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	Montesquieu
		It is partly due to the brilliance of Montesquieu that the United States of America has descended into serious civil bloodshed only one time in over 200 years.
		"Montesquieu advocated constitutionalism, the preservation of civil liberties, the abolition of slavery, gradualism, moderation, peace, internationalism, social and economic justice with due respect to national and local tradition.
		Society makes them lose it, and they recover it only by the protection of laws."
	www.rjgeib.com /thoughts/montesquieu/montesquieu.html (174 words)

	Baron de Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Montesquieu's emphasis on the connection between liberty and the details of the criminal law were unusual among his contemporaries, and inspired such later legal reformers as Cesare Beccaria.
		Kingston, Rebecca: Montesquieu and the Parlement of Bordeaux.
		Durkheim, Emile: Montesquieu and Rouseau: Forerunners of Sociology.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/montesquieu (7396 words)

	Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Montesquieu is believed to have been a powerful influence on many of the American Founders, most notably James Madison, and English translations of his books remain in print to this day (Cambridge University Press edition: ISBN 0-521-36974-6).
		Montesquieu's most radical work divided French society into three classes (or trias politica, a term he coined): the monarchy, the aristocracy, and the commons.
		His views have also been abused by modern revisionists; for instance, even though Montesquieu was ahead of his time as an ardent opponent of slavery, he has been quoted out of context in attempts to show he supported it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Charles_de_Secondat,_Baron_de_Montesquieu (1082 words)

	Faculty Webserver - Disclaimer
		Montesquieu was not as pessimist as Hobbes, but he believed that a government based on fear is fundamentally corrupt and in danger of political ruin.
		Montesquieu’s executive power over the civil right is judicial power because it is seen form the point of view of the punishment, rather than the point of view to set out regulations.
		Montesquieu, living in a country where the courts were generally the tools of the monarch, he saw the need to insist on so vital a principle.
	faculty.saintleo.edu /reynolds/POL223-F03/articles/Montesquieu.htm (5066 words)

	MONTESQUIEU AND THE MINE: AN IMAGE OF EQUILIBRIUM
		Montesquieu thus looks beyond the immediate profit to be earned from the mine itself and considers its broader implications, concluding that even a very poor mine contributes to Hungary’s economy and deserves the support of its ruler.
		Montesquieu’s ideal of a balanced system of government, in which some factors serve to balance and counteract others, is, of course, one of his most famous ideas.
		Montesquieu’s attention to interrelationships, his admiration for stability, his mistrust of arbitrariness and hastiness, the importance he attributes to a set of fixed values: all of these are characteristics of the entirety of his writings.
	tell.fll.purdue.edu /RLA-Archive/1992/French-html/Iverson,John.htm (4271 words)

	Analysis of Part III of Montesquieu's Esprit des Lois
		Montesquieu continues to the effect that the interpenetration of "public" into personal space is lessened under the several "moderate" regimes, reaching a minimum in the democratic republic where the property of the citizen is inviolable and where, in matters of civil law, the "public" comes to be treated just like an individual citizen (cf.
		Particularly germane to Montesquieu's concern were the moments of agent and patient, location and time, etc.; that is the fundamental characteristics or "forms of being" of collective and individual human activity which had been recognized, for instance, by the classical dramatists.
		Montesquieu suggests that his own contribution here is the recognition of the effects of the gradual change of the climate from southern to northern Europe, when compared to the extremes of the Asiatic climates.
	www.wright.edu /~gordon.welty/Montesquieu_83.htm (3519 words)

	Montesquieu - Simple English Wikipedia
		Montesquieu saw that there were two types of powers: the sovereign and the administrative.
		Montesquieu believed that the best form of government was a monarchy, and he thought the British constitution was ideal.
		While he endorsed the idea that a woman could run a government, he thought that she could not be effective as the head of a family.
	simple.wikipedia.org /wiki/Montesquieu (691 words)

	Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu : Montesquieu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Montesquieu's motto was, "Liberty is the stepchild of privilege." This allowed Montesquieu to defend the constitutional monarch as he claimed it was governed by honor.
		Montesquieu's most radical work situated the three French classes into a "checks and balances", a term he coined, of three sovereignties; the monarchy, the aristocracy, and the commons.
		Montesquieu's thought was a powerful influence on many of the American Founders, most notably James Madison.
	www.wordlookup.net /mo/montesquieu.html (454 words)

	SSRN-Montesquieu's Mistakes and the True Meaning of Separation by Laurence Claus
		The liberty of which Montesquieu spoke is directly promoted by apportioning power among political actors in a way that minimizes opportunities for those actors to determine conclusively the reach of their own powers.
		Montesquieu's constitution of liberty is the constitution that most plausibly establishes the rule of law.
		Montesquieu rightly saw that liberty from the arbitrary exercise of power would be served by apportioning power among multiple actors, but he thought the apportionment sustainable only if along essentialist lines.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=558816 (617 words)

	An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States
		Montesquieu was born in the eighteenth century at le château de la brède and later became baron of brède.
		There Montesquieu says, “…We are subject to divine laws as intelligent beings, to natural laws as natural beings, and to political and civil laws as subjects of some particular government…” (p.11).
		Montesquieu begins his discussion of commerce by presuming the relations of equality and inequality that result from the political structure.
	web.syr.edu /~ssgoz/montesquieu.htm (1801 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Montesquieu,
		Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de A Dictionary of Sociology...
		Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de (1689–1755) Best known for his satirical commentary on early eighteenth century Parisian life (the Persian Letters, 1721) and for his later masterpiece The Spirit of the Laws (1748), Montesquieu was a leading figure of the French...
		Montesquieu's complex natural right and moderate liberalism: the roots of American moderation *.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Montesquieu, (833 words)

	The Infidels - Montesquieu
		Montesquieu is believed to have been a powerful influence on many of the American Founders, most notably James Madison, and English translations of his books remain in print to this day (Cambridge University Press edition: ISBN 0521369746).
		Montesquieu's most radical work divided French society into three classes (or trias politica, a term he coined): the monarchy, the aristocracy, and the commons.
		It was Montesquieu's philosophy that "government should be set up so that no man need be afraid of another" that prompted the creators of the Constitution to divide the U.S. government into three separate branches.
	www.theinfidels.org /zunb-montesquieu.htm (894 words)

	SSRN-Montesquieu's Mistakes and the True Meaning of Separation by Laurence Claus
		The liberty of which Montesquieu spoke is directly promoted by apportioning power among political actors in a way that minimizes opportunities for those actors to determine conclusively the reach of their own powers.
		Montesquieu concluded that this constitution could best be achieved, and had been achieved in Britain, by assigning three fundamentally different governmental activities to different actors.
		Montesquieu rightly saw that liberty from the arbitrary exercise of power would be served by apportioning power among multiple actors, but he thought the apportionment sustainable only if along essentialist lines.
	www.ssrn.com /abstract=558816 (616 words)

	Malaspina Great Books - Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689)
		Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu was a French political thinker who lived during the Enlightenment and articulated the theory of separation of powers which is the basis for the United States Constitution.
		Montesquieu's family was of noble rank; his grandfather, President of the Bordeaux Parliament,; his father, a member of the royal bodyguard, and his mother, Marie de Penel, who died when he was eleven, traced her ancestry to an old English family.
		Montesquieu's reputation became universal,; and he was able to enjoy peacefully the homage it brought him until his death, for which he prepared himself by receiving the sacraments of the Church, and showing every outward mark of perfect obedience to her laws.
	www.malaspina.org /home.asp?topic=./search/details&lastpage=./search/results&ID=164 (2111 words)

	Jiskha Homework Help - English: Authors: Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
		Though in later years he was to find a juster point of view, his witty criticisms in their lively setting of romance and sensualism, quite to the taste of that age, assured a great success for the "Lettres persanes".
		Montesquieu's motto was, freedom-Liberty is the stepchild of privilege.
		Montesquieu argued that the monarchs could become too passionate and the commons were too big and too egalitarian to rule properly.
	www.jiskha.com /english/authors/montesquieu.html (1764 words)

	Did Montesquieu use the Bible?
		In his famous work The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu became the first to articulate in a detailed way the doctrine of separation of powers (i.e., the theory that liberty is best protected when government distributes executive, legislative, and judicial power among three branches of government, so that no one branch can control all three).
		By all accounts America's founding fathers were deeply influenced by Montesquieu; citations to Montesquieu pop up with great frequency in the political discourse of revolutionary America, and his work was a major justification for the structure of the American Constitution.
		It is difficult to argue that Montesquieu based his theory of divided powers on Isaiah and Jeremiah when he doesn't quote from these books, and when he bases his examples on other sources.
	members.tripod.com /~candst/tnppage/montesquieu.htm (612 words)

	Montesquieu
		Montesquieu is saying that he intends to show that the "spring" (the foundation, or what drives it) of a republican govenment is POLITICAL VIRTUE, which should not be confused with moral or Christian virtue; and that the "spring" of a monarchy is honor.
		Montesquieu clearly states his goal and the government's goal is not to lead men into the afterlife.
		[Montesquieu] rejects the criticism that he had not mentioned original sin because he was writing a political and not a theological treatise.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/imodes/monty.htm (3994 words)

	biopage/montesquieu
		Montesquieu's full title was Baron de la Brede et de Montesquieu.
		Montesquieu called the idea of dividing government power into three branches the "separation of powers." He thought it most important to create
		Despite Montesquieu's belief in the principles of a democracy, he did not feel that all people were equal.
	score.rims.k12.ca.us /score_lessons/growth_of_democratic/html/biopage_montesquieu.htm (271 words)

	Montesquieu Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Montesquieu endowed his travelers with the foreign, commonsense understanding necessary to effectively criticize European (French) customs and institutions, yet he also gave to his Persians the foibles and weaknesses necessary to make his readers recognize in them their own weaknesses.
		According to Montesquieu, Rome achieved greatness because of the martial virtues of its citizens and the flexibility of its institutions, which could be modified to correct political and social abuses.
		Montesquieu's history may not have been scientific in the modern sense, but despite the criticism leveled against it, it was his search for general causal factors that helped to lay the basis for the secularization of historical studies.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/montesquieu (1380 words)

	Montesquieu's Philosophy of Liberalism
		...Montesquieu examined at length the kind of republicanism he considered the greatest challenge to his principles, that characterized by extensive direct political participation, de-emphasis of material prosperity, and a deep sense of community....He focused on the passion of public spirit or 'virtue' which animates such a community.
		In this examination of political virtue Montesquieu became the unknowing founder of the moral-political tradition to which the new, as well as the old, Left's attack on liberalism is the heir....Montesquieu gave a theoretical account of virtue as egalitarian and of participatory democracy as the only truly virtuous regime.
		His publications include Montesquieu's Philosophy of Liberalism (1973,1989), The Laws of Plato (1979), The Roots of Political Philosophy, editor (1987), The Spirit of Modern Republicanism (1988), The Ennobling of Democracy (1992), Political Philosophy and the God of Abraham (2003).
	www.ou.edu /cas/psc/bookpangle.htm (1062 words)

	Search Results for "Montesquieu"
		1) Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de la Brede et de.
		Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de la Brède et de, (sharl lwe d skoNda´ baroN´ d la bred a d moNteskyu´) (KEY), 1689-1755, French jurist and political...
		Montesquieu, Charles, Baron de (MON-tuh-skyooh, monn-tes-KYEU) An eighteenth-century French political philosopher.
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=Montesquieu (284 words)

	Jacob Bonowski + Baron de Montesquieu
		It was also on this date, January 18, 1689, that French jurist and nobleman Charles de Secondat, Baron de la Brède et de Montesquieu was born in Bordeaux of a wealthy family.
		Montesquieu was a Deist, and did not directly criticize the Church, but was quietly critical.
		As he lay dying, on 10 February 1755, Montesquieu reluctantly allowed a priest to administer the sacrament, so the Catholic Encyclopedia claims him — even while admitting he was publicly indifferent to religion his entire life.
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/0118almanac.htm (583 words)

	Montesquieu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		He became counselor of the Bordeaux parliament in 1714 and was its president from 1716 to 1728.
		The reputation acquired by Montesquieu through this work and several others of lesser importance led to his election to the French Academy in 1728.
		Montesquieu also held that governmental powers should be separated and balanced to guarantee individual rights and freedom.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/M/montesquieu/1.html (251 words)

	Learning Commons - What is Culture? - Glossary Item - Montesquieu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Charles Louis de Secondat (1689-1755), Baron de la Brede et de Montesquieu, was a French political thinker, author, and judge whose writings had a deep influence on Liberalism.
		Unlike Arnold, Montesquieu had a more relative view of culture and human nature; he argued that political systems should reflect the cultural principals of a given human society.
		Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws (1748) advocated the separation of governmental powers, a doctrine which had a major influence on the U.S. constitution.
	www.wsu.edu:8001 /vcwsu/commons/topics/culture/glossary/montesquieu.html (90 words)

	Future Human Evolution - Political Philosophy Montesquieu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Charles Louis de Montesquieu (1689-1755) further developed Locke's idea of a political system that will guarantee the preservation of natural law in his The Spirit of the Laws.
		Montesquieu articulated the system of separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial that we recognize in the U.S. system of checks and balances.
		They should be in relation to the nature and principle of each government; whether they for it, as may be said of political laws; or whether they support it, as in the case of civil institutions.
	www.human-evolution.org /politicsmontesquieu1.php (2169 words)

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