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Topic: Monopropellant rocket

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Monopropellant

Spacecraft propulsion

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	Rocket - MSN Encarta
		Rockets are very powerful, but it is often more efficient to use several rockets, rather than a single rocket, to move an object to the desired place.
		Chemical rockets use chemicals, in solid or liquid form, for fuel and oxidizer, or the chemical that contains the oxygen needed to burn the fuel (together, the fuel and oxidizer are called the propellant).
		Monopropellant rockets generate much lower thrusts than those generated by all types of bipropellant rockets, or rockets that use a separate fuel and oxidizer.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761577900_3/Rocket.html (2277 words)

	Monopropellant rocket
		A monopropellant rocket (or "monoprop rocket") is a rocket that uses a single chemical as its power source and propellant.
		Another monopropellant is hydrogen peroxide, which when purified to 90% or higher is self combustible at high temperatures, or with a catalyst.
		Most monopropellant rocket systems consist of a fuel tank, usually a titanium or aluminum sphere, with a nitryl rubber bladder filled with the fuel.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/mo/Monopropellant_rocket.html (376 words)

	PROPULSION SYSTEMS
		Rocket thrust is the reaction force produced by expelling particles at high velocity from a nozzle opening.
		In other types of rockets no chemical change takes place within the engines but the working fluid may be converted to a hot gas for ejection by the addition of heat from a nuclear reactor or some other energy source.
		For example, the rocket motor, and perhaps also the empty propellant tank, of a liquid rocket booster could be returned to earth intact by means of parachutes, gliding wings, lifting jet-engines, or a combination thereof.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/conghand/propulsn.htm (3314 words)

	Chemical Rocket Launcher
		Unfortunately, rocket launchers remain expensive and prone to failure due to temperature extremes, enormous heat flux in the throat of the thrust chamber, severe vibration, low reliability of high-performance turbopumps, and the use of corrosive and flammable chemicals.
		Rocket cluster is a rocket launcher made of engine clusters stacked on top of a reusable hydrogen peroxide monopropellant rocket.
		Solid rocket in tube is a solid propellant rocket which burns on the outside and flies inside a steel tube or a tunnel.
	www.islandone.org /LEOBiblio/SPBI101.HTM (4559 words)

	Tecnologia Aeroespacial Mexicana (TAM)
		Rocket Bike, a twin 1000 lbs thrust rockets powered dragster motorcycle that will be used also for exhibition runs by Pepsi.
		Rocket Kart, a 1500 lbs thrust (3000 hp) rocket engine go kart that right now is 80% finished and will be used for exhibition runs by Pepsi.
		Rocket Car, this will be a speed record car powered by a 16000 HP rocket engine capable of over 400 mph in the 1/4 mile racing.
	www.tecaeromex.com /ingles/indexi.html (688 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Monopropellant rocket
		Another monopropellant is hydrogen peroxide, which, when purified to 90% or higher concentration, is self-decomposing at high temperatures or when a catalyst is present.
		Most monopropellant rocket systems consist of a fuel tank, usually a titanium or aluminum sphere, with an ethylene-propylene rubber bladder filled with the fuel.
		Monopropellants are not as efficient as some other propulsion technologies.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Monopropellant_rocket (400 words)

	Making_Monopropellant
		If the dry mass of the rocket is 510 tons it has a lift-off mass of 9744 tons (round to 9745 tons) and a mass ratio of 19.1 to 1, therefore it can reach 7.23 kps at 250 seconds ISP and 8.24 kps at 285 seconds ISP.
		With the ascent tank empty the rocket has a mass of 510+1771=2281 It will have a MR of 2281/510=4.4725 It will reach 3.67 kps at 250 seconds and 4.18 kps at 285 seconds.
		However, the Earth's gravity will also be tugging on the rocket as it leaves LLO (low lunar orbit) and this will slow it down, perhaps enough so that it doesn't need to retro into L2, sort of like falling into a gravitational well.
	www.moonminer.com /Making_Monopropellant.html (880 words)

	PowerPedia:Spacecraft propulsion - PESWiki
		Most satellites have simple reliable chemical rockets (often monopropellant rockets) or resistojet rockets to keep their station, although some use momentum wheels for attitude control.
		A rocket engine is a reaction engine that can be used for spacecraft propulsion as well as terrestrial uses, such as missiles.
		Rocket engines take their reaction mass from one or more tanks and form it into a jet, obtaining thrust in accordance with Newton's third law.
	peswiki.com /index.php/PowerPedia:Spacecraft_propulsion (4054 words)

	History and Development of the Rocket Engine
		Since a rocket must carry all its reaction mass with it, most of the first reaction mass goes towards accelerating reaction mass rather than payload.
		The speed ratio of a rocket nozzle is mostly determined by it's area expansion ratio- this is the ratio of the area of the throat to the area at the exit.
		Rockets can use ablative materials that erode in a controlled fashion, or very high temperature materials, such as graphite, ceramics or certain exotic metals.
	www.edinformatics.com /inventions_inventors/rocket_engine.htm (3031 words)

	AdvanceSpace
		Rocket motors are for a one-time use only.
		Solid rocket motors have few moving parts, relatively simple mechanisms and logistically accommodating propellants compared to liquid systems.
		Oxidizer is introduced into the solid rocket motor cavity for maximized combustion and heat.
	www.advancespace.com /Chemical_Rockets.html (179 words)

	ipedia.com: Spacecraft propulsion Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		can be calculated using the rocket equation, where M is the mass of fuel, P is the mass of the payload (including the rocket structure), and is the specific impulse of the rocket.
		Rockets emitting gases are limited by the fact that their exhaust temperature cannot be so high that the nozzle and reaction chamber are damaged; most large rockets have elaborate cooling systems to prevent damage to either component.
		Rather than relying on high temperature and fluid dynamics to accelerate the reaction mass to high speeds, there are a variety of methods that use electrostatic or electromagnetic forces to accelerate the reaction mass directly.
	www.ipedia.com /spacecraft_propulsion_1.html (2670 words)

	Rocket Man Blog: The Black Armadillo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Of these three types of engines, the easiest one to operate in theory is the monopropellant engine, followed closely by the hybrid rocket engine and then the bi-propellant engine (some people might argue that the hybrid is easier in theory then the monopropellant engine, and I agree it is debatable).
		In a rocket engine, the hot gases from this reaction are ejected through a convergent-divergent nozzle to produce thrust.
		Rocket Man Blog has a lengthy review of "the Black Armadillo currently being developed by Armadillo Aerospace." He spoke with John Carmack, the leader of "Team Armadillo." If you're wondering how the X-Prize competition is going, go, read entire....
	www.rocketmanblog.com /2003/09/the_black_armad.html (2448 words)

	TCS Daily - America's Other Rocket Program
		The solid fuel rocket tears off the pad, leaving a similar trail of smoke as the solid rocket boosters of NASA's Space Shuttle leave, and reaching close to the 50,000-foot limit that the RRS and the FAA agreed to.
		The solid fueled rocket is typical of the rockets launched by RRS since it was founded in 1943.
		The rockets launched by the RRS in December included rockets fueled by solid fuels, liquid oxygen and alcohol, liquid oxygen and kerosene, and even superheated water (steam propulsion).
	www.tcsdaily.com /012203B.html (1719 words)

	Spacecraft propulsion - Engineering
		All current spacecraft use chemical rocket engines (bipropellant or solid-fuel) for launch, though some (such as the Pegasus rocket and SpaceShipOne) have used air-breathing engines on their first stage.
		The reaction mass is then allowed to escape from the rear of the vehicle by passing through a nozzle, which dramatically accelerates the reaction mass, converting thermal energy into kinetic energy.
		The speed ratio of a rocket nozzle is mostly determined by its area expansion ratio—the ratio of the area of the throat to the area at the exit.
	engineering.wikia.com /wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion (3225 words)

	90% Hydrogen Peroxide
		The Rocket Belt is a hydrogen peroxide rocket.
		The hydrogen peroxide rocket engines are, in fact steam rockets, but this steam is produced by a violent exothermic reaction of the peroxide.
		This kind of rocket, whether using steam or hot water, is the safest of all the rocket engines.
	www.tecaeromex.com /ingles/peroxidoi.html (551 words)

	Rocket Karts
		Perhaps the wildest of all were the rocket powered karts of the 1960’s, 70’s and 80’s.
		This car was the inspiration for many rocket powered vehicle builders in the 70’s, among them (back again!) Jack McClure with a hydrogen peroxide rocket-powered laydown kart.
		Rosco continues to be heavily involved in drag racing and speed exhibitions and is today known as Australia’s fastest man. He is currently preparing an assault on the world land speed record.
	www.vintagekarts.com /Rockets/Rockets.htm (504 words)

	The jack of all chemicals -DAWN Science; May 20, 2006
		His first engine was a cold monopropellant rocket engine in which calcium permanganate solution was used to serve as a decomposition catalyst and hydrogen peroxide formed 80 per cent of the compound.
		This was a hot bipropellant (two-component rocket propellant, such as liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, which were fed one by one to the combustion chamber as fuel and oxidiser) rocket engine where once again 80 per cent of hydrogen peroxide was used to substantiate oxidation.
		To energize the turbine for fuel pump of the V2/A4 rocket (long-range liquid-fuel rockets used by the Germans as a ballistic missile in World War II), the Germans used HTP (a high concentration solution of hydrogen peroxide, 85 to 98 per cent).
	www.dawn.com /weekly/science/archive/060520/science9.htm (1017 words)

	Thiokol Gives Pioneer Rocketplane a Boost
		The Utah-based firm announced in Washington that it was joining with Pioneer Rocketplane to create a new family of upper stages to fly inside the Pioneer Pathfinder, a proposed reusable, manned spaceplane that is to begin suborbital flight trials in two years.
		Thiokol will use both its existing line of STAR solid fuel rocket stages in the spaceplane as well as a new, all liquid stage to be built using a new monopropellant rocket engine.
		Pioneer Rocketplane is one of several firms now competing for a NASA development contract aimed at creating a new small U.S. rocket booster capable of sending small payloads into space for about $1 million per launch, an order of magnitude less than today's current small launchers, the winged Pegasus and stacked, staged Taurus.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/rlv-97e.html (442 words)

	Interlunar Taxi Spacevehicle
		Earlier, I was worried about flash-back with monopropellant and envisioned a hybrid motor with LOX and sintered aluminum beads; however, I have abandoned this in favor of monopropellant made from a suspension of ultrasonically mixed Si and Al powder and LUNOX.
		Also, it will be much easier to store monopropellant at taxiports and fuel up taxis than it would be to manufacture segmented solid casings loaded with solid fuel in the form of sintered aluminum beads that have to be removed, broken down and replaced after each flight to "refuel" the taxi.
		With monopropellant it is just a matter of pumping in the "rocket fuel" and the taxi is ready to go again.
	www.moonminer.com /taxi.html (910 words)

	Technical Aspects of Ballistic Missile Defense
		In the rocket literature, propellants are characterized by their "specific impulse"-- Isp, measured in seconds, which is simply V_e/g.
		The third row is the mass ratio m from the rocket equation, while the fourth row is the energy efficiency in converting to kinetic energy of payload the internal energy of a mass of propellant equal to the initial mass of the rocket less the final payload.
		The rocket launch flame will be detected by the Defense Support Program (DSP) satellites in geosynchronous orbit within considerably less than a minute after launch, and an approximate location of the launch site and a direction of the missile is established in that way.
	www.fas.org /rlg/garwin-aps.htm (5315 words)

	Space Today Online - X Prize experimental private manned space rockets
		The da Vinci Project's Wild Fire rocket was to be lifted from a launch site near Kindersley, Saskatchewan, by a reusable helium balloon to an altitude of 80,000 feet near space from where the rocket engines would fire and propel pilot Brian Feeney on the 62-mi.-high suborbital space ride.
		Their rocket was to be launched on a suborbital flight from the Washington coast out over the Pacific Ocean and then parachute down into the ocean to be retrieved by boat or helicopter.
		The prize was awarded by the X Prize Foundation to the team that designed the first private spaceship that successfully carried the equivalent weight of three human beings to a sub-orbital altitude of 100 km (62.14 miles) on two consecutive flights within two weeks.
	www.spacetoday.org /Rockets/X_Prize.html (2270 words)

	Rocket Science
		Andy Oberta (seated at table) was Deputy Director of the Pacific Rocket Society Moonwatch station located in Woodland Hills, California and a student at Northrop Institute of Technology.
		His idea was to put a winged second stage on top of the V-2 and have the upper stage skip along the top of the atmosphere to deliver a warhead to the US mainland.
		On the left is a model of the device that was built for the tests and the picture on the right shows an actual test chamber and monopropellant rocket motor in the test stand.
	www.asbestosguru-oberta.com /rocketscience.htm (893 words)

	SPACE.com -- Rocket Guy: Oregon Man Set for Self-Launch
		Sometime in the spring of 2002, a man who has somehow become known to the world as "Rocket Guy" plans to launch himself 30 miles (48 kilometers) straight up in a rocket of his own making.
		"A rocket is a device with more thrust than weight." We do the math: Walker and his rocket and fuel will weigh 10,000 pounds (4,535 kilograms); the rocket will produce 12,000 pounds of thrust.
		Walker opted for a monopropellant -- rather than a mixture of, say, liquid oxygen and kerosene -- because he feels its safer and simpler to deal with.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/launches/rocket_guy_010611-1.html (945 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Nitrous Oxide Monopropellant Rocket (NOMR) is a new Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) thruster concept using nitrous oxide as a monopropellant.
		Liquid monopropellants are often used in propulsion systems where simplicity of design, restartable/control on demand, and repeatability is desired.
		Hydrazine is commonly used as a monopropellant in attitude control thrusters in spacecraft.
	sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov /SBIR/abstracts/01/sbir/phase1/SBIR-01-1-H4.01-9693.html (390 words)

	Moon-Earth Momentum Exchange
		This maneuver is not possible unless the rocket lifts the payload to the altitude of 100 km and accelerates it to a horizontal velocity of 3.4 km/s, which matches the tip velocity of the bolo.
		The lunavator is the same as the lunavator of the lunavator bolo rocket relay, but the simple bolo is replaced with two identical bolo spacecrafts which are similar to the lunavator spacecraft.
		Before it is released, a sounding rocket lifts a payload to the altitude of 100 km and a ball is launched from a loaded balloon gun at a velocity of about 1 km/s.
	www.islandone.org /LEOBiblio/SPBI132.HTM (2186 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Because of confusion in identity with the California Rocket Society, the name was changed on 17 March, 1943 to the Glendale Rocket Society.
		Static testing of many different liquid propellant rocket systems followed and the zinc dust and sulfur rocket design known as the standard RRS Beta was developed and perfected.
		Many present and former members who gained their first experiences with rockets in the Society are now employed in various capacities within the aerospace and rocket industries.
	www.rrs.org /History/body_history.html (1283 words)

	LOX Monopropellants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Such a monopropellant would eliminate half the propellant systems which would save weight and reduce the cost of launch vehicles.
		After evaluating the various combinations from the standpoint of performance, shock sensitivity and cost, kerosene/LOX monopropellant was chosen as the one to develop.
		The monopropellant was successfully test fired in a small rocket engine without flashback from the combustion chamber to the propellant tank as shown below.
	www.space-rockets.com /Loxmono.html (148 words)

	The Spacearium: ARCA Conducts Full-Thrust Engine Test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The main purpose of this press release is to inform the public and media about the latest news related to the monopropellant system developed at ARCA.
		From the data we have until now this system is world first composite materials reusable monopropellant rocket engine.
		In short time the engine will be tested at full time and then it will be placed on board of demonstrator rocket for the first flight.
	spacearium.aresinstitute.org /article.php?story=20040615155108710&mode=print (200 words)

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