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Topic: Montagnais

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	Montagnais
		Montagnais and Naskapi today refer to themselves as the Innu, or "people." To avoid confusion, the Innu are NOT the same as the Inuit (Eskimo) who most Montagnais regarded as enemies.
		The Montagnais occupied the forest areas along the north shore of the St. Lawrence and were a woodland people, shifting routinely between summer villages near the river and winter hunting camps in the interior.
		This, the Montagnais and their allies were reluctant to do without assurances of French military support, so in July, 1609 Champlain accompanied a combined Montagnais, Algonkin, and Huron war party as it moved south along the shores of the lake in northern New York now bearing his name.
	www.dickshovel.com /mon.html (3925 words)

	Montagnais (Mashk/Ilnu/Innu) & Naskapi
		The Montagnais inhabited the huge territory bounded on the south by the St. Lawrence, on the west by the St-Maurice River, on the east by Sept-Iles and on the north by the watershed separating the rivers flowing into the St. Lawrence from those flowing into James Bay.
		Montagnais (also known as the Innuat, or Innu in the singular) also live in Labrador, which is considered a part of the province of Newfoundland.
		Montagnais communities have territories on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence; on the western shore of Lac Saint-Jean; and in the area near the Quebec-Labrador border and the municipality of Schefferville.
	angelfire.com /realm/shades/nativeamericans/montagnaisandnaskapi.htm (915 words)

	Montagnais Language and the Montagnais Innu Nation (Innu-Aimun)
		The Montagnais and Naskapi are actually part of the same Indian nation, calling themselves Innu; their languages, however, have diverged enough that most linguists consider them separate languages (though some do class Naskapi as a dialect of Montagnais, or both as dialects of the Cree language).
		Montagnais speakers call their own language Innu-Aimun, or Innu Aionun; since Naskapi speakers also call their language Innu-aimun, linguists tend to refer to the two languages as Montagnais Innu and Naskapi Innu for clarity's sake.
		Grammar, phonology, and verb morphology of Montagnais Innu.
	www.native-languages.org /montagnais.htm (702 words)

	Montagnais and Naskapi on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Montagnais covered their conical wigwams with birch bark and hunted principally moose during the winter months, moving down the rivers in the spring to spear salmon and eels, and to harpoon seals along the shores of the St. Lawrence.
		The Naskapi covered their wigwams with caribou skin and hunted caribou from midsummer until early spring, when some of them moved down the coast, like the Montagnais, while others remained inland to fish in various lakes and rivers and to hunt hares, porcupines, and other small game.
		Contact with Europeans was disastrous to both peoples, leading to a precipitous population decline, the disappearance of cooperative hunting on communally exploited territory, and the emergence of an economy based on private property, fur trapping, and commercial exchange.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/M/Montagns.asp (425 words)

	Montagnais (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is said that the Montagnais and the French concluded an agreement to allow the French to occupy certain areas in exchange for flour to protect the Montagnais against the periodic famines.
		The Montagnais are aware of the economic potential of the tourism industry on their land.
		To get the most out of it, the Atikamekw and the Montagnais are negociating with the federal and the provincial governments for an equitable share of the ressources they used to have and for a new division of powers on their ancestral land.
	www.indianamarketing.com /anglais/anations/montag.htm (516 words)

	Algonkin
		Towards the end of May, he met with a Montagnais chief and was invited to attend a feast celebrating the success of a recent raid against the Iroquois.
		Champlain was anxious to conclude treaties with both the Algonkin and Montagnais to preclude competition from his European rivals.
		However, the Algonkin, Montagnais, and their Huron allies were reluctant to commit themselves to the long, dangerous journey to Quebec unless the French were willing to help them in their war against the Mohawk.
	www.tolatsga.org /alg.html (5697 words)

	Le Conseil Attikamek-Montagnais Inc., Framework Agreement - Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Interim measures to protect the interests of the Attikamek and the Montagnais relative to the territory and the exercise of their activities during the negotiation period.
		The territory on which the Attikamek and the Montagnais have established their comprehensive land claim on the basis of aboriginal title arising from the continuing use and traditional occupancy of the lands which the federal government has agreed to negotiate the settlement.
		During the negotiation period, the Attikamek and the Montagnais shall continue to enjoy the same rights and benefits as any other citizen and shall have access in the same manner to the various programs and services of the federal and provincial governments, in accordance with the usual application of these programs and services.
	www.ainc-inac.gc.ca /pr/agr/que/cami_e.html (1178 words)

	- Montagnais is an indigenous language of Canada -Native American Indian Tribes - Over 2,000 articles on native ...
		Western Montagnais is in 4 communities: Mashteuiatsh (near Roberval, Quebec), Betsiamites, Uashat-Maliotenam (near Sept-Iles, Quebec), and Matimekosh (near Schefferville, Quebec).
		Montagnais has been used as language of instruction in Betsiamites in recent past, and is taught as a subject in other classes.
		When Samuel de Champlain first met the Montagnais at the mouth of the Saguenay River in 1603, they had extended their territory west along both shores of the St. Lawrence to a point just east of Montreal.
	aaanativearts.com /article1251.html (4286 words)

	Encyclopedia of North American Indians - - Montagnais-Naskapi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		French fur traders encountered Montagnais in the summers at the lakeside and riverside encampments where a few hundred tribesmen gathered for trade and festivity; they did not appreciate that for most of the year the Montagnais lived in smaller, nomadic hunting bands.
		Montagnais were among the Indians who led Samuel de Champlain through the St. Lawrence Valley in 1609; others joined the British when they tried to oust the French from Quebec in 1629.
		The Montagnais tried to retain their independence, however, by continuing to hunt a wide variety of animals in the winter.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_023300_montagnaisna.htm (1153 words)

	Dictionary of Canadian Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		He was then appointed missionary to the Montagnais, who inhabited an immense territory stretching from he aux Coudres to Sept-Îles and from Tadoussac to Chicoutimi, and he began the most significant work of his life, through which he would make an outstanding contribution and attain both historical fame and legendary renown.
		But his creative work was primarily with the Montagnais, among whom he established a church which was respectful of their language and which could sustain itself.
		In his concern to save his Montagnais Christian community Father La Brosse did not hesitate to write in 1780 to the vicar general of Quebec, Henri-François Gravé* de La Rive, to censure the diocesan authorities for their spinelessness and indulgence towards the French living at the posts.
	www.biographi.ca /EN/ShowBioPrintable.asp?BioId=36124 (1685 words)

	Dogs of the Labrador Indians
		The breed of dogs used for sled-driving by the Montagnais of Lake St. John and from there to the St. Lawrence and eastward generally as far as Seven Islands, is a mongrel shaggy beast, prevailingly dark brown, of a rusty, worn hue, or fl, with a slight admixture of white.
		As regards the technique of dog transportation among the Montagnais, on the other hand, an European origin is convincingly suggested not only by the breed of the large dogs and their individual names, but in many details of harnessing and management.
		59: Montagnais hunters and members of their families at Lake St. John, with a sled dog and tow hunting dogs.-- When puppies are born, a method of ascertaining whether they will become good forward trailers is to lift them up by one ear.
	www.innu.ca /speck1.html (2592 words)

	Montagnais Innu indians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Information about their language may be found at the Native Languages of the Americas' site; several texts are posted at the Innu nation site on the subjects of Innu history and culture; other information is found in the Canadian Encyclopedia, at the Encyclopedia of North American Indians, and at the archaeology site]
		The Montagnais fought the Micmac, and often the [Inuit], but their chief and inveterate foes were the Iroquois, who drove them for a time from the banks of the St. Lawrence and from their strongholds about the upper Saguenay, compelling them to seek safety at more distant points.
		The bands and villages of the Montagnais are: Appeelatat, Ashuapmuchuan, Attikameg, Bonne Espérance, Chicoutimi, Eskimo Point, Godbout, Ile Percée (mission), Itamamiu (mission), Ilets de Jeremie (mission), Kapiminakouetiik, Mauthaepi, Mingan, Moisie, Mushkoniatawee, Muskwaro, Nabisipi, Natashkwan, Pashashibu, Piekouagami, Romaine, and St. Augustine.
	www2.marianopolis.edu /quebechistory/encyclopedia/MontagnaisInnuindians.htm (944 words)

	Innu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Their language, Innu-aimun, is spoken throughout Nitassinan, with certain dialect differences.
		The Innu people are frequently incorrectly sub-divided into two communities, the Montagnais ["mountain people" in French] who live along the shore of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and the less numerous Naskapi ["inland people" in Innu-aimun] who live farther north.
		The Naskapi peoples, who refer to themselves as "Iiyuu" rather than "Innu" are more closely related to the Native Americans of Davis Inlet in Labrador than the Montagnais of the south.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Innu (436 words)

	Micmac Nations - Nova Scotia Website design Atlantic Canada
		Ainsi les Montagnais, les Cris, les Naskapis et les Algonquins perpétuent un mode de vie semi-nomade basé sur la chasse, la pêche et la cueillette.
		Les villages montagnais sont bien différents les uns des autres, tant par leur situation géographique et leur taille que du point de vue socio-économique.
		Jusqu'au 20e siècle, les Montagnais ont été les seuls habitants à l'exception de quelques villages non-autochtones sur le littoral de l'immense territoire qui couvre la Côte-Nord et la Basse-Côte-Nord du Saint-Laurent, s'étendant jusqu'à 600 km à l'intérieur des terres.
	www.cbnet.ns.ca /cbnet/educatio/micmac/nations.htm (6820 words)

	Montagnais Religion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		According to the Montagnais, the world was created long ago by Atachecam, then later rebuilt after a great flood by Messou.
		When the Montagnais needed to know what the future would bring, such as if their hunts would be good or their war plans would go well, they would consult Khichicouai.
		The Montagnais believed that everything had an immortal soul that traveled to the afterlife, located far off to the west.
	www.cs.mtu.edu /~bmneperu/stuff/un1003/montagnaisreligion.html (534 words)

	The First Nations of Québec - The Montagnais - Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For their part, the Montagnais of Matimekosh are ready to provide the work force that is needed.
		When the Montagnais of Lac St Jean began negotiating with the private sector two years ago to develop part of the forest close to the Ashuapmushuan Wildlife Reserve, they faced opposition from an unusual source - members of their own community.
		The Mohawks / The Montagnais / The Naskapis / The Inuits
	www.ainc-inac.gc.ca /qc/aqc/art/montagnais_e.html (4763 words)

	Re: Need Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In June, 1609 Champlain was leading a French exploration west of Quebec when he encountered a group of 300 Algonkin and Montagnais under the Weskarini sachem Iroquet and 100 Huron led by their war chief Ochasteguin.
		Champlain seized this opportunity to show his support for his new trading partners and unwittingly allowed the French to be drawn into an intertribal war.
		When they became involved in wars with the Mahican, the Mohawk had attempted to settle their differences with the Algonkin and Montagnais.
	www.algonquin.tv /discussion/_disc4/000000db.htm (9225 words)

	Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1618 he was sent to Quebec to negotiate with the French concerning the murder of two Europeans by Montagnais Indians near Cap Tourmente two years before.
		In July 1623, he warned the French of an impending attack on Tadoussac and Quebec, which Cherououny, another Montagnais leader, was fomenting, perhaps at the instigation of the independent fur-traders.
		In May 1628, he came to Quebec with a man whom Chomina, a Montagnais Indian friendly to the French, had accused of the murders.
	www.biographi.ca /EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=34331 (639 words)

	Algonquian History Part II
		Towards the end of May, he met with a Montagnais chief and was invited to attend a feast celebrating the success of a recent raid against the Haudenosaunee.
		Champlain was anxious to conclude treaties with both the Algonquian and Montagnais to preclude competition from his European rivals.
		However, the Algonquian, Montagnais, and their Huron allies were reluctant to commit themselves to the long, dangerous journey to Quebec unless the French were willing to help them in their war against the Mohawk.
	www.manataka.org /~manataka/page387.html (4190 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Montagnais Indians (Quebec)
		The Montagnais obtained their first knowledge of Christianity at Tadousec, a French trading post.
		In consequence, the Montagnais began to resort to the mission at Sillery, near Quebec.
		of the Algonquian Language (Washington, 1891); SPECK, The Montagnais in Southern Workman, XXXVIII (Hampton, Va., March, 1909); Jes.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10512a.htm (400 words)

	Innu Nation Literature
		The Montagnais speak a similar Aboriginal language (with differences in dialects), share an Aboriginal culture with (again with certain differences) and face many similar political concerns as the Innu.
		There are some Montagnais and Innu who feel their differences and separations were imposed upon them by the drawing of a boundary between Quebec and Labrador.
		As a consequence, many Montagnais, including many of those from the village of Betsiamites where the two members of Kashtin hail from, are now beginning to identify themselves as Innu as well.
	www.indians.org /welker/inuit.htm (240 words)

	Montagnais
		The Montagnais are a group of people located originally in Labrador, Canada. ; They received their name from the French, meaning "mountaineers".
		The Montagnais and Naskapi have similar cultures. The only differences in these people are how they adapted to their environment.
		The organization of the Montagnais was based on small bands. Most members of these bands were closely related family members. The composition of the bands changed from time to time with the rise and fall of successful leaders.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/northamerica/montagnais.html (242 words)

	Cree (including Montagnais and Naskapi) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Words are given both in the standard Montagnais orthography now used in Quebec and in a phonetic transcription of Betsiamites pronunciation.
		Reflecting this practical purpose, all of the Montagnais forms are fully inflected words (most of them equivalent to French phrases or sentences), and no attempt is made to provide a linguistic analysis beyond identifying basic grammatical categories (transitive/intransi-tive, animate/inanimate/dependent).
		Of the two Montagnais dialects, the Western or Betsiamites dialect is taken as primary; Eastern or Mingan dialect variants are cited only where necessary.
	linguistics.buffalo.edu /ssila/learning/cree.htm (1332 words)

	Directory - Society: Ethnicity: The Americas: Indigenous: Native Americans: Tribes, Nations and Bands: I: Innu
		The two peoples known to white settlers as 'Montagnais' and 'Naskapi' were actually members of the same people, Innu.
		Montagnais, Naskapi, and Attikamekw · cached · Tribal history of these three related First Nations of Canada, by Lee Sultzman.
		Montagnais Language and the Montagnais Innu Nation · cached · Language, culture, history and genealogy.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=536282 (234 words)

	Mashteuiatsh Tourist Information and Travel Guide at InfoHub.com
		Before European contact the Montagnais ("Ilnu" in the local language) were a migratory people who split into small family groups for summer hunting.
		When the Europeans arrived they found the Montagnais in bitter conflict with the Iroquois, an enmity that Champlain intensified by allying himself with the Montagnais for trade.
		The permanent exhibition Pekuakami Ilnuatsh, which translates as "the Lac St-Jean Montagnais", continues the theme with artefacts and interpretive panels that also describe domestic life and the impact of European contact; temporary exhibitions highlight the works of aboriginal artists.
	www.infohub.com /Destinations/North-America/Canada/Mashteuiatsh (408 words)

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