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Topic: Moon Treaty

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	Outer Space Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		II of the Treaty states, in fact, that “[o]uter space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means.”.
		Experts of international space law state that the Moon falls under the legal concept of res communis, which means that it belongs to a group of persons, and may be used by every member of the group, but cannot be appropriated by anyone (the concept is also applied to International Waters).
		In the 1970s a successor treaty (the "Moon Treaty") was created in an attempt to clarify some of the ambiguities of the Outer Space Treaty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty (382 words)

	Moon Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The treaty makes a declaration that the moon (which the treaty notes includes all celestial bodies for the purposes of language) should be used for the benefit of all states and all peoples of the international community.
		As a follow-on to the Outer Space Treaty, the Moon Treaty intended to establish a regime for the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies similar to the one established for the sea floor in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
		According to Island One [1], the Moon Treaty was killed due to the activism of a handful of L5 Society members including K.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Moon_Treaty (521 words)

	Artemis Project: Moon Treaty
		The exploration and use of the moon shall be the province of all mankind and shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development.
		The moon and its natural resources are the common heritage of mankind, which finds its expression in the provisions of this Agreement and in particular in paragraph 5 or this article.
		All the activities with respect to the natural resources of the moon shall be carried out in a manner compatible with the purposes specified in paragraph 7 of this article and the provisions of article 6, paragraph 2, of this Agreement.
	www.asi.org /adb/03/05/moon-treaty.html (2694 words)

	Moon treaty - Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum
		The exploration and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development, and shall be the province of all mankind.
		Outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, shall be free for exploration and use by all States without discrimination of any kind, on a basis of equality and in accordance with international law, and there shall be free access to all areas of celestial bodies.
		There is also a 1979 Moon Treaty, which addresses the notion of private property by all but eliminating the possibility of any such thing.
	www.bautforum.com /showthread.php?t=12375 (889 words)

	Outer Space Treaty
		The Outer Space Treaty, as it is known, was the second of the so-called "nonarmament" treaties; its concepts and some of its provisions were modeled on its predecessor, the Antarctic Treaty.
		States Parties to the Treaty shall regard astronauts as envoys of mankind in outer space and shall render to them all possible assistance in the event of accident, distress, or emergency landing on the territory of another State Party or on the high seas.
		When activities are carried on in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, by an international organization, responsibility for compliance with this Treaty shall be borne both by the international organization and by the States Parties to the Treaty participating in such organization.
	www.state.gov /t/ac/trt/5181.htm (2485 words)

	lunar2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Moon Treaty is the only one of the four documents drafted by COPUOS not yet in force; the Secretary General has not yet received deposition of the instruments of ratification by five nations, as required by the treaty itself.
		The Moon Treaty also represents the only one of the four agreements which became deeply imbedded in controversy immediately upon its resolution of approval by the General Assembly.
		This treaty was the culmination of the time when the world's underdeveloped nations were attempting to use international forums to assert their rights as sovereign nations and to obtain their share of the world's and space's resources.
	lunar.arc.nasa.gov /results/ice/moon.htm (414 words)

	Case Study
		The The Moon Treaty was then created in order to make it so no one could own any part of the moon or other celestial body.
		The original reason the moon treaty was created was because of the wording in the original Outer Space Treaty which left out private entities as not being able to own or exploit the moon and the natural resources on the moon.
		One of the reasons the Moon Treaty was supported because of the possible impact on the environment on the moon as a result of people exploiting the natural resources on the moon.
	www.american.edu /TED/moonrock.htm (1697 words)

	Chapter 30 -- Space Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Treaty on the Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies is also known as the Outer Space Treaty.
		The Outer Space Treaty states that space is the "province of all mankind." Space is available for the exploration and the use of everyone; no one nation can restrict the access of space to any other nation.
		The treaty, written in 1972, assigns the liability for a spacecraft causing damage to the Earth or to an airplane to the launching state regardless of fault.
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter30.html (2605 words)

	Outer Space and the Multilateral Treaty-Making Process
		The Moon Treaty also provides that, ten years after its entry into force, the question of the review of the Treaty shall be included in the provisional agenda of the UN General Assembly.
		The present signatories to the Moon Treaty, who do not possess the necessary technical means to launch objects into outer space and to explore and exploit the resources of the moon, simply do not have the necessary power to bring this legislative project into operation.
		A comparative analysis of Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty and of Article 7 of the Moon Treaty indicates that the content of the obligations relating to the protection of the earth and space environments imposed by these treaties is different.
	www.law.berkeley.edu /journals/btlj/articles/vol4/Danilenko/HTML/text.html (7554 words)

	The Space Review: It's time to rethink international space law
		The fact is that although some of the principles espoused by the treaty have merit and have resulted in some child treaties that are certainly beneficial to the progress of space exploration, the underlying premise of res communis effectively limits expansion and innovation in the realm of outer space.
		It is worth mentioning that at the time of the ratification of the Moon Treaty, the signatories did not have an equal or greater space capability than the United States, the Russian Federation (formerly the USSR), or the People’s Republic of China, none of whom have ratified the Moon Treaty.
		Furthermore, the Moon Treaty requires that the means to acquire extraterrestrial mineral wealth be given to countries that cannot develop it on their own.
	www.thespacereview.com /article/381/1 (1331 words)

	:: Lunar Registry :: UN Moon Treaty (1967)
		Outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means.
		States Parties to the Treaty shall carry on activities in the exploration and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, in accordance with international law, including the Charter of the United Nations, in the interest of maintaining international peace and security and promoting international co- operation and understanding.
		States Parties to the Treaty shall bear international responsibility for national activities in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, whether such activities are carried on by governmental agencies or by non-governmental entities, and for assuring that national activities are carried out in conformity with the provisions set forth in the present Treaty.
	www.lunarregistry.com /treaties/treaty_1967.shtml (1629 words)

	The Legal News
		When activities are in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, by an international organization, responsibility for compliance with this Treaty shall be borne both by the international organization and by the States Parties to the Treaty participating in such organization."
		The Moon Treaty was written to make sure no one person, government, company, or corporation could own the Moon, or any celestial bodies.
		The United States and Russia never signed this treaty, so there are those who say they can lay legal claim to the Moon and all other eight planets and there planets as well.
	www.dreamweaverstudios.com /moonbeam/legal.htm (713 words)

	Newhouse A1
		A second treaty, the Moon Treaty of 1979, would have clarified private uses of the moon, but the United States rejected it as too restrictive.
		The treaty "states that nations are not entitled to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction or control over anything in space by any means," he said.
		Of course, to do that, the treaty would have to be renegotiated, and that puts private property advocates and space commercialization buffs back at the start of what seems a chicken-and-egg conundrum.
	www.newhousenews.com /archive/wylie021204.html (1189 words)

	Land Claim Recognition - Leveraging the Inherent Value of Lunar Land
		The very existence of the 1979 Moon Treaty is evidence the 1967 Outer Space Treaty was never intended to legislate private land claims in space.
		The treaty is generally regarded as a dead letter and is not binding on the U.S. or its citizens.
		The exploration and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interest of all countries...and shall be the province of all mankind...and there shall be free access to all areas of celestial bodies.
	www.space-settlement-institute.org /Articles/LCRbrieftext.htm (2224 words)

	The 1979 "Moon Treaty" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The moon is not subject to national appropriation by any claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or byany other means.
		States Parties have the right to exploration and use of the moon without discrimination of any kind, on the basis of equality and in accordance with international law and the provisions of this Agreement.
		States Parties to this Agreement shall bear international responsibility for national activities on the moon, whether such activities are carried out by governmental agencies or by non-governmental entities, and for assuring that national activities are carried out in conformity with the provisions of this Agreement.
	www.greaterearth.org /laws/moon_try.htm (2898 words)

	Existing Space Law Concepts
		The Treaty permits private enterprises to use space for peaceful purposes if their activities and results are made public.
		The Moon Treaty agrees, placing limitations on national sovereignty: "The moon is not subject to national appro-priation," and "the placement of personnel, space vehicles, equipment, facilities, stations and installation on or below the surface of the Moon...
		The Moon Treaty, however, does not place a moratorium on exploitation of natural resources, but insists upon the establishment of an international regime to monitor and control such exploitation.
	www.affs.org /html/existing_space_law_concepts.html (2131 words)

	Moon treaty (Henry Spencer) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Deliberately putting yourself in a position where you can survive only by stealing from your neighbors is a very different matter; the judge will not be sympathetic.
		And even if the situation was genuinely a life-threatening emergency, you will be expected to eventually pay the property owners for the materials you have appropriated.
		(Actually it's even worse than that, because the Moon Treaty barely admits that private enterprise exists; the ownership is probably vested in governments, not individuals, so you can't even claim your fraction.) >> forcing the spacers to die to protect the rights of the earthers >> is atrocious.
	yarchive.net /space/politics/moon_treaty.html (527 words)

	Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This treaty also establishes the basis for all follow-on treaties thus making it the most important of the space treaties.
		The treaty was designed to create a set of overriding principles that should govern subsequent multilateral and bilateral agreements.
		Indeed, as the debate surrounding the Moon Treaty has evidenced, those living in societies that recognize a significant degree of individual sovereignty may be wise to weigh the value of a precipitous move toward supra-nationalism or global government.
	lunar.arc.nasa.gov /printerready/science/results/lunarice/ost.html (713 words)

	ICIS - Treaty Comparison Chart (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Proposed Treaty on the Limitation of the Military Use of Outer Space, as presented at the Conference of Scientists against the Militarization of Space, July 1984, Gottingen, Germany is not included in this comparison, as it is primarily only of academic interest at this time.
		When the ABM Treaty was signed in the early 70's, the two countries agreed that it could be abrogated by either country with six months notice.
		The moon, the planets, and other celestial bodies shall be used by all State Parties to this Treaty exclusively for non-weapons, peaceful purposes.
	www.peaceinspace.com /sp_chart.shtml (1673 words)

	SPACE.com -- Lunar Robotic Village, Moon Base Gains International Support
		As Moon exploration looms larger among the growing community of scientists and engineers from Europe, India, China, Japan, and the United States, a robotic lunar village is gaining support, leading to a permanent human presence on the Moon by 2024.
		An upshot from the Moon meeting in India is the urging of space agencies around the world to study and coordinate international lunar infrastructures and assets.
		Lastly, the statement recommends that the 1979 "Moon Treaty" be "revisited, refined, and revised as necessary in light of the present-day impetus for expeditions, both robotic and human, to the Moon by several nations."
	www.space.com /news/international_moon_041201.html (835 words)

	Archimedes Institute Treaty Revision Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The objective of this project is to identify those provisions which are ill suited to current and potential space activity and to work towards a consensus with academics and other policy experts on the language needed to correct the problems.
		The establishment of military bases, installations and fortification, the testing of any type of weapons and the conduct of military manoeuvers on celestial bodies shall be forbidden.
		The establishment of military bases, installations and fortifications, the testing of any type of weapons and the conduct of military manoeuvers on the moon shall be forbidden.
	www.permanent.com /archimedes/TRiP.htm (4431 words)

	Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies
		The Moon Agreement was considered and elaborated by the Legal Subcommittee from 1972 to 1979.
		In addition, the Agreement provides that the Moon and its natural resources are the common heritage of mankind and that an international regime should be established to govern th exploitation of such resources when such exploitation is about to become feasible.
		As of 1 January 2005, 11 States have ratified, and an additional 5 have signed the Moon Agreement.
	www.unoosa.org /oosa/SpaceLaw/moon.html (197 words)

	The Space Arena Board (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Rather, it is rather of the 1979 Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, aka the Moon Treaty.
		The lack of support makes the Moon Treaty a weak piece of diplomacy, but since no other government has complained it is technically an international treaty.
		Technically and legally, it is an international treaty with the force of law, period.
	www.space-frontier.org /cgi-bin/BBS/MoonBase/read/362 (341 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Briefing: Property rights on the moon
		Space Settlement: Homesteading on the Moon will discuss the policy implications of a lunar colony and whether privately funded missions should be allowed to play a role.
		Its 1967 Outer Space Treaty says no nation can claim ownership of any celestial body (including the moon) and that all nations must agree to their peaceful use.
		The UN says that private expeditions count as national activities and are covered by the treaty, which has been signed by all the major players.
	www.guardian.co.uk /space/article/0,14493,1599198,00.html (466 words)

	:: Lunar Registry :: UN Moon Treaty (1979)
		The foregoing provisions are without prejudice to the international regime referred to in paragraph 5 of this article.
		States Parties to this Agreement hereby undertake to establish an international regime, including appropriate procedures, to govern the exploitation of the natural resources of the moon as such exploitation is about to become feasible.
		A State Party which learns of the crash landing, forced landing or other unintended landing on the moon of a space object, or its component parts, that were not launched by it, shall promptly inform the launching State Party and the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
	www.lunarregistry.com /treaties/treaty_1979.shtml (3183 words)

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