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	Al-Andalus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Portuguese Reconquista culminated in 1249 with the subjugation of Algarve by Afonso III.
		In 1499 the primate of Spain, Ximénez de Cisneros, arrived in Granada and was soon applying strong pressure on the Muslims to become Christian.
		The notion of it originating with the Vandals, who supposedly devastated southern Spain so severely in a mere twenty-two years of tenure (407-429) as to leave their name forever imprinted on it, gained in popularity over time and survives - but it is a theory put forth without much basis, bolstered perhaps by homophony.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Moorish_Spain (4374 words)

	Spain - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition - HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The W Pyrenees and the northern coast, paralleled by the Cantabrian Mts., are occupied by Navarre, with the city of Pamplona ; the Basque Country, with the ports of Bilbao and San Sebastián ; Santander ; and Asturias, with Oviedo and the port of Gijón.
		Spain's bicameral legislature, the Cortes, consists of the chamber of deputies and the senate, both of whose representatives are elected every four years in provincial elections.
		Spain continued to enjoy economic growth as a result of increased domestic and foreign investment in the 1980s and 90s, but had one of the highest unemployment rates in W Europe.
	www.highbeam.com /doc/1E1:Spain/Spain.html?refid=ip_hf (5878 words)

	Spain and Its Coins
		The marriage in 1469 of Ferdinand II of Aragon with Isabella, heiress to the crown of Castile, laid the foundations of a united Spanish kingdom.
		Spain suffered also reverse on the battlefields with grave consequences: the loss of Portugal, of the Netherlands and the northern provinces of Spain; and the rebellion in Catalonia and Naples.
		Ferdinand VII (1808-1833) was taken prisoner to France and forced to cede the throne of Spain to Joseph Bonaparte (1808-1813), Napoleon's brother.
	americanhistory.si.edu /collections/numismatics/spain/spain.htm (2900 words)

	A BRIEF HISTORY OF MOORISH SPAIN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Moslem rule in Spain may be conveniently summarized as consisting, first, in the Caliphs of Cordova; second, in the dynasty of the Almoravides; third, in that of the Almohades; and, finally, the kings of Granada.
		Ali Atar, the bravest of the Moorish generals, was slain by the hand of Alfonso de Aguilar, and Boabdil himself was taken prisoner by a common soldier, Hurtado by name, and fell into the hands of the victorious Count of Cabra.
		The Christian success was due to the patient determination of Isabella, to the decay and disintegration of the Moorish Commonwealth, and, to some extent, to the skillful negotiation and diplomatic astuteness of a young soldier whose early influence upon the fortunes of Spain have been overshadowed by the greatness of his later achievements.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/MoorSpan.html (4460 words)

	Amazon.de: Moorish Spain: English Books: Richard Fletcher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Fletcher uses translations from Moorish poetry and historical anecdotes to illuminate a significant period in European history, arguing that Moorish Spain acted as a channel through which the philosophical and scientific works of the Islamic world passed to European Christendom.
		The Moorish philosopher Averroes, whose treatises on Aristotle had attempted such a reconciliation of philosophy and religion in an Islamic context, was cited by St. Thomas Aquinas 503 times.
		Moorish influence transformed the architecture, art, literature and learning and Fletcher combines this analysis with a crisp account of the wars, politics and sociological changes of the time.
	www.amazon.de /Moorish-Spain-Richard-Fletcher/dp/1842126059 (899 words)

	Moors in Spain
		The new conquerors of Spain and#8220;as the early writers chronicled were and#8220;fl or dark people, some being very fl.and#8221; (Scobie) In fact, and#8220;Moorand#8221; is derived from the Greek and#8220;maurosand#8221;, which means scorched.
		Spain was tumbling adrift within the dark ages.
		The scientific, economic, and cultural advancement of the Moorish society was largely overlooked by European conquers.
	www.geocities.com /brickhouse_99_1999/Moors_in_Spain.html (1102 words)

	The Story Of Religious Controversy: Chapter XXV
		Spain, on the contrary, was one "highly cultivated and extraordinarily productive garden," with nine large cities, three thousand towns, and tens of thousands of villages.
		The Moorish rulers had the quaint idea, which may yet return to civilizations, that the men best fitted for planning and administering are, not talkers or intriguers, but men of science and proved intellectual capacity.
		Spain and Portugal advanced upon the Moors only at long intervals, and in the meantime they were absorbing the elements of civilization from them.
	www.infidels.org /library/historical/joseph_mccabe/religious_controversy/chapter_25.html (9544 words)

	Adventures of Moorish Spain
		From 711 until 1492 southern Spain was under Muslim rulers.
		They brought with them a new culture to Christian Spain, new styles and new customs.
		A tour of southern Spain is unique in a European setting.
	lexicorient.com /spain/index.htm (93 words)

	Adventures of Moorish Spain: Granada: Alhambra
		The Alhambra Palace overlooking the city of Granada, stands out as the most famous example of Moorish architecture, and perhaps it is the most known Muslim construction all in all.
		While the illiterate Christians were advancing, Spain reached its highest cultural level ever, but under the Muslim rulers.
		The slender structure of Alhambra, the breathtaking details, the celebration of life, the mixture of nature in men's design, all underline what tragedy the return of Christianity in Spain was to be for centuries to come.
	i-cias.com /spain/alhambra.htm (312 words)

	Moorish Towns in southern Spain
		In 756, Abd-ar-Rahman I, a member of the Umayyad family, made Córdoba the capital of Moorish Spain, and for the next 250 years the city was one of the world's great commercial and intellectual centres.
		The most impressive vestige of Granada's splendid Moorish civilization is the remaining section of the Alhambra, the fortress-palace of the Moorish rulers.
		Traces of early Moorish civilization are also evident in the small winding streets, the low white houses with balconies, the courtyards, and the fountains, as well as in the remains of an ancient wall that once surrounded the city.
	www.sonhex.dk /moorish.htm (1012 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Andalus: Unlocking the Secrets of Moorish Spain: Books: Jason Webster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		I've always thought Spain was a country of hidden history-- I once met a man whose Spanish-Jewish family had kept their religion alive for centuries while pretending to be ordinary Catholics to avoid persecution.
		Spain also has Visigothic, pre-Roman and Moorish roots, and was at the core of the Roman empire.
		A scholar of Moorish Spain would not learn much from this book (but would still be amused by the travelogue) but most of us have a lot to remember about how much the Moors gave us: sugar, cotton, paper, oranges, and of course the crucial zero.
	www.amazon.co.uk /Andalus-Unlocking-Secrets-Moorish-Spain/dp/0552771244 (1463 words)

	About history in magical Spain tours and custom trips
		The Moorish period included periods of cultural, academic and economic brilliance while most of Europe lurched through the dark ages.
		In 1492 after the Moorish surrender, the Catholic Kings, Ferdinand and Isabella, ordered the expulsion all Jews and Moors who wouldn’t convert, thus ending the largest and most distinguished Jewish settlement in Europe just at the time that they would have benefited greatly from some good financial management.
		Spain then became a colonial superpower and Europe’s richest country thanks mostly to the gold,silver, tobacco, rum and other New World “exports” These financial resources were spent on incredible palaces, churches, monasteries, castles and art.
	www.magicalspain.com /about/history_frameset.htm (710 words)

	History of Moorish Spain - Part 1
		These Moors, who were religious fanatics, arrived in Spain in the year 711 and thus began a period of history which would shape Iberia differently than the rest of Europe as the land adapted to a new religion, language and culture.
		This Moorish land was known as Al-Andalus and included all of the Iberian Peninsula except for the extreme north-west from where the Christian Reconquest would originate.
		The first 40 years of Moorish rule was volatile and Al-Andaluz needed order and unity which came in the form of Abd-er-Rahman who arrived in Almuñecar on the coast of Granada in 755.
	www.spanish-fiestas.com /andalucia/history-moorish-spain.htm (557 words)

	The Moorish Invasion of Spain and Portugal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This is the story of the Moorish invasion and occupation.
		For example, the Berbers were given land on Spain's meseta, in Galicia, or in the mountains, while the Arabs shared out the fertile Levante region in the east of Spain, and the Guadalquivir and Ebro basins.
		A Moorish army suffered a series of setbacks when trying to subdue the Cantabrian mountains, where the remnants of Gothic forces had combined with local defenders.
	spainforvisitors.com /archive/features/moorishinvasion.htm (1096 words)

	Moorish Spain
		But leave Spain’s Costa del Sol behind and head inland to the picturesque white towns of Andalusia.
		Spain’s Costa del Sol is an international playground that needs little introduction.
		Ronda’s bullring is one of the loveliest and oldest in the country, while the prestigious Hotel Reina Victoria played host to Europe’s top society figures in the 19th and 20th centuries.
	www.hellomagazine.com /travel/2005/04/22/moorish1 (467 words)

	Overview of Islamic Gardens: MUSLIM SPAIN
		Muslim occupied Spain was referred to as al-Andalus and Cordoba was it’s capital.
		Perhaps because the invaders were aware of these influences and because of the fact that the Ummayads were competing with the Abbasids in Baghdad for legitimacy, the Arabs made sure to emphasize a strong Arab culture in al-Andalus and gardens and architecture were a personification of this attempt.
		This meant that gardens in Spain would have embodied some Spanish- Christian, Roman, and even possibly Jewish ideas that had been transformed into an Islamic layout, specifically the bagh type from Persia.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/arabic_islamic_architecture/22279 (422 words)

	SPAIN: Moorish Granada and Lorca (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The official version was that the expulsion of the Arabs represented the final liberation of Europe from the Moorish invaders.
		Azaña infuriated the Catholic Church by boasting that Spain had ceased to be Catholic.
		John does not mention Granada's gypsies or the bullfights, beloved by Lorca, who wrote a famous poem on the death of a bullfighter "at five in the afternoon".
	www.stanford.edu /group/wais/Spain/spain_moorishgranadaandlorca122201.html (505 words)

	The Moors in Spain
		This Mezquita initiated the so-called Califal style, which combined Roman, Gothic, Byzantine, Syrian and Persian elements and was the starting-point of all Arabian-Hispanic architecture of the centuries to come, up to the Mudéjar-style of Arabians living in the Spain reconquered by Christians.
		The Palace of the Christian Kings, built in 1328 by Alfonso XI, was residence until the reconquest of Granada.
		Captured by the Romans in 192 B.C. Captured and occupied by the Visigoths between 534 to 712 A.D. Moorish period 712 to 1085 - seat of the emir who was subject to the Caliph of Cordoba.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /instruct/dcollito/322/Moors.html (705 words)

	spain tours, art museum, spanish tours
		It is a example of the Mudéjar, or Moorish style and it was done by workers from the Alhambra in Granada.
		Spain's golden age is best exemplified by Murillo's monumental Immaculate Conception and Zurbaran's Apotheosis of St. Thomas Aquinas.
		This cosmopolitan city is the capital of Spain as well as the home of the Spanish Royal Family.
	www.magicalspain.com /calendar/topSights_frameset.htm (2020 words)

	Sixteenth Century Spain
		By the beginning of the sixteenth century the whole of Spain was under the control of the Catholics, and the unimpeded practice of Islam in its total social nexus was no longer possible.
		The Christians began a concerted drive throughout Spain to eliminate all those who were still practising the fundamental actions of Islam, and who claimed not to have been baptised.
		The majority of the native Moorish communities, the Mudejares, chose to stay and be baptised.
	www.cyberistan.org /islamic/16thspain.html (1018 words)

	Granada Showcases Spain's Moorish Past
		To the west, behold the incredible Alhambra grounds: the fortress ruins (Alcazaba), the Moorish palaces (Palacios Nazaries), and the Palace of King Carlos V. Alhambra’s diversity and history beckon you to further explorations.
		Granada was the only remaining major Moorish city, Cordova and Seville having fallen to the reconquering Spanish by 1248.
		In Spain many people dine on tapas or the larger portioned raciones for an early, inexpensive, and tasty meal.
	www.highonadventure.com /Hoa97nov/Granada/granada.htm (876 words)

	Muslim Spain and European Culture
		ABD AL-RAHMAN I, a survivor of a family of caliphs of the Arab empire, reached Spain in the mid-700's.
		By the beginning of the ninth century, Moorish Spain was the gem of Europe with its capital city, Cordova.
		In Northern Spain the various Christian kingdoms united to expel the Moors from the European continent.
	www.xmission.com /~dderhak/index/moors.htm (1734 words)

	HolidayCity Flash - The Moorish Legacy Of Southern Spain
		We saw the many mosques and palaces which were remnants of Moorish Spain, when the Muslims invaded southern Spain and settled there between the 700s and 1200s.
		Cordoba, the former capital of Al Andalus (Moorish Spain), is a lovely city.
		The Alhambra was a Moorish palace and fortress.
	www.holidaycityflash.com /spain/moorish_spain1.htm (1646 words)

	Moorish Spain
		With the defeat of the last great Moorish City of Granada in 1492 (a big year in Spanish History) the Catholics had finally completed their “Re-conquest” and had finally ended over 700 years of Arab political influence on the Iberian Peninsula.
		Left and Above: Two fountains, one outside and one inside the cities walls remind the visitor of the Moorish need to constantly surround themselves with water.
		It is easy for the visitor to imagine what it would have looked like with many the faithful doing their daily prayers.
	asia.geocities.com /kevinrpatterson/Moorishspain.html (536 words)

	MOORISH SPAIN & MOROCCO
		A captivating journey through the Moorish cities of Andalucia to their origins in Northern Morocco
		For those who love meandering narrow streets, beautiful parks and gardens and stunning architecture, it would be difficult to think of three more appealing cities than Seville, Cordoba and Granada.
		We are specialists in adventure holidays, walking holidays, trekking holidays, cycling holidays, biking holidays, cultural tours, small groups, family holidays, safari holidays, adventure travel, overland journeys, multi activity holidays, winter snow activity holidays, wildlife holidays and award winning eco tours and vacations.
	www.exodus.co.uk /holidays/amm.html (351 words)

	ANDALUCIA by All About Spain
		The Andalusian capital, the third largest city of Spain, is among the most beloved places by tourists, thanks to its unique ambience and its great monuments: the Arabian belltower Giralda, the city's landmark, the enormous cathedral, Torre del Oro, and the old district Barrio Santa Cruz are among the highlights.
		The long-time center of Moorish Spain preserves monuments of outstanding importance.
		Among its major attractions are the Moorish Alcazaba and, of course, the splendid Mediterranean coast.
	www.red2000.com /spain/region/r-anda.html (732 words)

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