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Topic: Moral responsibility

	Collective Moral Responsibility [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		It is the group itself that is at fault and the group's moral responsibility is not equivalent to the sum of the responsibilities of its members.
		Group moral responsibility of this type is a concept that allows the entire issue of widespread harm associated with organizational activities to be treated differently in many respects from the approach that has been dominant.
		Holding political officials and the public bureaucracies they manage morally responsible for harm or wrongdoing is as significant a mechanism for maintaining the accountability of a government to its citizens as are free speech, press, and democratic elections.
	www.iep.utm.edu /c/collecti.htm (7293 words)

	Moral Responsibility
		He begins with a brief statement of the concept of moral responsibility — that it is sometimes appropriate to respond to an agent with praise or blame on the basis of her actions and/or dispositional traits of character (1109b30-35).
		To be responsible for an action in the sense of being accountable (or "appraisable" according to the terminology of some) presupposes responsibility in the sense of attributability.
		On another view, holding someone responsible is fundamentally a matter of making a moral judgment accompanied by an expectation that the agent who performed the act acknowledge the force of the judgment or provide an exonerating explanation of why she performed the action.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/moral-responsibility (5360 words)

	20th WCP: A Speaker-Meaning Theory of Moral Responsibility
		The analogy suggests that morally responsible actions require a competent moral agent to operate from within the confines of an interpretive moral framework of action assessment, a framework analogous to the framework required for sentence meaning.
		I shall assume as a working hypothesis that responsibility for action is basic and that responsible moral agency and holding morally responsible are to be explained in terms of responsibility for action.
		The Speaker-Meaning Theory of Moral Responsibility focuses the moral assessment of action squarely upon the agent who acts, and not upon the members of the moral community who are interpreting the agent and her action.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Acti/ActiMcKe.htm (3315 words)

	Is Soft Determinism Compatible with Moral Responsibility?
		To imply responsibility for actions in a moral sense is to acknowledge that given the exact same circumstances, the agent that made the action could have chosen to do otherwise, a concept which Harry Frankfurt calls the Principle of Alternative Possibilities, or PAP (459).
		In this instance, soft determinism and moral responsibility are in conflict, and are therefore incompatible.
		For us to hold an agent morally responsible for his actions, his failures to act, or the consequences of his actions (or failures to act), it is necessary to assume that in the exact same situation, something different could occur.
	www.mattweeks.com /morals.htm (1310 words)

	Corporate Moral Responsibility: The Bhopal Incident (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Critics have zeroed in on the moral responsibilities because, in general, moral responsibilities are overriding.
		They are not fully moral persons since they have no moral worth in themselves, and since they are artificial entities established for limited purposes, they are not bound by the full range of moral norms that apply to moral persons.
		The moral motivation should not be ignored, however, nor the fact that the reaction of the public is explicable primarily because it perceives the actions of Union Carbide as morally appropriate, even if performed from a variety of mixed motives.
	www.angelo.edu /events/university_symposium/1985/degeorge.htm (5151 words)

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		Nor is holding someone responsible for a particular action the same as judging her to be a bad or inhuman person, where that is to make a judgement that pertains to much more than one action, but to character or a pattern of life.
		It seems evident that to hold someone morally responsible for an action is to disapprove of her morally with respect to that action.
		If holding someone responsible is not the same as judging an action to be wrong, or assessing a person over time, perhaps a lifetime, it is also distinct from what may follow on holding the person responsible, which is an action of blaming or punishing her.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /~uctytho/ted12.htm (6125 words)

	20th WCP: Causation and Moral Responsibility for Death
		Kuhse thinks that moral responsibility for death does not depend on particular social obligations, such as those of the medical profession.
		Settling these types of questions requires recourse to moral values, and so the notion of causal responsibility is not prior to, but in fact depends on ethical judgments.
		N is caused directly by D and insofar as one is not responsible for D, one is not responsible for N.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Bioe/BioeStem.htm (3117 words)

	Determinism and Moral Responsibility (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		An important issue in the determination of moral responsibility is whether an individual committed the act of their own volition, or whether they were compelled to commit the act by ‘outside’ forces.
		The common notion of moral responsibility is false since it relies on things like an assumption of true free will and also ascribes responsibility to the dead in some cases, but it is not too hard to see why it is that these two errors take place.
		Furthermore, moral responsibility need not be abandoned in a deterministic world, it can be kept as a useful concept along the same lines as it is used under the presupposition of free will, it just needs to be rooted in a utilitarian concept of punishment in order to give it meaning and justification.
	tc.qgl.org /determinism.htm (5806 words)

	enlightenment: Aristotle on Moral Responsibility
		The concept of moral responsibility is fundamental to any system of ethics, because claiming that people ought to take certain actions presupposes a choice which determines the action taken and for which the individual is responsible.
		The philosophical divergences concerning the circumstances under which moral responsibility result from divergences in the particular accounts of that which is directly under volitional control, of the acquisition of knowledge of good and evil, and of the connection between knowledge and action.
		Thus moral responsibility would arise from the necessity of deliberation in order to achieve happiness (which is the end of all humans), and so praise or blame would primarily be bestowed upon the act of proper deliberation or careless deliberation (or no deliberation at all).
	enlightenment.supersaturated.com /essays/text/dianamertzhsieh/aristotle_responsibility.html (2430 words)

	Counselling, Psychotherapy and Moral Responsibility
		Counselling and psychotherapy lack moral responsibility by failing to acknowledge and act on the evidence that social determinants exist as the source of most patient (user) anguish and disadvantage.
		Yet the existence of an epidemic of mental suffering attributable to a political and economic system devoid of moral constraint, suggests that the case for a more balanced approach to life (Kane, 1994, p.58) by establishing some absolutes in a clear moral order is at least, worth considering.
		Moral fanaticism is revealed in mental health users when they withdraw from convention with an escape into their 'symptoms' (Gruen, 1988).
	www.davidsmail.freeuk.com /willoughby.htm (5661 words)

	>-- The Garden of Forking Paths --<: Moral Responsibility
		That account states that an agent is responsible if she acts upon a moderately reasons-responsive mechanism of her own, where a mechanism is an agent’s own if she has taken responsibility for it, and a mechanism is moderately reasons-responsive if regularly receptive to reasons, including moral reasons, and at least weakly reactive to reasons.
		In order to be morally responsible for an action, an agent must either (a) make her choice in the light of a sufficient number of true beliefs about the situation or, (b) in cases in which (a) is not satisfied, be responsible for her ignorance.
		In Long’s cases, the agent is not morally responsible, because she acts on the basis of false beliefs, or in the absence of sufficient true beliefs, and she is not responsible for her ignorance.
	gfp.typepad.com /the_garden_of_forking_pat/moral_responsibility (10937 words)

	Free Will and Moral Responsibility
		For no one is responsible for an act unless he “could have done otherwise.” If I am strapped to a robotic machine which, using my arms, robs a bank, I am not to blame for robbing the bank.
		It is a moral and spiritual bondage, not a metaphysical, physical or psychological bondage.
		The sinner’s inability is moral and spiritual; indeed, as we have seen, it is an inability for which he is himself responsible.
	www.thirdmill.org /files/english/html/th/TH.h.Frame.FreeWill.MoralResp.html (1470 words)

	usnews.com: Opinion: Michael Barone on the United States' special moral responsibility (9/7/02)
		The multilateralists' view that the United States needs the approval of foreign governments or multinational organizations to be morally justified is often based on the idea that a nation-state holds the same place in the world as an individual holds in a nation-state.
		That every nation-state is entitled to a presumption of moral equality and that when nation-states act on their own they can be presumed to act out of a selfishness that is morally suspect.
		Today's Germans understand that their nation has a moral history that it must acknowledge, even though the large majority of Germans today were born after 1945.
	www.usnews.com /usnews/opinion/baroneweb/mb_020907.htm (815 words)

	Moral Responsibility
		And he understands something else: As a white person with every advantage, he has certain moral responsibilities, one of which is to use no small amount of common sense in matters of race.
		Because Negroes could not attend tax-supported white schools, white professors of good conscience had a moral obligation to travel to Negro schools and teach for a few years at least.
		They understood affirmative action in its purest sense: doing what is morally right to redress past wrongs.
	aad.english.ucsb.edu /docs/moralresp9.html (654 words)

	Moral Responsiblity for Iraqi Graves
		Those Iraqi mass graves are actually just one more reminder of the moral bankruptcy of U.S. foreign policy and specifically U.S. policy toward Iraq for the past 20 years.
		Let’s first keep in mind that U.S. foreign policy called for the active and enthusiastic support of Saddam Hussein during the 1980s, knowing that he was one of the world’s cruelest and most brutal dictators.
		The other method that was used to oust Saddam was equally horrific from a moral standpoint: encouraging the Iraqi people to rise up and overthrow their government by force on the basis of an assurance given by President George H.W. Bush that U.S. forces would come to their assistance.
	www.fff.org /comment/com0305l.asp (731 words)

	Brad DeLong's Semi-Daily Journal: Moral Responsibility
		Perhaps, he said, the flaws in policy should be taken to be the result of bad implementation of decisions that were made with a good heart, or...
		Today she blasted FEMA for its feeble response to Hurricane Katrina and Bush for his phony, stage managed promises of action: I understand that the U.S. Forest Service had water-tanker aircraft available to help douse the fires raging on our riverfront, but FEMA has yet to accept the aid.
		Can a constitutional process of transition, a good political precedent in the practices of the first democratically elected leader, a political culture that prizes dissent, and the best hopes of many millions be enough to keep...
	delong.typepad.com /sdj/moral_responsibility (5190 words)

	Ted Honderich: Tony Blair's Moral Responsibility for Atrocities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Third, to have such a moral responsibility for the atrocity, the person has to have seen the nature of the earlier thing, including its wrongfulness, or anyway been able to see it.
		Essential to the procedure of apportioning moral responsibility is a question of power, relations of power between individuals.
		With respect to Mr Aznar's moral responsibility, there is also the question of the extent to which he saw the nature of his action.
	www.counterpunch.org /honderich03202004.html (1598 words)

	A Moral Minimum Wage
		It is imperative that Democrats and progressives start a nationwide debate that frames economic justice as a moral issue.
		According to a postelection analysis written by veteran pollster Stan Greenberg and political consultant James Carville, "downscale voters" (rural, blue-collar and non-college educated) responded to a conservative "cultural surge" toward the end of the election and tilted toward Bush.
		Because the working poor spend everything they earn, every penny of a minimum-wage increase goes back into the economy, increasing consumer demand and adding at least as many jobs as are lost.
	www.thenation.com /doc/20041220/dreier (1493 words)

	Mirror of Justice: Media and Moral Responsibility
		Responses will be posted at our discretion, and we will presume that you have granted us the permission to post your response and name unless you expressly indicate otherwise.
		Those whose "moral values" are invested in cultural heroes like the accused loofah fetishist Bill O'Reilly and the self-gratifying drug consumer Rush Limbaugh are surely joking when they turn apoplectic over MTV.
		None of this has prompted an uprising from the red-state Fox News loyalists supposedly so preoccupied with "moral values." They all gladly contribute fungible dollars to Fox culture by boosting their fair-and-balanced channel's rise in the ratings.
	www.mirrorofjustice.com /mirrorofjustice/2004/11/media_and_moral.html (1359 words)

	>-- The Garden of Forking Paths --<
		Some of you may not be aware of some interesting free will and moral responsibility discussions on other blogs.
		Thomas Nadelhoffer and Adam Feltz from FSU have recently done another interesting experiment, this one exploring the way in which Smilansky's Illusionism is (i) more dependent on empirical claims that other views about free will and (ii) the empirical data doesn't support Illusionism.
		But he said that you have to behave as though you have free will, as though you are responsible for what you do.
	gfp.typepad.com (1641 words)

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