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Topic: Monophyletic

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	Monophyly - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (Greek: "of one race") if it consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants.
		A taxonomic group that contain organisms but not their common ancestor is called polyphyletic, and a group that contain some but not all descendants of the most recent common ancestor is called paraphyletic.
		Since biologists by and large prefer groups to be monophyletic, in this case they would likely either split the genus or broaden it to include the additional forms.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Monophyletic (208 words)

	Concepts of Macroevolution
		The polarity of state of a character that is evolutionarily novel (ie a state shared by descendant members of monophyletic taxa, but not the ancestral species.) For example, tetrapody (four-legged condition) is an evolutionarily novel characteristic shared by amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds, but not shared by their ancestral species -- a fish.
		A monophyletic taxon is an ancestral species and all of its descendant species.
		Polarity is always in reference to what is plesiomorphic to a particular monophyletic taxon For example, the lack of flight is the plesiomorphic state for birds, but flight is plesiomorphic to the groups of flightless birds that all had ancestors capable of flight.
	bcrc.bio.umass.edu /ilip/newmeconcepts.html (861 words)

	Ovid: Grandcolas: Oikos, Volume 82(2).June 1998.397-400 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Owing to these definitions, one should admit that a community is not necessarily a monophyletic group but merely a collection of species occurring together whatever their relationships (Grandcolas 1995).
		monophyletic communities or taxonomically defined communities, the bias is similar: the ecological interactions between related species will be emphasized and the interactions between unrelated species will not be studied.
		Community studies in a phylogenetic perspective should not be limited to monophyletic groups, on pain to minimize or ignore significant ecological processes occurring between unrelated taxa.
	www.mnhn.fr /mnhn/oseb/Grandcolas_fichiers/G98.htm (2380 words)

	[No title]
		Super-species are thus monophyletic assemblages of semi-species (eventually including some biospecies too), while semi-species are distinct allopatric populations that have retained the potential ability to interbreed with other such populations.
		Since monophyletic groups do have an unique origin, fate and end, but lack the internal cohesion that is required if all parts of an individual shall share the same fate (such as in organisms and biospecies), they should rather be called "historical entities" (sensu WILEY) than logical individuals.
		If a character has two or more states within the (monophyletic) group in study, the state that is also occurring in the close phylogenetic relatives, which are not members of the monophyletic group in study, is regarded as plesiomorphic state.
	www.rhododendron.dk /termeg.htm (10960 words)

	Untitled Document
		A monophyletic group is composed of an ancestral taxon and ALL of its descendants.
		Diagnosable, monophyletic groups that have been named in the past should continue to be named in new classification schemes.
		Monophyletic taxa represent real groups that exist in nature as a result of the process of evolution (shared history).
	mercury.bio.uaf.edu /courses/biol331/19feb.html (1164 words)

	Wikipedia:Tree of Life/Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One well-supported monophyletic group comprises Balsaminaceae, Marcgraviaceae and Tetrameristaceae (Soltis et al., 2000a; Anderberg, Rydin and Källersjö, 2002; Bremer et al., 2002; Tetrameristaceae and the monogeneric Pellicieraceae here being considered optional synonyms); it is sister to the rest of the order.
		All euasterids are strongly supported as monophyletic, and with the six DNA regions analysed by Bremer et al.
		However, Asteraceae, Calyceraceae and Goodeniaceae together with their sister group Menyanthaceae form a monophyletic group that is strongly supported (Kårehed et al., 1999; Olmstead et al., 2000; Soltis et al., 2000a; Bremer et al., 2002; Lundberg and Bremer, 2002).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wikipedia_Tree_of_Life/Update_of_the_Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group (8991 words)

	Tephritidae phylogeny
		The small subfamily Tachiniscinae is well supported as monophyletic by female genitalic characters, including a dorsoapical opening on the oviscape and a unique ventral cluster of scales on the eversible membrane (Korneyev 1999b).
		This group is probably monophyletic, although there is some homoplasy in both of the morphological synapomorphies listed by Korneyev: the apical part of the spermathecal duct is distinctly broader for a length at least equal to that of the spermatheca (Norrbom et al.
		The hypothesis that the tribe is monophyletic is supported by two synapomorphies: the inclinate posterior orbital seta; and the lyre-shaped pattern on the scutum (Freidberg 1985), although Korneyev (1999c) questioned whether they might be convergent in the genus Neaspilota which lacks certain plesiomorphic genitalic character states.
	www.sel.barc.usda.gov /diptera/tephriti/TephPhyl.htm (2661 words)

	What do terms like monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic mean?
		This group is monophyletic because it consists of a single animal together with all of its descendants.
		Monophyletic groups are also called clades, and are generally considered as the only ``natural'' kind of group.
		It's tempting in the face of this ambiguity just to abandon the word ``monophyletic'' and use a holophyletic/paraphyletic dichotomy, but this terminological abuse is probably not widespread enough to merit such extreme measures.
	www.miketaylor.org.uk /dino/faq/s-class/phyletic (814 words)

	monophyletic
		monophyletic A group of organisms that are assumed to have originated from the same ancestor.
		That the first three of these orders form a monophyletic group, the paenungulates, is now commonly accepted.
		The results of a new molecular study has suggested that botiine loaches are monophyletic - derived from a common ancestor - and so should be placed in a new...
	www.mongabay.com /igapo/biotech/monophyletic.html (99 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (greek: of one stem) if all 8 organisms in that 1 group are known 3 to have developed from 1 a common ancestral form, 1 and all descendants of 5 that form are 1 included in the group.
		If, 9 on the other 8 hand, it were discovered 5 that Homo habilis had developed from a 7 different ancestor than Homo sapiens, and this ancestor was not included 9 in the genus, then 6 the genus would be 4 polyphyletic.
		Since biologists 2 by and large prefer 6 groups to be 7 monophyletic, in this case 1 they would likely either 1 split the genus 2 or broaden it 6 to include the additional 3 forms.
	www.prience.com /monophyletic_.htm (225 words)

	SASB Cladistics Glossary
		A monophyletic group (= a branch on a cladogram, diagnosed by at least one synapomorphy).
		The optimal tree is the one that maximises the statistical likelihood that the specified evolutionary model produced the observed character-state data; the models specify the probabilities of character-state changes through evolutionary time (cf.
		On a phylogeny, a monophyletic group has a unique origin in a single ancestral species, and includes the ancestor and all of its descendants.
	www.science.uts.edu.au /sasb/glossary.html (2158 words)

	Evolution: Chloroplast Genetics and Endosymbiosis
		The concensus is that plastids in green plants and green algae are monophyletic.
		One of the main points of conjecture is the whether all plastids are monophyletic or polyphyletic (Gray, 1989).
		The green algae, from which green plants evolved, later acquired their plastids from a different cyanobacterial species, in which case they would be polyphyletic to the rhodophytes.
	www.geocities.com /we_evolve/Plants/chloroplast.html (3184 words)

	Monophyletic Info - Bored Net - Boredom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A group in a biological taxonomy is monophyletic (greek: of one stem) if all organisms in that group are known to have developed from a common ancestral form, and all descendants of that form are included in the group.
		Taxonomic groups that contain organisms but not their common ancestor are called polyphyletic, and groups that contain some but not all descendants of a given form are called paraphyletic.
		It should be noted that sometimes the term holophyletic is used for the sort of groups discussed here, and monophyletic is used to mean holophyletic or paraphyletic.
	www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/m/mo/monophyletic.html (196 words)

	Phylogenetic Tree-Building -- Phylogenetic Trees (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The branching sequence of a cladogram organises taxa into monophyletic groups (called clades), and thus the best way to discuss the evolutionary pattern represented by a cladogram is in terms of which taxa form monophyletic groups on the tree.
		A monophyletic group is:- a group of taxa descended from a single ancestor and which includes all of the taxa descended from this ancestor.
		Simple though it may seem, it is my impression that the recognition of monophyletic groups, and thus the description and interpretation of the evolutionary pattern shown by a cladogram, appears to be one of the more difficult aspects of cladistics for non-experts (see also the specific examples of this discussed by Penny et al.
	www.sasb.org.au /TreeBuild/Treebuilding3.html (1793 words)

	Human Biology: Relationships by isonymy between persons with monophyletic and polyphyletic surnames from the Monterrey ...
		When a patient reported that one of his or her close relatives had already been interviewed, the data for that person were laid aside, as were data for a member of the same family attending on the same date.
		The number of complementary surnames of the selected persons with monophyletic and polyphyletic (patronymic or matronymic) names, the distribution of their maternal and paternal complementary surnames, and the percentages of unique, different, and most common complementary surnames are given in Table 1.
		The coefficients of isonymy within the selected persons with monophyletic and polyphyletic (patronymic and matronymic) surnames (R sub iw x 10 sup 3) based on the occurrences of the maternal and paternal complementary surnames are given in Table 3.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_199412/ai_n8731442 (1224 words)

	Eigner Peter 1997 Hypotrichida
		Three monophyletic groups with their supposed ancestors are recognized, viz.
		The three monophyletic groups are separated by complex early morphogenetic anlagen developments in the two rightmost ventral cirral rows.
		The monophyletic groups suggested in the present paper are based on three morphogenetic processes, viz.
	home.pages.at /ciliopho (10858 words)

	Re: Monophyletic/Paraphyletic
		monophyletic = a group (taxon) that includes all the descendants of a common ancestor.
		Another example of a paraphyletic group would be the Reptilia, because the lizards, snakes, crocodilians, and turtles share a common ancestor with birds and (probably) mammals.
		snakes are thought to be monophyletic because, based on all evidence to date, all snakes evolved from a single common ancestor : paraphyletic = a group (taxon) that does not include all descendants of a common ancestor.
	forum.kingsnake.com /tax/messages/210.html (288 words)

	chapter 15: mechanism of speciation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The phylogenetic species concept (PSC): species are the smallest detectable monophyletic assemblages of populations.
		The PSC is the most recent because the development of genetic technology makes it possible to detect monophyletic populations that have long been overlooked.
		Monophyletic groups are fractal (nested within each other), but the smallest sized monophyletic group has a limit at the organismal level, and at this limit is the species recognized by the PSC.
	www.homepage.montana.edu /~mlavin/b403/lec12.htm (583 words)

	Phylogenetics and biogeography projects
		In vicariance biogeography distributions of monophyletic groups of taxa over areas are explained by the reconstruction of area cladograms.
		An area cladogram derived for a single monophyletic group thus gives a hypothesis on historical relationships between areas in which taxa of this monophyletic group can be found.
		The explanations of incongruent distributions of species are obtained by optimizing the data of each monophyletic group on the general area cladogram (CCA and primary BPA) or by duplicating the areas in which the incongruent distributions occur (secondary BPA).
	home.hccnet.nl /m.van.veller/phylogenetics.html (1934 words)

	Classification of Organisms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A monophyletic taxon is a good taxon in an evolutionary sense, meaning that no members which ought to be a part of the taxon, in terms of ancestor-descendant relationships, are excluded.
		In the usage of cladists, a paraphyletic taxon is a monophyletic taxon in which a member, other than the most recent common ancestor, is excluded.
		Birds and reptiles represent a paraphyletic taxon relative to mammals, though considering only birds, reptiles, and mammals, the three together form a monophyletic taxon (i.e., the reptiles are the ancestors of all reptiles, all mammals, and all birds).
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/biol3005.htm (2954 words)

	Two requirements for valid common patterns
		We argue that, for common patterns to be revealed, the area cladograms for different monophyletic groups of taxa should all be obtained under the same assumption.
		The occurrence of two or more taxa of the same monophyletic group in an area cladogram is then compared with the occurrence of two or more states of the same character in a taxon cladogram.
		For a particular monophyletic group a fair amount of dispersal, for instance, may well have to be assumed a posteriori in order to explain the deviation of its pattern from the general pattern.
	home.hccnet.nl /m.van.veller/h2.html (5947 words)

	Introduction
		Monophyletic groups that include fewer taxa - Takhtajan's smaller families - do not necessarily have more apomorphies than larger groups, even if all members of smaller groups are likely to have more features in general in common.
		That is, they will have their apomorphies, the unique features of those groups, as well as progressively more plesiomorphies, features found both in the small groups and in the larger clades of which they are a part; "having more features in common" is indeed one common meaning of "more natural".
		This is the result of evolution; the synapomorphy characterizing a lineage may be lost or modified beyond easy recognition in some of its members, or the synapomorphy may appear to be identical to a feature that has evolved in parallel in a quite unrelated plant.
	www.mobot.org /MOBOT/Research/APweb/top/introductionnew.htm (10059 words)

	Untitled Document
		Most classifications (and therefore most keys and floras that you will use to identify plants) recognize a basic split between the monocots and dicots, even though we now know that this is somewhat inaccurate.
		The monocots are a monophyletic group, but the traditional dicots are paraphyletic and includes all the basal angiosperm lineages plus the monophyletic true or eudicots which are united by triaperturate pollen.
		In addition to the three major monophyletic angiosperm groups, there are several lineages that are likely related to, but can't be assigned to these groups.
	mercury.bio.uaf.edu /courses/biol331/5feb.html (800 words)

	Evolution: Angiosperm Origins and Evolution
		A fundamental problem that must be dealt with is whether the angiosperms are monophyletic or polyphyletic.
		The monocots and eudicots are each supported as being monophyletic (reviewed in Crane et al., 1995; Kenrick, 1999).
		The angiosperms as a whole were found to be monophyletic to the exclusion of the gymnosperms (Qiu et al., 1999; Soltis et al., 1999).
	www.geocities.com /we_evolve/Plants/angiosperm.html (2501 words)

	A molecular phylogeny of the monogeneans inferred from 28S rDNA sequences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The presence of eyes is one of the characters generally proposed as a synapomorphy for the group, but a recent review has questioned the validity of this character because of the lack of ultrastructural evidence of homology [8], and concluded that a reappraisal of morphological synapomorphies should be undertaken.
		Although both groups are monophyletic and thus can be analysed independently, the conflicts between the various topologies of parasitic Platyhelminthes led us to consider the problem of choice of outgroup in undertaking the phylogenetic analysis of each group.
		For the outgroups corresponding to the hypotheses of paraphyletic monogeneans (Fig.
	www.mnhn.fr /mnhn/bpph/Data/Mollaret2000/mollaret2000.html (5536 words)

	The Platyhelminthes and the Acoela
		The quintessential parasitic flatworms are the monogeneans, trematodes, and cestodes, and these constitute monophyletic groups, but by a cladistic classification, these monophyletic groups would not have the rank of class.
		Instead, if any monophyletic groups are to be considered classes, they would have to be the three major groups constituting the former "Turbellaria," namely the Catenulida and Rhabditophora (and Acoelomorpha, if that is to retained in the Platyhelminthes).
		With all the similarities that the three monophyletic flatworm groups share, the intuitive solution to their clasification is to leave them in a common phylum, Platyhelminthes.
	devbio.umesci.maine.edu /styler/globalworming/platyhelm.htm (3871 words)

	Comparative Anatomy Topic 2 - Phylogenies and Fossils (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Monophyletic group - a group containing all descendants of their most recent common ancestor; in cladistics, the only valid grouping
		On the phylogeny above, what is the smallest monophyletic group consisting of taxa F and G? On the phylogeny above, what kind of grouping is A + B + C + D +E + F? a.
		What is the smallest monophyletic group consisting of taxa J and K? Turtles, tuataras, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, dinosaurs, birds, and mammals are all in Amniota.
	www.auburn.edu /academic/classes/zy/0301/Topic2/topic2.html (754 words)

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