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Topic: Montreal Crusader castle

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Al Karak

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	Montreal - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Montreal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Montreal, the second-largest city in Canada, was founded as a base for explorers and traders in 1642.
		Montreal, the second-largest city in Canada, is a major seaport along the St Lawrence River and Seaway, which links the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean.
		A major seaport on the St Lawrence River and Seaway, Montreal is the second-largest city in Canada.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Montreal (1122 words)

	Aramco ExPats - Crusader Castles
		Where the castle was built on flat ground, such as in coastal areas, they were given a sloping apron or plinth known as a talus that extended from the outer walls.
		Where the castle was on a mountain or hill the walls were brought to the edge of the cliff.
		As the principle of active defense took hold, castles were equipped with a number of sally ports -- small fortified gateways placed as posterns in the main gates and in the reentrant angles between the towers and the curtain walls.
	www.aramcoexpats.com /Content.aspx?ContentID=115 (5606 words)

	Kerak
		Construction of the Crusader castle began in the 1140s, under Paganus, the butler of King Fulk.
		Paganus was also Lord of Oultrejordain (Transjordan), and Kerak became the centre of his power, replacing the weaker castle of Montreal to the south.
		In 1184 Saladin besieged the castle in response to Raynald's attacks.
	www.paleorama.com /Lakes-K/Kerak.php (445 words)

	Montreal (Crusader castle) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Montreal was a Crusader castle located in "Idumaea" (Edom) on the eastern side of the Jordan river.
		The castle was built in 1115 by Baldwin I of Jerusalem during his expedition to the area (during which he captured Aqaba on the Red Sea in 1116).
		Raynald used the castle to attack the rich caravans that had previously been allowed to pass unharmed; he also built ships there, then transported them overland to the Red Sea, planning to attack Mecca itself.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Montreal_(Crusader_castle) (340 words)

	Montreal (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Island of Montreal, an island in the province of Quebec
		Montreal Lake, Saskatchewan, a lake and a settlement
		Montreal Screwjob, an infamous unscripted incident in professional wrestling which took place on November 9, 1997
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Montreal_(disambiguation) (153 words)

	Ammar Khammash Archives - Shobak
		The way in which this castle uses its natural elegant pedestal, both for acquiring its magnificent vertical scale for defense and for benefiting from cool spring water, is part of the overall charming qualities of this monument.
		At the castle entrance, on the eastern elevation, is one of the towers with beautiful Arabic calligraphy, using big size letters braded in the Mamluk stile and dated to the later rebuilding works of 1290s.
		The castle plays with its surrounding in an amusing way, windows whistling in the wind, partially collapsed openings squeezing the outside glare to draw shapes of sun on flooring stones, and rooms where the end wall has fallen in the deep valley below.
	mahjoob.com /ammar/ak04082002a.htm (730 words)

	Albigensian Crusade (1209-1255)
		Montfort's crusaders did not conduct a massacre, but forced the residents of Carcassonne to to depart the walled city, "taking nothing but their sins." Roger III de Trencavel's wife and young son (Raymond-Roger IV) took refuge with the comte de Foix, whose sister, Esclarmonde, was a Cathar.
		Belcaire, a refuge for Cathars, was besieged in 1218.
		It became a crusader's headquarters, and was attacked and burnt by the comte de Foix.
	www.xenophongroup.com /montjoie/albigens.htm (6655 words)

	Shobak, Jordan
		It was built in 1115 by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem to guard the road from Damascus to Egypt, and was the first of a string of similar strongholds in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.
		The walls and projecting towers are still reasonably intact, but inside the castle consists mainly of tumbled stones with a few walls and arches.
		Earlier this century the castle itself was occupied by a few local families, and there was a market within its walls which served all the villages.
	www.atlastours.net /jordan/shobak.html (340 words)

	Shaubak Castle (Montreal) - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
		Besides Frankish settlers Shaubak in the Crusader period was also home to a significant population of indigenous Christians and possibly some Muslims.
		In September and November AD.1171 the castle was besieged unsuccessfully by Saladin.but in may 1182 and in 1187 Saladin again devastated the surrounding lands.
		The second in the outer ward or barbican,is similar to the castle chapels of al-Wu’aira in Petra and however, the precise functions and dating of the two buildings are not entirely certain.
	whc.unesco.org /en/tentativelists/1552 (463 words)

	chronological 1100 - 1149
		The fact of the matter was, keeping the Muslims divided served the Christian cause; moreover, the Crusader states were too weak to stand on their own and depended upon such alliances.
		July 24-28, Crusaders are forced to withdraw from their siege of Damascus after only a week, partly as a result of the three leaders (Baldwin III, Conrad III, and Louis VII) being unable to agree on almost anything.
		A Crusading army under Raymond of Antioch is destroyed by Nur ad-Din Mahmud bin Zengi (son of Imad ad-Din Zengi, founder of the Zengid Dynasty) near the Fountain of Murad.
	www.allcrusades.com /CHRONOLOGICAL/chrono-1100-1149.html (4667 words)

	Legend Tours :: About Jordan ::
		The Crusader castle at shobak was built in 1115 by Baldwin I of Jerusalem.
		From the top of a knoll the castle, known to the Crusaders as Montreal (royal mount), commands a position overlooking severe terrain and the former caravan thoroughfare Shobak was one of a chain of castles that provided Jerusalem and its environs protection.
		In 1189 the castles fell to Salah al – Din and wall inscriptions testify to his victory and the later presence of the Mamluks who restored the castle in the 14 th century.
	www.legend-tours.com /page14.html (1591 words)

	Jordan riding tours - Caravan Ride via the Kings Way with Hidden Trails
		After a visit to Petra we visit the Shobak Castle, which is another castle in the great chain of Crusader fortresses, which stretches across Jordan.
		The stronghold, known as Mont Realis (Montreal), was constructed in 1115 AD by Baldwin I. At its height Shobak was home to about 6000 Christians.
		Shobak Castle was then restored by the Mamluks in the 14th century.
	www.hiddentrails.com /africa/jordan/caravan.htm (934 words)

	Kerak, Jordan (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		He made Kerak the new capital of the province, for it was superbly situated on the King's Highway, where it could control all traffic from north and south and grow rich by the imposition of road-tolls.
		The ruins of the upper level are attributed to the Crusader period, and the staircases leading to the underground level of the upper courtyard provide access to Mamluk architecture complexes, most of which were probably associated with a palace.
		Reynald was taken prisoner and beheaded by Saladin (the only Crusader king or lord to be executed by Saladin himself), marking the beginning of the decline in Crusader fortunes.
	www.atlastours.net.cob-web.org:8888 /jordan/kerak.html (715 words)

	CITY OF AL KARAK
		The castle is some 220m long, 125m wide at the north end, and 40m wide at the southern end where a narrow valley deepened by a ditch separates it from the adjoining and much higher hill – once Saladin's favourite artillery position.
		Throughout the castle, dark and roughly shaped Crusader masonry is easy to discern from the finely crafted blocks of lighter and softer limestone used in later Arab work.
		Under the Ayyubids and early Mameluk sultans, the castle was substantially renovated and the town’s fortifications strengthened with massive towers but seemingly no gates – access to the town was through subterranean passages with entrances still visible today.
	www.alkarak.net (1239 words)

	Jordan - Touristic Sites - South of Amman
		This is yet another castle in the great chain of Crusader fortresses which stretches across Jordan.
		The stronghold, known as Mont Realis (Montreal), was constructed in 1115 CE by Baldwin I.
		The castle is perched on top of a small hill northeast of the town of Shobak.
	www.kinghussein.gov.jo /tourism6c.html (700 words)

	Outremer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		With most of the cities in Muslim hands, he turned his efforts to reducing the castles that were other pillar of Outremer (the cities, the castles, and the Crusaders).
		The Sultan agreed on condition that Kerak and Montreal should be surrendered to him.
		Toward the end at Kerak, the men were eating their own horses, and were selling their own kin into slavery to the Bedouins in exchange for food.
	crusades.boisestate.edu /Outremer/33.shtml (295 words)

	New Page 1
		Whilst descending the Kings Highway looming in the sky is the impressive Crusader castle.
		In the battle of Hittin in 1187, Saladin's (Salah Iddin's) army besieged the castle for eight months, and the Castle was freed with the beheading of Chatillon, and the people of Karak were freed for their acts of bravery.
		A museum is housed in one of the castle vaulted storeys in the lower bailey.
	www.travel2jordan.com /karak.htm (386 words)

	JORDAN with Aquatours - Madaba and Mount Nebo and Kerak Castle
		JORDAN with Aquatours - Madaba and Mount Nebo and Kerak Castle
		Kerak Castle lies to the south of Amman on the King's Highway.
		Construction of the Crusader castle began in the 1140's.
	www.aquatours.com /jordan/madaba.htm (686 words)

	Virtual Karak Resources Project: Historical Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In the final years before the Crusader conquest the south of Jordan may have been under the control of a minor prince of Damascus called Zāhir al-Dīn.
		The Arab writers discussing Jordan in the period prior to the Crusades tend to be more concerned with the area north of the Wādī al- Mūjib, known as al-Balqā’.
		This bias reflects the fact that, in Jordan, it was al- Balqā’ that received the bulk of the architectural patronage under the Umayyad caliphs and later rulers.
	www.vkrp.org /studies/historical/islamic-period (441 words)

	Medieval Europe \| Multimedia Resources
		The First Crusade, 1099 A clickable map of all of Europe in 1099
		The Crusader States in the Early 12th Century (BW) Source: George Richard Potter, The Autobiography of Ousama, (New York: 1929 [copyright seems to be expired])
		The Crusader States in the Early 12th Century
	highered.mcgraw-hill.com /sites/0072346574/student_view0/part2/chapter10/multimedia_resources.html (229 words)

	News
		The main street of Kerak leads into the castle, which, despite its ruinous state, is a fine example of medieval architecture.
		Shaubak castle was built to control the route, between Syria, Egypt ad the Hijaz.
		The crusader castle here is too ruinous to warrant more than a glance before continuing the next 60-kilometer to Shaubak.
	www.royaljordanian.com /news2.htm (886 words)

	Jordan
		Here in the heart of the Jordanian desert many castles and fortresses were built by the Umayyad Caliphs during the golden age of Islam in the 8
		century medieval Crusader castle is imposing for its massive size and awesome location on the rim of a plateau 1,036 metres above sea level.
		It is a superb hilltop fortress whose galleries, towers, chapels and ramparts recall the might of the Crusaders.
	www.nyazi.com.jo /Jordan/jordan_b.htm (458 words)

	Shamir Peace Plan
		In cooler days, I would climb up the Crusader castle of Monfort rising on a hill amidst the canyon, sit in its donjon and gaze towards distant Mediterranean Sea.
		The 12th century Zionists, Teutonic knights, bought the castle and founded here the movable state of the Order.
		They were defeated by Salah ad-Din, this paragon of valour and compassion, who allowed them to depart with their weapons and honour for Eastern Europe.
	www.tks.org /Archives/shamir_peace_plan.htm (1797 words)

	Amazon.com: Stronghold (Mac): Computer & Video Games (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Your job is to create the best castle you can, then defend it against the hostile approaching hordes.
		You never have enough time to plan your castle, while in "real life" you'd have nothing but time while the masons laboriously placed stone on stone.
		Stronghold Crusader, the highly anticipated successor to the best-selling Stronghold combines the finest aspects from the city builder and real-time...
	www.amazon.com /Stronghold-Mac/dp/B0000645XI (1431 words)

	ESCMag - News Archives
		Crusader Kings focuses on the feudal kingdoms of medieval Europe in the time period of 1066-1419 A.D. The game map begins in Europe stretching to the Urals in the East and including parts of Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, as well as the Coast of North Africa.
		Unlike Europa Universalis, Crusader Kings is a simulation of a medieval feudal society, involving laws, commissions and religious influences.
		Wage the entire crusade from beginning to end or select battles of your choosing.
	www.escmag.com /cgi-bin/archives.cgi?view=4.04.02-4.25.02 (8266 words)

	volume 2
		One of the leaders of that union lives in Montreal.
		When I asked him about it upon arrival in Montreal, he gave me a very evasive answer.
		It also had an ancient Crusader castle on a nearby hill.
	migs.concordia.ca /memoirs/zylberb/zyl_2.html (10190 words)

	Medieval History Magazine - Castle Quest
		Rhalys Tellili, Graduate student in Theological studies at Concordia University, Montreal Canada
		Richard the Lionheart: The Mighty Crusader - David Milner - Reviewed by Andy Smith
		Someone on my mailing list actually tears pages out of his too send me if they have anything to do with castles.
	www.castlesontheweb.com /quest/Forum8/HTML/000117.html (342 words)

	Shobak Castle - Jordan
		Shobak Castle, in rough, barren surroundings at 1,300m/4,265ft above sea level, is perhaps the most impressively situated castle in Jordan.
		It is perched on the side of a rocky, conical mountain, looking out over fruit trees below.
		Shobak was originally called Krak de Montreal o Mons Regalis, and was the first outpost (1115) built beyond the Jordan River by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem to guard the road from Egypt to Damascus.
	www.sacred-destinations.com /jordan/shobak-castle.htm (190 words)

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