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Topic: Montgomery Bus Boycott

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	King Encyclopedia
		Sparked by the arrest of Rosa Parks on 1 December 1955, the Montgomery bus boycott was an eleven-month mass protest that ended with the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that public bus segregation is unconstitutional.
		The bus boycott demonstrated the potential for nonviolent mass protest to successfully challenge racial segregation and served as an example for other southern campaigns that followed.
		King's role in the bus boycott garnered international attention, and the MIA's tactics of combining mass nonviolent protest with a Christian tone became the model for challenging segregation in the South, a strategy highlighted by King in Stride Toward Freedom, his 1958 memoir of the boycott.
	www.stanford.edu /group/King/about_king/encyclopedia/bus_boycott.html (817 words)

	Montgomery Bus Boycott: 1956
		According to the bus company receipts, about 90 percent of the fls who usually rode the buses joined the boycott and found other means of transportation.
		The Montgomery bus Boycott was a very significant event in the civil rights movement which spanned the 1950's and 60's.
		In particular, the boycott gave Martin Luther King a position of leadership within the national movement and showed that the nonviolent method of protest was effective.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/USA/MontBus.html (499 words)

	ADAH: Alabama Moments (Montgomery Bus Boycott--Details)
		Montgomery's segregationist ordinance and established practice in the city required that fls sit in the last ten rows of seats on the bus and that whites sit in the first ten rows.
		Because the bus was crowded she sat in the middle section.
		Opposition by white authorities to the boycott was not limited to their refusal to accede to the demands of the boycotters.
	www.alabamamoments.state.al.us /sec55det.html (1701 words)

	What was the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
		The bus drivers, all of who were white, treated fls with racist and abusive attitudes, often calling their passengers derogatory names such as "nigger", "fl cow", and "fl ape".
		The law stated that fls could not sit in the front of the bus, regardless of whether the seats were empty or not.
		Though the years of segregation of the bus was the object of discontentment in many fl lives, the group failed to unite and protest these laws because of many factors.
	home.att.net /~reniqua/what.html (1642 words)

	::Montgomery Bus Boycott:: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In Montgomery, Alabama, buses were segregated (as was common elsewhere in the South) with specific areas on a bus reserved for white customers and other seats for fl customers.
		As early as 1954, twenty-five local associations in Montgomery had informed the city’s mayor, W A Gayle, that a city-wide boycott of the city’s buses was being planned.
		In 1943, Parks had paid her fare to a bus driver who told her to get on the bus by its rear door as ‘fl’ seats were always at the back of a bus.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /montgomery_bus_boycott.htm (1511 words)

	Montgomery Bus Boycott - Story of Montgomery Bus Boycott
		The protest was first organized by the Women's Political Council as a one-day boycott to coincide with the trial of Rosa Parks, who had been arrested on December 1, 1955, for refusing to give up her seat to a white man on a segregated Montgomery bus.
		The Montgomery Bus Boycott followed King's credo of nonviolent resistance, even in the face of a police crackdown and attempts by white supremacists to undermine the protest.
		Montgomery police threatened to arrest taxi drivers giving discount rates to the fl riders, and when the MIA arranged carpools, the police systematically harassed drivers, arresting them for allegedly going too fast or too slow.
	www.africanaonline.com /montgomery.htm (1184 words)

	MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT
		Boycotters were arrested on the sidewalks for disterbing public areas, and the KKK, as well as other organizations were all trying to defeat the boycott.
		More than 66% of the bus riders were fl, yet there were very few bus stops in the fl neighborhoods, while there was one on every corner in the white neighborhoods.
		In the simulation it shows how Rosa Parks gets on the bus, and the bus driver asks Rosa to give up her seat for a white man. She refuses and then is arrested for disobeying the law.
	l3d.cs.colorado.edu /systems/agentsheets/New-Vista/bus-boycott (2247 words)

	USATODAY.com - Parks not seated alone in history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		She was arrested for refusing to give her seat on a city bus to a white passenger — nine months before Rosa Parks' same act of quiet defiance launched the Montgomery Bus Boycott in December 1955.
		That belief is shared by Fred Gray, the chief legal strategist of the bus boycott, which lasted for 381 days until the city ended its policy of segregation on buses.
		They — and all the ordinary Montgomery fls who made the boycott succeed — will be honored Thursday at a reception marking the opening of a Smithsonian Institution traveling exhibit on Rosa Parks and the bus boycott.
	www.usatoday.com /news/nation/2005-11-28-montgomery-bus-boycott_x.htm (1126 words)

	A A World . Reference Room . Articles . Montgomery Bus Boycott \| PBS
		The Montgomery Bus Boycott was staged to protest the segregation of city buses in Montgomery, Alabama.
		In the end, the boycott was a complete success, with the Supreme Court declaring in November 1956 that the segregation of public buses was unconstitutional.
		The Montgomery Bus Boycott was the beginning of nonviolent, direct action in the U.S. and thrust the civil rights movement --and with it, Martin Luther King, Jr.
	pbs.org /wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/montgomery_bus_boycott.html (314 words)

	Montgomery Bus Boycott
		In one of the ironies of the boycott story, Parks (Gray's constant lunch companion) was not in fact a named plaintiff in the constitutional test case she had inspired.
		The Montgomery Bus Boycott led by the Montgomery Improvement Association was an example of such a coalition and it remains, to this day, one of the best models for victorious struggle in the history of working people in the United States.
		The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a demonstration of the power of Black Unity in action independent of and not reliant to the Democratic and Republican Parties.
	www.holtlaborlibrary.org /BusBoycott.htm (4660 words)

	KAM Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		She was sitting in the middle section, resting her feet after a long day's work when a white man boarded the bus and demanded that her row be cleared because the white section was full.
		The boycott was set for December 5, the day of Parks's trial, but some prominent members of Montgomery's fl community realized that here was a chance to take a firm stand on segregation.
		As a result, the Montgomery Improvement Association was formed to organize a boycott that would continue until the bus segregation laws were changed.
	www.geocities.com /CollegePark/Classroom/9912/rosaparks.html (741 words)

	Montgomery Bus Boycott-All About Montgomery Bus Boycott
		Many white bus drivers treated fls rudely, often cursing them and humiliating them by enforcing the city's segregation laws, which forced fl riders to sit in the back of buses and give up their seats to white passengers on crowded buses.
		Martin Luther King was soon chosen as president of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), the organization that directed the bus boycott.
		The Montgomery bus boycott lasted for more than a year, demonstrating a new spirit of protest among Southern fls.
	www.africanaonline.com /mlk_montgomery.htm (454 words)

	Alabama Archives: Teacher Packet
		On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a fl seamstress, was arrested for refusing to obey a Montgomery bus driver's order to give her seat up for a boarding white passenger as required by city ordinance.
		Outrage in Montgomery's fl community over the arrest of Rosa Parks sparked a boycott against the city's bus line -- the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the beginning of the modern Civil Rights Movement.
		Document 4, tell the students that these items were presented to the Montgomery City Council in 1955 prior to the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
	www.archives.state.al.us /teacher/rights/rights1.html (734 words)

	TROY Montgomery: The Montgomery Bus Boycott (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		On Thursday, December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a public bus to a white man. In response, the Women's Political Council distributed fliers throughout the community urging African-Americans to boycott the bus line on the day of Mrs.
		That evening a meeting was held at the Holt Street Baptist Church at which it was decided that continuing the bus boycott would be an effective way to protest the segregated bus service.
		Despite the strong participation in the boycott and the financial hardship experienced by the bus company, the laws were not changed.
	montgomery.troy.edu /museum/busboycott.htm (271 words)

	The Montgomery Children's Walk - December 1, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The goal is for 3,000-5,000 children from Alabama to walk from the Rosa Parks Museum to the Alabama state capitol, to teach children about the legacy of the Montgomery Bus Boycott and to lead students to positive social activism.
		This original film made in 2002 by HBO is a dramtization of the Bus Boycott.
		A brief essay on the Montgomery Bus Boycott with bibliography.
	www.montgomerychildrenswalk.org /boycott.html (465 words)

	Montgomery
		One particular area of resentment amongst Montgomery fls of that era was the segregation law of the bus system.
		These included, leaking false reports that the boycott was over, violence, and eventally arresting fls for several misdemanor offenses.
		Yet the movement was not over yet since the Montgomery county lawyers immediately stated that they were going to appeal the decision in the Supreme Court.
	www.dadalos.org /int/Vorbilder/vorbilder/mlk/montgomery.htm (1691 words)

	Montgomery Bus Boycott: Teaching for Change
		Recognizing the citizens of Montgomery does not discount the actions of the politically astute Rosa Parks, but rather puts her in context of a greater social struggle for justice.
		Daybreak of Freedom: The Montgomery Bus Boycott reverberates with the voices of those closest to the bus boycott, ranging from King and his inner circle, to Jo Ann Robinson and other women leaders who started the protest, to the maids, cooks, and other "foot soldiers" who carries out the struggle.
		Rivers of Change: The Legacy of Five Unheralded Women in Montgomery and their Struggle for Justice and Dignity©” is about the struggles of five unknown women that were instrumental in starting and ending the Montgomery bus boycott.
	www.teachingforchange.org /busboycott/busboycott.htm (1265 words)

	Montgomery Bus Boycott
		The Montgomery Advertiser article (December 4, 1955) reporting the start of the Boycott.
		Document 3: Text of flyer circulated by Montgomery Improvement Association following settlement of boycott, December 19, 1956.
		The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It: The Memory of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson.
	wings.buffalo.edu /cas/aas/ANNOUNCE/vra/montgomery.html (1786 words)

	Digital History
		When the boycott started, community leaders arranged for 18 fl taxis in the city to carry passengers for the same 10 cent fare as a bus.
		Her education was cut short by her mother's illness, and she went to work at a textile plant, where she became a seamstress.
		In 1943, she was evicted from a city bus for boarding through the front door; fl passengers were forced to pay at the front, get off, and reenter through the rear.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /database/article_display.cfm?HHID=359 (609 words)

	Amazon.com: Inside the Montgomery Bus Boycott: Books: Uriah J. Fields (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		African Americans ended the 382-day long bus boycott and returned to riding integrated buses after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Alabama's segregation laws were unconstitutional.
		What happened during the bus boycott and in the early days of bus desegregation that included die-hard segregationists bombing of four churches and two parsonages in the wee hours of the morning of January 10, 1957 is the matter of this book.
		URIAH J. FIELDS was a founder and the original secretary of the Montgomery Improvement Association that directed the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the pastor of the Bell Street Baptist Church that was bombed by rabid segregationists who opposed bus desegregation.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1588516342?v=glance (1175 words)

	The Montgomery Bus Boycott \| Our Word
		That was the day when the fls of Montgomery, Alabama, decided that they would boycott the city buses until they could sit anywhere they wanted, instead of being relegated to the back when a white boarded.
		After her traumatic experience on the bus in 1949, she tried to start a protest but was shocked when other Women's Political Council members brushed off the incident as "a fact of life in Montgomery." After the Supreme Court's Brown decision in 1954, she wrote a letter to the mayor of Montgomery
		From Rosa Parks, who refused to move to the back of the bus in Montgomery, Alabama, [applause] to Mary Church Terrill who, at the age of eighty-six, filed suit against the Thompson restaurants in the city of Washington, DC, which was a segregated city.
	ourword.org /node/661 (2944 words)

	From Small Beginnings: The Montgomery Bus Boycott
		In protest, leading figures in the fl community created a new organization, the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), called for a boycott of the buses and selected a 26-year-old clergyman as the spokesman for their cause.
		The day after the Supreme Court informed state and local officials of their decision in favor of the protesters, King and other boycott leaders quietly boarded a bus and without incident occupied seats near the front in a section that had previously been reserved for whites only.
		In the days before he boarded the bus to signal victory, King authored a memo that the MIA distributed widely.
	facstaff.uww.edu /mohanp/ethnic9d.html (970 words)

	Montgomery Bus Boycott
		As I got up on the bus and walked to the seat I saw there was only one vacancy that was just back of where it was considered the white section.
		The third stop is when all the front seats were taken, and this one man was standing and when the driver looked around and saw he was standing, he asked the four of us, the man in the seat with me and the two women across the aisle, to let him have those front seats.
		When the resolution on continuing the boycott of the bus was read, there came a wild whoop of delight.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAmontgomeryB.htm (2971 words)

	Montgomery Homepage
		The Montgomery bus boycott looms as a formative turning point of the twentieth century: harbinger of the African American freedom movement, which in turn inspired movements for freedom around the globe; springboard for the leadership of Martin Luther King Jr.
		The bus boycott stands for all times as one of humankind’s supreme democrtatic moments, a monumental struggle to actualize the American dream of freedom, equality and constitutionalism.
		Rosa Parks, to take her place at the back of a city bus when the driver demanded it, this grass-roots movement led by the young Martin Luther King lasted for just over a year, from 1955 to late in the next year.
	home.att.net /~reniqua (407 words)

	New York Post Online Edition: Learncenter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Even though they paid the same fare as whites, African-Americans were allow to sit only in the back of the bus in the “colored” section, and they had to surrender their seat if a white person wanted it.
		On Dec. 1, 1955, Parks boarded a bus after a long day of work, walking past the empty front section of the bus that was reserved for whites only, to take a seat in the “colored” section in the rear of the bus.
		Parks recalled that this was the same bus driver who would not allow her to enter a bus through the front door 12 years earlier.
	www.nypost.com /learncenter/cextra/102605/class.htm (673 words)

	December 5, 1955: Montgomery Bus Boycott (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Montgomery Improvement Association, with twenty-six-year-old Martin Luther King, Jr.
		as its president, organized a year-long boycott that led the Alabama Supreme Court to declare segregation in public transportation unconstitutional.
		The boycott, which compelled participants to either walk or form car pools, nearly bankrupted the local bus company, since the majority of its customers were fl.
	www.usm.edu /crdp/html/cd/bus.htm (56 words)

	Today in History: December 1
		Her arrest sparked a 381-day boycott of the Montgomery bus system and led to a 1956 Supreme Court decision banning segregation on public transportation.
		The couple was active in the Montgomery Chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
		A one-day bus boycott coinciding with Parks's December 5 court date resulted in an overwhelming African American boycott of the bus system.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/today/dec01.html (1294 words)

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