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Topic: Monolithic churches

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	Lalibela
		Four churches are monolithic in the strict sense; the remainder are excavated churches in different degrees of separation from the rock.
		With churches whose placing conforms to the slope of the terrain, the ridge of the roof, gutter edges, the base of the plinth, are slanted in line with it.
		The tiny monolithic church lies in a grove of euphorbia trees in the Sarsana plains and is scarcely visible in its bed of rock.
	www.selamta.net /lalibela.htm (4443 words)

	Lalibela - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This rural town is known around the world for its monolithic churches, which were built during the reign of Saint Lalibela (a member of the Zagwe Dynasty) who ruled the Ethiopia in the 13th century.
		It is linked to Bet Maryam (possibly the oldest of the churches), Bel Golgotha (known for its arts and said to contain the tomb of King Lalibela), the Selassie Chapel and the Tomb of Adam.
		The names of several places in the modern town and the general layout of the monolithic churches themselves are said to mimic names and patterns observed by Lalibela during the time he spent in Jerusalem and the Holy Land as a youth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lalibela (710 words)

	Monolithic church - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A monolithic church is a church made from a single block of stone.
		The term primarily refers to the complex of eleven churches in Lalibela, Ethiopia believed to have been created in the 12th century, the most famous of which is the cross-shaped Church of St. George.
		Spurious tales that the Lalibela churches were constructed by the Knights Templar in the 13th century were started by European explorers who did not believe that the Ethiopian civilization could have created structures of such complexity and beauty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Monolithic_church (194 words)

	Sacred Sites of Ethiopia
		Each church is sculpted, both inside and out, directly from the living bedrock of the earth (this type of architecture was not new to the area for there are numerous other examples around Ethiopia dating to earlier periods; the Zagwe constructions, however, took the art form to a new level).
		The church of Bet Giorgis is a nearly perfect cube, hewn in the shape of a cross, and is oriented so that the main entrance is in the west and the holy of holies in the east.
		in the Syrian Orthodox church, the Armenian church, the Coptic church of Egypt and Ethiopian Orthodoxy.
	www.sacredsites.com /africa/ethiopia/sacred_sites_ethiopia.html (3766 words)

	The President's Sphere--Monolithic Dome Churches
		Monolithic Domes are column free which provides extremely efficient circular or semicircular seating and focuses attention on the lectern.
		Architects designing churches are catching on to this; they are utilizing the strength of the dome, not only for energy savings, but to carry sound and lighting equipment off the dome?s shell.
		The church has become a center for the community?people sharing like beliefs, similar interests, and very often social lives, in addition to religious worship.
	www.monolithic.com /pres/churches/index.html (780 words)

	GIS Archaeology Survey: The recording of Bet Giorgis, a 12th century Rock-Hewn church in Ethiopia
		This is the rock-hewn monolithic church, which while imitating a built-up structure is actually cut in one piece from the rock and separated from it by an all-around trench.
		Of the three basic types of rock-churches in Ethiopia: built-up cave churches, rock-hewn cave churches and rock-hewn monolithic churches, the last, which is of current interest, is unique to the Lalibela region.
		As is apparent from Figure 1, the 'construction' of a monolithic rock church was in fact an excavation, the procedure being to first cut free a block of stone in the volcanic tuff, after which stonemasons chiselled out the church, shaping both the exterior and interior.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /application/archaeology/general/archg0012.htm (885 words)

	THE SINAI – GOLGOTHA – SELASSIE COMPLEX IN LALIBELA
		Anthropomorphic symbols of the four beasts of the Apocalypse, with arms raised in prayer, fill the lower faces of the central monolith: the man in the west, the eagle in the east, the bull in the south and the lion in the north.
		The presence of monolithic altars is of prime importance to the argument for the particularly late construction of the Sellassie Chapel.
		Outside the church of Iyyesus Wanza, on the south side in line with its east end, are the remains of what would appear to have been a series of three more monolithic altars which might once have been enclosed in a built structure.
	www.utoronto.ca /deeds/pubs/golgotha/golgotha.html (9764 words)

	Monolithic Splendour
		The monolithic churches of south-west France, carved by hand out of solid rock, are lasting monuments to man’s desire to shape his surroundings for the glory of God.
		The church of Saint Georges, near to the River Lizonne, is one of the smallest to be found in France.
		Why the community left the church unfinished is not clear, perhaps the monks elected to join their brethren at one of the larger communes.
	www.lorrainemace.free-online.co.uk /mono.html (997 words)

	UNESCO Courier: Ethiopia's new Jerusalem - Lalibela, Ethiopia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The rock churches of Lalibela, which are hewn out of the mass of red volcanic tufa that makes up the high plateau of Lasta, are a remarkable offshoot of the flowering of Christian civilization in Ethiopia in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
		The monolithic churches, which stand in the centre of shafts seven to twelve metres deep, were carved straight out of blocks of rock separated from the rest of the plateau by trenches.
		It is the only church in Ethiopia which has five naves, as did the former cathedral of Aksum, according to Father Francisco Alvarez, the chaplain of a Portuguese embassy to the Solomonic court in the sixteenth century.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1995_Dec/ai_17943145 (1269 words)

	ArchitectureWeek - Building - Building Monolithic Domes - 2001.0328 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Because the dome form has been part of church architecture for centuries, it is only natural that churches are a popular application for monolithic domes.
		While a church currently holds the record for the largest monolithic dome ever built in the United States, there are even bigger ones on the horizon.
		South, who is now president of the Monolithic Dome Institute in Italy, Texas, says one of the Crenosphere's major advantages is its relatively low cost.
	www.architectureweek.com /2001/0328/building_1-2.html (1108 words)

	Signs of the cross
		At dawn in Lalibela, where 11 grand churches have been hewn into a terrace of mountain rock, the priests and nuns of Bet Emmanuel are praying to their God.
		Ask any Ethiopian how this extraordinary complex of monolithic and semi-monolithic churches - often dubbed the eighth wonder of the world - came to be carved out of solid rock and he or she will all recite much the same story.
		The church here is said to date back to the 6th century, though the original burnt down and was replaced by the present stone structure in the 19th century.
	www.theage.com.au /travel/0104/07/travel1.html (2245 words)

	splash.gif
		Although their individual dimensions and configurations are extremely different, the churches are all built from great blocks of stone, sculptured to resemble normal buildings and wholly isolated within deep courtyards.
		The remaining churches are Beta Dengel, House of the Virgins; Beta Selassie, House of the Trinity; Beta Qedus Mercurios, House of St Mercurios; and Beta Qedus Gabriel-Rufael, House of St Gabriel and St Raphael.
		Surviving remnants of an ineffable past, the Lalibela churches testify to the power and spirit of an archaic Christian faith - one that retains its hold on hearts and minds in the Ethiopian north, at the end of the second millennium, with a pristine and undiminished vigour.
	polaris.umuc.edu /~zgetahun/msit_660/lalibela.htm (2117 words)

	Lalibela by teferi mantegaftot
		The names of several places in the modern town and the general layout of the monolithic churches themselves are said to mimic names and patterns observed by Lalibela during the time he spent in Jerusalem and the Holy Land as a youth.
		Lalibela is known around the world for its monolithic churches, which were built during the reign of Lalibela.
		It is linked to Bete Maryam (possibly the oldest of the churches), Bete Golgotha (known for its arts and said to contain the tomb of King Lalibela), the Selassie Chapel and the Tomb of Adam.
	www.geocities.com /teferi33/Lalibela.html (444 words)

	Ethiopia's new Jerusalem - Lalibela, Ethiopia UNESCO Courier - Find Articles
		The rock churches of Lalibela, which are hewn out of the mass of red volcanic tufa that makes up the high plateau of Lasta, are a remarkable offshoot of the flowering of Christian civilization in Ethiopia in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
		The monolithic churches, which stand in the centre of shafts seven to twelve metres deep, were carved straight out of blocks of rock separated from the rest of the plateau by trenches.
		It is the only church in Ethiopia which has five naves, as did the former cathedral of Aksum, according to Father Francisco Alvarez, the chaplain of a Portuguese embassy to the Solomonic court in the sixteenth century.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1995_Dec/ai_17943145 (824 words)

	Special Places in Nature
		Churches of Peace in Jawor and Swidnica, Poland: The Churches of Peace in Jawor and Swidnica, the largest timber-framed religious buildings in Europe, were built in the former Silesia in the mid-17th century, amid the religious strife that followed the Peace of Westphalia.
		Constrained by the physical and political conditions, the Churches of Peace bear testimony to the quest for religious freedom and are a rare expression of Lutheran ideology in an idiom generally associated with the Catholic Church.
		Rock-hewn Churches, Lalibela, Ethiopia: The 11 medieval monolithic cave churches of this 13th-century 'New Jerusalem' are situated in a mountainous region in the heart of Ethiopia near a traditional village with circular-shaped dwellings.
	www.stevenredhead.com /Natures-Places/PlaceWorship.html (782 words)

	Monolithic Dome Institute
		Monolithic will not participate in the May 17-18 HACBO (Hawaii Association of County Building Officials) Conference, since we recently learned that this conference will not be open to the public.
		Currently, Kevin is completing the final two of eight Monolithic Domes, each with a 20-foot diameter that encompasses a bathroom with shower, basin and toilet; a kitchen with stove, refrigerator, table and chairs; a furnished sleeping area.
		From Toothpicks to Trailblazing-- The Birth of The Monolithic Dome
	monolithicmarketplace.com (2701 words)

	Lalibela Rock-hewn Churches-Online Travel Guide to Ethiopia
		Thus, the “construction” of a monolithic rock churches,which was done in the time of King Lalibela, was in fact an excavation.
		While the first rock churches may originate from the late Axumite period and the newer ones in Ethiopia certainly were constructed after Ahmed Gran’s devastating wars in the sixteenth century, the most important ones, in particular in Lasta, which includes Lalibela, were all created during the Zagwe period.
		The paintings in the churches are all from a later date, some originating in the fifteenth century, some in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
	www.13suns.com /lalibela.htm (1674 words)

	Monolithic Dome Churches
		On February 13, 2006 in Miami, Florida, David B. South, Monolithic's president, was just one of 100 guests, officials and church members who witnessed the exciting inflation of the Airform for the first of three domes for Upper Room Assembly of God Church.
		Church officials, architects, and construction engineers are preparing for construction of six Monolithic Domes which will house the new activity center.
		The Pilgrims United Church of Christ in Fruitland Park, Florida brought Harry and Jean Harrison and several other parishioners through the chapel doors when Hurricane Charlie threatened the state of Florida.
	www.monolithic.com /gallery/churches/index.html (1632 words)

	Church of Ethiopia - OrthodoxWiki
		The Coptic and Ethiopian Churches reached an agreement on July 13, 1948, that led to autocephaly for the Ethiopian Church.
		The Coptic Church refused to recognize the election and enthronement of Abune Tekle Haimanot on the grounds that the Synod of the Ethiopian Church had not removed Abune Tewophilos and that the government had not publicly acknowledged his death, and he was thus still legitimate Patriarch of Ethiopia.
		The Ethiopian church claims that one of its churches, Our Lady Mary of Zion, is host to the original Ark of the Covenant that Moses carried with the Israelites during the Exodus.
	orthodoxwiki.org /Church_of_Ethiopia (1840 words)

	Contents of II. THE BLACK CHURCH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Hence, despite the presence of myriad factions of Black churches in America, the depiction of the monolithic Black Church is pervasive throughout African-American historiography as a matter of historical course.
		Black churches were not only given to the teachings of Christianity but they were faithfully relied upon to address the specific issues which affected their members.
		Churches provided “an organized mass base and meeting place,” for African-Americans to strategize their moves in the fight against racial segregation and oppression.
	www.law.upenn.edu /conlaw/issues/vol1/num1/simmsparris/node3_ct.html (3022 words)

	Green Land Tours and Travel, services with utmost satisfaction in Ethiopia
		Full day visit of castles and churches in Gondar: visit the castle’s compound, the Debre Birhan Sellasie church (light of Trinity) with wonderful murals, the King Fasiladas bath, the old Usual monastery and the Empress Mentewab second palace.
		Full day visit steles, different archeological sites, the bath and the palace of Queen of Sheba, tomb of Kings and churches, among which in the church of St. Mary of Zion (where legend says is deposited the Ark of Covenant, brought here from Israel by King Menelik I).
		Morning excursion by mules to the Asheten Mariam human Afternoon drive to the Naktule’ab cave church and possibly participate to a coffee ceremony in a traditional house.
	www.greenlandethiopia.com /eng/historic.htm (1090 words)

	Dome Dreams
		But a Monolithic Dome with that square footage can be heated with approximately 2 watts of heat per square foot.
		But, when the church began twelve-hour camp meetings, a 50-ton unit was installed to handle the additional body heat.
		Experience on these large, occupied Monolithic Domes shows that one ton of cooling per 1000 square feet of space is a good rule of thumb.
	www.adomedream.com /id11.html (895 words)

	Rock-hewn Churches, Lalibela - World Heritage Site - Pictures, info and travel reports
		Construction work began and is said to have been carried out with remarkable speed, which is scarcely surprising, for, according to legend, angels joined the labourers by day and in the night did double the amount of work which the men had done during the hours of daylight.
		Monolithic churches are to be found all over the north and the centre of the country.
		Some of the oldest of such churches are to be found in Tigray, where some are believed to date from around the sixth or seventh centuries.
	www.worldheritagesite.org /sites/lalibela.html (1086 words)

	CNN.com - Spiritual energy, ancient wonders abound in Ethiopia - June 21, 2001
		The churches were built by King Lalibela, youngest son of the royal line of the Zagwe Dynasty, which at the time ruled much of Ethiopia.
		Only four of the churches are monolithic -- meaning workers dug a trench around a solid piece of rock, then carved the church out of the stone.
		Of the 44 churches believed to have been built during this time, only a few survived, and the church of Debra Berhan Selassie is considered the most noteworthy.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/06/22/ethiopia (1098 words)

	The Need for an Indian Church
		That the Christian churches are monolithic is a fact that is a feature all over the world.
		The control of the church hierarchy on its members in India is quite total, where matters relating to the church, secular and communal, are concerned.
		On theological issues, the various churches frequently use the weapon of excommunication to ensure that the line taken from the Vatican is not deviated.
	www.hvk.org /articles/1000/98.html (923 words)

	Ethiopian, Italian Scholars Discuss Monolithic Churches of Lalibela
		The Italian Cultural Institute had organized the discussion in connection with a photo exhibition illustrating the churches’ structural status at the end of the 1930s.
		An Italian engraver, Lino Bianchi Barrievera, who died in 1985, took the photos, which depict the monolithic churches of Lalibela and other buildings in the mountainous regions of Lasta and Wag in north-central Ethiopia during his visit to Ethiopia in 1939.
		He told Addis Tribune that as there were no detail studies of the mystery of the Lalibela rock-hewn churches, this would provide a clue for researchers to study the issue in detail.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2003/03/28-03-03/Ethiopian.htm (342 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Africa \| Fears for Ethiopia's crumbling churches
		Now a man, he guides tourists around the churches that were carved out of living rock by order of King Lalibela at the end of the 11th Century and the beginning of the 12th.
		Over the years Mulugeta has seen the churches, which many Ethiopians consider to be a second Jerusalem, crumble and crack.
		The churches in Lalibela are one of Ethiopia's most popular tourist attractions, helping to generate much-needed income for the town.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/6383489.stm (487 words)

	HENIREGA-The Official Website of Henok R.
		However when the tourist comes upon the city•s churches, it is as though he•s been transported back in time: priests walk around in medieval robes, the chanting of monks echoes in the hills and the city•s main attraction, the rock-hewn churches, are absolutely breathtaking.
		Even the most jaded of tourists is bewildered by these wonders of architecture, in which enormous, still functioning monolithic churches dating back to the 1200s have been fashioned out of the solid rock itself.
		The insides of the churches, which were supposedly built by angels, are also incredible, decorated with detailed frescoes and elaborate carvings.
	www.geocities.com /henirega1/attractions.html (666 words)

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