Gyrodactylus salaris (Monogenea) infecting Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, parr in the River Batnfjordselva, Norway.
		Appleby C, Mo TA and Aase I-L (1997) The effect of Gyrodactylus salaris (Monogenea) on the epidermis of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, parr in the river Batnfjordselva, Norway.
		Mo TA (1992) Seasonal variations in the prevalence and infestation intensity of Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957 (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) on Atlantic salmon parr, Salmo salar L., in the River Batnfjordselva, Norway.
	www.aquamedicine.no /person.asp?person=168 (1075 words)

	Division of Parasitology - University of Nebraska State Museum (Site not responding. Last check: )
		(Monogenea: Hexabothriidae) from gill filaments of the bowmouth guitarfish, Rhina ancylostoma (Rhynchobatidae), in the Indian Ocean.
		(Monogenea: Polystomatidae) a parasite of the conjunctival sac of freshwater turtles in Costa Rica.
		(Monogenea: Diplectanidae) from the gills of Epinephelus spp.
	hwml.unl.edu /papers.html (3735 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Monogeneas were removed of the gills or body surface, fixed in 8% hot formalin, stained with Semichon's carmine or Delafield's haematoxylin, and mounted in Canada balsam.
		Monogenea in the ligth of new evidence and their position among platyhelminthes.
		(Monogenea: Diclidophoridae) parasitic on Anisotremus scapularis (Tschudi) from the northern Chilean coast.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?oc95115 (1828 words)

	Joanne Cable PhD (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cable J and Tinsley RC (1991) Ultrastructure of photoreceptors in Pseudodiplorchis americanus and Neodiplorchis scaphiopodis (Monogenea: Polystomatidae).
		Cable J and Tinsley RC (1993) The ultrastructure of spermatogenesis and spermatozoa in Pseudodiplorchis americanus (Monogenea: Polystomatidae).
		Cable J and Tinsley RC (2001) Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and spermatozoa of Discocotyle sagittata (Monogenea: Polyopisthocotylea: Discocotylinea).
	www.cf.ac.uk /biosi/research/biodiversity/staff/jc2.html (1123 words)

	PLATYHELMINTHES
		Their epidermis is syncitial as in the Monogenea, and they have various suckers, hooks and attachment organs; the most common arrangement being an oral and mid-ventral sucker, as is found in the liver fluke.
		The Monogenea are mainly ectoparasites of fish and have a simple life-cycle involving only one host; whereas the Trematoda are mainly endoparasitic and have a more complicated life-cycle involving more than one host.
		The Monogenea have an attachment organ, usually a sucker, around the mouth and a posterior attachment organ that can also be a sucker, or hooks or clamps.
	www.bumblebee.org /invertebrates/PLATYHELMINTHES.htm (1103 words)

	Joanne Cable PhD (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cable J and Tinsley RC (1991) Ultrastructure of photoreceptors in Pseudodiplorchis americanus and Neodiplorchis scaphiopodis (Monogenea: Polystomatidae).
		Cable J and Tinsley RC (1993) The ultrastructure of spermatogenesis and spermatozoa in Pseudodiplorchis americanus (Monogenea: Polystomatidae).
		Cable J and Tinsley RC (2001) Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and spermatozoa of Discocotyle sagittata (Monogenea: Polyopisthocotylea: Discocotylinea).
	www.cardiff.ac.uk /biosi/research/biodiversity/staff/jc2.html (1123 words)

	Details about the Project (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Monogenea with more than 24.000 species (Whittington, 1998) represents one of the main group of fish parasites.
		Another important cause of desease can be due to antropogenic pollution that cause loss of host specificity in monogeneans and shift of their host preference to other atypical species of fish (Mazaberidze, 1993).
		In particularly the goals are: 1) realisation of check-list of monogeneans from native fish; 2) realisation of check-list of monogeneans from endemic fish; 3) creation of a parasite collection 4) realisation of handbook for identification of monogenea.
	www.btbs.unimib.it /ricercauk/dettaglioprogetto.asp?id=55 (295 words)

	Flukes, Diagnosis And Treatment Options
		The symptoms of Monogenea are easy to recognize, they begin with breathing difficulties, flashing/scratching, rapid gill movement, and yawning.
		Monogenea can get up to 2mm in length and therefore can be easily seen with a low powered microscope, just take a skin scrape and a gill biopsy and see if you can see anything.
		A treatment of malachite and formalin may also be effective in combating Monogenea but the higher doses are most generally needed in order to be effective.
	www.kokosgoldfish.com /FlukesDiagnosisAndTreatmentOptions.html (819 words)

	Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa: An update
		Species, and often also genera, of Monogenea demonstrate a high degree of host specificity, and follow their respective specific fish hosts throughout their distribution range.
		Mortality in hatchery reared fry of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) caused by Gyrodactylus groschafti Ergens, 1973.
		Dynamics of Dactylogyrus vastator Nybelin (Monogenea) populations on the gills of carp fry in fish ponds.
	www.fao.org /docrep/008/v9551e/V9551E13.htm (4543 words)

	Publications
		Rohde, K. (1980) Diversity gradients of marine Monogenea in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
		Rohde, K., Justine J.-L. and Watson, N. (1989) Ultrastructure of the flame bulbs of the monopisthocotylean Monogenea Loimosina wilsoni (Loimoidae) and Calceostoma herculanea (Calceostomatidae).
		Rohde, K. (1998) Ultrastructure of the terminal globule of the oncomiracidium of Zeuxapta seriolae (Meserve, 1938) (Monogenea, Polyopisthocotylea, Axinidae).
	www-personal.une.edu.au /~krohde/publications.htm (6258 words)

	Parasitology: Past Papers
		The taxonomy is still controversial but, at present the Monogenea are described as a Class.
		"Monogenea" means one generation as one egg gives rise to one adults worm.
		Monogenea in the light of new evidence and their position among platyhelminths.
	www.aber.ac.uk /~mpgwww/Edu/MonoAcan/MoAcaTxt.html (2697 words)

	Pauciconfibula subsolana n. sp. (Monogenea: Microcotylidae) from Morone americana (Perciformes: Percichthyidae) ...
		(Monogenea: Microcotylidae) from Morone americana (Perciformes: Percichthyidae) Collected in Fresh Water in New Brunswick, Canada, The University of Queensland.
		(Monogenea: Microcotylidae) is proposed for parasites found on the inner surface of the operculum of Morone americana collected in the freshwater reaches of the Saint John River, near Mactaquac, New Brunswick.
		Pauciconfibula subsolana is differentiated from other species in the genus by the 2 posterolateral clamp sclerites, each of which is composed of 2 distinct sections, and by the absence of appendages on the eggs.
	www.sgnis.org /publicat/chisbeve.htm (199 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| A common origin of complex life cycles in parasitic flatworms: evidence from the complete ...
		The Monogenea are composed of mostly ectoparasitic species which live on external organs (e.g., gill, skin, etc.) of a broad range of aquatic vertebrate host, especially fishes, with some exceptional species occurring in internal organs of the host [21].
		If Monogenea are resolved as paraphyletic, occupying the earliest branching lineages, then ectoparasitism as the earliest life habit of neodermatans may be inferred with confidence.
		In contrast, the majority of Monogenea are ectoparasitic on a broad range of aquatic vertebrates and have only one host with high host specificity during their life cycle, not involving intermediate hosts ('single-host system').
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2148/7/11 (6618 words)

	Cláudia Portes Santos
		Monogenea parasites of Micropogonias furnieri (Desm., 1823) (Pisces, Sciaenidae) from the litoral of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil.
		(Monogenea: Diplectanidae) from the gills of Epinephelus spp.
		Imidazole buffer and E-PTA in vitellaria of Atriaster heterodus Lebedev and Paruchin, 1969 (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea) from Diplodus argenteus (Val., 1830) (Teleostei:Sparidae).
	www.diplectanum.dsl.pipex.com /cps/refs.htm (1623 words)

	Platyhelminthes — FactMonster.com
		There are four classes: the free-living, primarily aquatic class, Turbellaria, and Trematoda, Cestoda, and Monogenea, which are considerably modified for their exclusively parasitic existence.
		While the structure of the flatworms marks a major step in animal evolution, their origin and relationships within the group are still controversial.
		Platyhelminthes: Class Monogenea - Class Monogenea Monogenetic flukes spend their entire life cycle as parasites on a single host,...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0839338.html (159 words)

	Professor - Tor Andreas Bakke
		(Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae) populations infecting Atlantic salmon, grayling and rainbow trout in Norway and Sweden.
		Soleng, A., Bakke, T.A. and Hansen, L.P. Potential for dispersal of Gyrodactylus salaris (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) by sea-running stages of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): field and laboratory studies.
		Jansen, P.A. and Bakke, T.A. Temperature-dependent reproduction and survival of Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957 (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea) on the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).
	www.toyen.uio.no /gyrodactylus/subpages/Tor.htm (1021 words)

	Professor - Tor Andreas Bakke
		Cable, J., Harris, P.D. and Bakke, T.A. Population growth of Gyrodactylus salaris (Monogenea) on Norwegian and Baltic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) stocks.
		Soleng, A., Bakke, T.A. and Hansen, L.P. Potential for dispersal of Gyrodactylus salaris (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) by sea-running stages of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): field and laboratory studies.
		Jansen, P.A. and Bakke, T.A. Temperature-dependent reproduction and survival of Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957 (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea) on the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).
	www.nhm.uio.no /gyrodactylus/subpages/Tor.htm (1021 words)

	contents 55 -2 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		CLOUTMAN, D. Dactylogyrus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae)from seven species of Notropis (Pisces: Cyprinidae) from the Tennessee River drainage: descriptions of four new species and remarks on host relationships.
		CONE, D. and P. Light and scanning electron microscope studies of Fundulotrema prolongis (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidea) parasitizing Fundulus diaphanus (Cyprinodontidae) in Nova Scotia, Canada, with an emended diagnosis of Fundulotrema.
		JOY, J. Monthly length class frequencies of Microcotyle spinicirrus (Monogenea: Microcotylidae) from the freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens in West Virginia.
	www.gettysburg.edu /~shendrix/contents55-2.htm (423 words)

	CiteULike: Investigation of Paradiplozoon homoion (Monogenea, Diplozoidae) life cycle under experimental conditions. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Diplozoids (Diplozoidae, Monogenea) are fish ectoparasites with a direct life cycle without intermediate hosts.
		An experimental study was designed to investigate the life cycle of Paradiplozoon homoion (Monogenea, Diplozoidae) parasitizing their common fish hosts, gudgeon (Gobio gobio).
		A total of 35 gudgeon parasitized by diplozoids were collected from their natural environment of the Vlára River, Czech Republic, and kept together in tanks with 41 non-parasitized gudgeons reared in a laboratory environment.
	www.citeulike.org /user/timothee/article/1197571 (581 words)

	Publications (Site not responding. Last check: )
		(2002) Trickle and single infection with Discocotyle sagittata (Monogenea: Polyopisthocotylea): effect of exposure mode on parasite abundance and development.
		Tinsley, RC, Cable, J & Porter, R. (2002) Pathological effects of Pseudodiplorchis americanus (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) on the lung epithelium of its host, Scaphiopus couchii.
		(2001) Protopolystoma xenopodis (Monogenea) primary and secondary infections in Xenopus laevis.
	www.bio.bris.ac.uk /people/refs.cfm?personno=9743 (1249 words)

	Flat worms (Platyhelmintes)
		Formerly the group monogenea was considered to belong to flukes but now they are grouped separately.
		All the worms of this type are external parasites, either on freshwater or saltwater fish.
		One type of the group Monogenea does produce live offspring (give birth to little worm babies!), which contain in themselves embryos of further worms, etc., like wooden Russian babushka dolls.
	www.holar.is /~aquafarmer/node136.html (436 words)

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