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	Monterey Pine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pinus radiata (family Pinaceae) is known in English as Monterey Pine in some parts of the world (mainly in the USA, Canada and the British Isles), and Radiata Pine in others (primarily Australia, New Zealand and Chile).
		It is closely related to Bishop Pine and Knobcone Pine, hybridizing readily with both species; it is distinguished from the former by needles in threes (not pairs), and from both by the cones not having a sharp spine on the scales.
		Nearby in a remnant pine forest of Pacific Grove, is a prime breeding habitat of the Monarch butterfly.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pinus_radiata (583 words)

	Monterey, California - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Monterey is home to the Naval Postgraduate School and Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center, the Defense Language Institute, the Monterey Bay Aquarium, Cannery Row, Fisherman's Wharf and a field station of the Marine Mammal Center.
		Monterey is the location of the Naval Postgraduate School, Presidio of Monterey, Monterey Institute of International Studies and California State University, Monterey Bay, which is located on the former Fort Ord.
		The closed cone pine forest habitat is dominated by Monterey pine, Knobcone pine and Bishop pine, contains the rare Monterey manzanita; rare plants inhabiting chapparal habitat in Monterey are: Hickman's onion and Sandmat manzanita.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Monterey,_California (2006 words)

	Plant Field Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Monterey pine seeds are produced on the surface of scales of the woody female cone, which are tightly fit together in ringed clusters while still on the tree.
		Monterey pine habitat is strongly influenced by its proximity to the Pacific Ocean, whose cold southward-flowing currents produce high humidity, low temperatures, and summer fogs.
		In the past, Monterey pine was a local-market commodity, used for coarse lumber and fuelwood.
	www.nps.gov /goga/parklabs/library/plantguide/green-brown/mpine.htm (385 words)

	CNPS Policy on Monterey Pine Forest
		These three Monterey Pine Forest areas are relicts of the Pleistocene coastal coniferous forest that supported Monterey Pine from modern Marin County in the north to Riverside County in the south.
		Although the Monterey Pine is a closed-cone species with a reproductive strategy that benefits from fire or hot temperature, the existence of fog in its habitat during much of the fire season reduces the actual danger of fire occurring.
		Monterey Pine is the most widely planted timber tree in the world and could provide a source of wood that reduces logging pressure and potential extinction trends in tropical rainforests.
	www.cnps.org /archives/monterey_pine.htm (981 words)

	Species:
		Monterey pine hybridizes with knobcone pine (Pinus attenuata) and bishop pine (Pinus muricata) [12,32,25].
		Monterey pine is cultivated for timber in Maui, Hawaii [33].
		Monterey pine is affected by many pests such as western dwarf mistletoe, western gall rust, various needle blights, and moths [2,35,44].
	www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pinrad/all.html (2384 words)

	California - Conservancy Purchases Land to Protect One of California’s Last Stands of Native Monterey Pine
		Monterey pines are increasingly threatened by the spread of pine pitch canker disease.
		The Cambria Monterey pine forest, the southernmost stand, is distinguished by having relatively low levels of infestation by pitch canker.
		Although Monterey pines are fast-growing and grown as a source of lumber throughout the world, the remnant native stands are significant because they alone contain the natural genetic diversity of the species.
	www.nature.org /wherewework/northamerica/states/california/press/press1256.html (442 words)

	The Monterey Pine through geologic time
		The Monterey Pine, along with the Bishop and Knobcone Pines, belong to an informal taxonomic category known as the "California closed-cone pines." In most species of pine, a set of cones matures annually, opening and dropping their seeds in the fall.
		According to Millar, the Monterey Pine "was least abundant during full interglacials (i.e., the Holocene and previous interglacials), when oaks dominated coastal habitats, and was also uncommon during the cold periods of the glacials, when junipers dominated.
		When Dr. Millar spoke to the Monterey Bay Paleontological Society a few years ago, she told the tragic story of a park along the northern California coast where all the Monterey Pines were cut down.
	evolution.berkeley.edu /evolibrary/article/0_0_0/montereypines_01 (1999 words)

	Ventana archive -- Monterey Pine Forests
		Pine pitch canker, caused by a non-native fungus, is devastating Monterey pines.
		Although Monterey pine are grown world wide in plantations as a source of lumber, only a few small native forests exist in the entire world--three located on the California Central Coast and two on small islands off Mexico.
		The destruction of Monterey pine forest by development is especially significant because of the rapid spread of pine pitch canker, an exotic disease for which there is no known cure.
	ventana.sierraclub.org /archive/mtrypine.htm (1444 words)

	DCQ Fall Equinox 1999 --
		The three remaining native Monterey pine forests in the world are found on the Central Coast, with the largest, in Monterey County, occupying habitat at the north end of the Santa Lucia Range in the Carmel Highlands and Point Lobos area as well as the greater Monterey Peninsula.
		California's native Monterey pine forests are diverse and rich habitats that have evolved over millions of years of changing climatic and ecological conditions.
		Pine pitch canker, an introduced fungal disease, is expected to devastate the remaining native populations of Monterey pine by reducing the tree population 85% or more.
	www.ventanawild.org /news/fe99/mpine.html (547 words)

	Biodiversity News - Vol.4 No.3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Public education about ways to slow the spread of pine pitch canker disease infecting Monterey pine and other trees in coastal California's counties is one of the best available means for controlling the fungus, the California Biodiversity Council was advised at its meeting in December.
		Pine pitch canker, which attacks woody parts of trees, such as branches, trunks, and cones, has infected trees in 17 coastal and adjacent counties from San Diego to Mendocino.
		In December, the Pine Pitch Canker Task Force of local, state, federal, and nonprofit entities advised California residents to take precautions when disposing of Monterey pine, being careful not to take the trees out of the area where they were purchased.
	ceres.ca.gov /biodiv/newsletter/v4n3/pine_pitch_canker.html (454 words)

	California Biodiversity News - Vol.4 No.2
		The insidious pine pitch canker disease, carried by 10 species of bark, cone, and twig beetles, has killed hundreds of trees, and no end is in sight.
		Monterey pine has grown naturally in California since pre-historic times, but today, most of it is planted, except for three native stands -- Monterey, Ano Nuevo State Reserve north of Santa Cruz and Cambria, a community north of San Luis Obispo.
		Because there is no cure for pine pitch canker, and eradication is not a viable option, the task force is focusing on public education and research, and already have held two symposiums.
	ceres.ca.gov /biodiversity/newsletter/v4n2/pitch_canker.html (866 words)

	Pitch Canker Task Force - Monterey pine bibliography
		The bibliography is annotated by topic area and focuses on topics that are relevant to the ecology and management of native Monterey pine forest in California.
		An evaluation of California's native Monterey pine populations and the potential for sustainability.
		The Monterey ecological staircase: the nature of vegetation and soils on different geomorphic surfaces of the Monterey Peninsula with an emphasis on Monterey pine forest.
	frap.cdf.ca.gov /pitch_canker/research/mpbiblio.html (3336 words)

	Ventana archive -- Pebble Beach
		Monterey pine forest began its evolutionary journey some 25 million years ago in the highlands of what is now Mexico, migrating northward over the eons into what is today California.
		The native Monterey pine forest is a rare and unique forest ecosystem which is found only in three locations on the coast of California and two small islands off the coast of Baja.
		Experts recommend protection of the Monterey pine partly because its gene pool is one of the most important sources worldwide for planted timber farms which slow destruction of the tropical rainforest.
	ventana.sierraclub.org /archive/peblbch.htm (1773 words)

	Planting Monterey Pine in San Luis Obispo
		Only three native Monterey Pine forests remain in the world and they are all located on the coast of California.
		Monterey Pine is a threatened species largely due to habitat loss.
		The cones of Monterey Pine are serotinous, that is the seeds are released by fire.
	www.geog.mcgill.ca /gis/306_final_projects/anderson/anderson_index.html (890 words)

	Plant Communities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Monterey pine grows to a height of 25-35 meters, symetrical when young, with an irregular rounded crown with age (60-80 years).
		The Monterey pine is one of the closed-cone pines: the cones do not open when the seeds ripen.
		Monterey cypress is widely planted as a landscape tree throughout the west coast.
	pt-lobos.parks.state.ca.us /nathis/Plants.htm (1784 words)

	FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES - No. 30
		The pine population on Guadalupe Island, Mexico's westernmost land, is one of only five native populations of Monterey pine (Figure 1).
		Monterey (or radiata) pine is currently grown in plantation culture on over 4.1 million hectares worldwide, primarily in the southern hemisphere countries of New Zealand, Chile, Australia, Argentina, and South Africa.
		Although these and other countries where Monterey pine is grown commercially have their own advanced-generation stock and seed banks, the native gene pools in California and Mexico remain of interest.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/005/Y4341E/Y4341E07.htm (1756 words)

	040312-1
		The P.B. Co. wants to clear about 100 acres of Monterey pine forest to build a new golf course, while putting 492 acres of the forest into a preserve — a tradeoff which was approved by county voters in 2000 but which the coastal commission staff is apparently trying to stop in its tracks.
		Another expert on the Monterey pine, Stephen Staub, head of the statewide pitch canker task force, said the 85 percent figure was “a bad extrapolation from an early result 10 years ago.” He said even the 30 percent mortality figure cited by Gordon was probably too high.
		Her 2002 paper, “In Situ Genetic Conservation of the Monterey Pine,” called for maximum protection of native pine in Monterey County and outlined 18 steps for preservation of the remaining forest.
	www.carmelpinecone.com /040312-1.html (1280 words)

	Help control pitch canker by disposing of Christmas trees promptly
		pines are bushy and can be shaped into a cone for Christmas, mature Monterey Pines grow 50 to 100 feet tall, are often multi-trunked and carry all their vegetation high in tufts.
		Gordon’s research at UC Davis has determined that gray pine, coulter pine, Torrey pine, ponderosa pine, shore pine and Douglas-fir are susceptible to pitch canker when they are exposed to the disease in growth chambers.
		Gordon and UC Berkeley entomologist David Wood have found some Monterey pine trees to be naturally resistant to pitch canker and some trees observed over many years have only a very limited amount of damage caused by the fungus.
	news.ucanr.org /storyshow.cfm?story=628&printver=yes (737 words)

	Biogeography of the Monterey pine
		Monterey pines grow naturally on Guadalupe Island off the coast of Baja Cal. and Monterey and Santa Cruz coast in California.
		Both Monterey and Bishop pines are limited to fog belt regions, but the Bishop is found in a more northern distribution.
		The Monterey pine is prone to disease especially found heavily in Santa Cruz County where the fungus was first discovered in the summer of 1986.
	bss.sfsu.edu /holzman/courses/Fall00Projects/montpine.htm (1194 words)

	Marin CNPS - Junior Botanist Study Kit - Trees - Monterey Pine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Monterey pines have three needles in a bundle.
		Monterey pines are not native to Marin, though they are of course native to California.
		The mnemonic device is 3 needles - 3 syllables (Monterey), 2 needles - 2 syllables (Bishop).
	www.marin.cc.ca.us /cnps/MontereyPine.html (136 words)

	Trees in Talland Bay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Monterey Pine's native territory is that of a few exposed rocky headlands and islands on the Pacific coast of California where the northerly cold ocean current creates heavy fogs rolling in from the sea, moderating the temperature of what is essentially a Mediterranean frost-free climate, at the latitude of Gibraltar.
		The young Monterey Pine has a bushy, shrubby form quite unlike the mature tree which has tall trunks and all its vegetation carried high.
		However, there is a problem; many of the Monterey Pines planted at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries have now reached old age and are - literally - falling down or dying and becoming gaunt skeletons against the skyline.
	www.talland.org /trees.html (532 words)

	ICPP98 Paper Number 3.7.30 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Diseased pine seedlings show chlorotic or reddish brown needles and wilting due to the development of girdling cankers on the stem, often resulting in mortality in the nursery or upon outplanting.
		Shoot dieback in the upper crown of the 20-year-old radiata pines was the main symptom.
		The disease is causing the mortality of radiata pine seedlings in bare-root nurseries.
	www.bspp.org.uk /icpp98/3.7/30.html (582 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF AIRBORNE CONIDIA OF FUSARIUM CIRCINATUM, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pine pitch canker disease, caused by the fungus Fusarium circinatum, is a major threat to the commercial production of Monterey pine.
		Pine pitch canker was first detected in the Southeastern U.S., but it has rapidly spread to California, Mexico, South Africa, Japan and Chile.
		Pine pitch canker, caused by the ascomycete fungus Fusarium circinatum, is a major threat to commercial production of Monterey pine.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=151014&pf=1 (558 words)

	Pine Pitch Canker - Safe Christmas Tree Disposal
		MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA, December 10, 1996 -- California residents are being advised by a statewide task force to take precautions when disposing of their Christmas trees this year to help control the spread of pine pitch canker, an incurable disease that has killed thousands of Monterey pine trees.
		Pine pitch canker, a fungal disease recently introduced to California, causes dieback and mortality in native and ornamental pine trees.
		If you choose a live Monterey pine and decide to keep it, purchase it locally and do not transport it outside the area.
	frap.cdf.ca.gov /pitch_canker/news_press/xmas_tree.html (334 words)

	Pinaceae (Pine Family)
		There are only 3 known native stands of Monterey Pine left in the Monterey Peninsula area, and these are threatened by a new strain of pine-pitch canker, that has been showing up in planted groves throughout the state.
		Many of the Monterey Pines planted in the MidCoast communities have developed canker, and we are monitoring the trees in the parks that have also contrtacted it.
		The Monterey Pines on Montara Mountain, and others throughout the San Mateo County MidCoast, were first planted by ranchers in the 1800's, and have established large colonies since then.
	plants.montara.com /ListPages/FamPages/Pina.html (378 words)

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