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Topic: Mormyrid

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	Anemaw [Animal Electromagnetism and Waves] : Bioelectricity: Mormyrid Fish . © Elizabeth Gerrow 2002 .
		The Mormyrid fish may be found as part of the family, Mormyridae, freshwater fish with an
		Mormyrid fish are capable of generating low-voltage discharges at all times and also produce a weak electromagnetic dipole field around their bodies as means of
		The organ which aids in producing the fields and electric discharges may be found as batteries (modified tissues) in the tail.
	members.fortunecity.com /anemaw/mormyrid.htm (413 words)

	Mormyrid
		Mormyrids lived in muddy waters, or were nocturnal, or both, and used their electrical sense to detect food, predators, and inanimate features of their environment.
		The surviving species of mormyrids have attracted the attention of provolution groups because of their large brains and apparent intelligence.
		Some perhaps even many or all, of the original mormyrid species have been restored to their original habitats on Old Earth, presumably either from stock confiscated by GAIA from hobbyists or scientists or else lazurogened from data in the caches of the Burning Library Project.
	www.orionsarm.com /topics/mormyrids.html (561 words)

	NSI Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		"The mormyrid electrosensory lobe in vitro: physiology and pharmacology of cells and circuits." J.
		Understanding the interaction betweenperipheral and central inputs to the mormyrid ELL requires knowledge of its functional circuitry, and this paper examines this circuitry in the in vitro slice preparation and describes the axonal and dendritic morphology of major ELL cell types based on intracellular labeling with biocytin.
		The mormyrid electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) is one of several different sensory structures in fish that behave as adaptive sensory processors.
	www.ohsu.edu /nsi/faculty/bellc (1043 words)

	Herring aid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Mormyrids are unusual in that they emit both clicking sounds, for communication, and weak electrical signals, for navigation.
		Sure enough, when tape-recorded sounds were played into their tank, mormyrids with the gas bubbles drained from both ears were as deaf as a post, whereas those with at least one intact bubble responded as normal.
		Mormyrids seem unique, Crawford says, because their tiny hearing-aids pinch off from the swim bladder during development and are apparently dedicated to detecting sound pressure.
	www.mindswap.org /2002/nature/010111-2.xml (457 words)

	Mormyrids
		All mormyrids are confined to the African continent, from the Nile in the north to the Lake Victoria in the east, and all freshwater.
		Mormyrids are quite sensitive to the biocides used in disinfecting mains/tapwater.
		In the wild most mormyrids (of the size, type used as aquarium specimens) consume small crustaceans, insect larvae, worms found on/in the substrate, using their labile mouth/jaws and "noses" to find and root out same.
	www.wetwebmedia.com /FWSubWebIndex/mormyrids.htm (1887 words)

	Oxyrhynchus - Wikipedia
		Some species of mormyrid have distinctive downturned snouts or barbels, lending them the common name of elephantnoses among aquarists and ichthyologists.
		A figurine from Oxyrhynchus of one of these sacred fish has many attributes typical of mormyrids: a long anal fin, a small caudal fin, widely spaced pelvic and pectoral fins, and of course the downturned snout.
		Oxyrhynchus is about 160 km south-southwest of Cairo, and lies west of the main course of the Nile, on the Bahr Yussef (Canal of Joseph), a branch of the Nile that terminates in Lake Moeris and the Fayum oasis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oxyrhynchus (2210 words)

	Physiology of Cells in the Central Lobes of the Mormyrid Cerebellum -- Han and Bell 23 (35): 11147 -- Journal of ...
		We conclude that the physiology of the mormyrid cerebellum is
		and is, of course, particularly prominent in mormyrids.
		Mohr C, Roberts PD, Bell CC (2003) Cells of the mormyromast region of the mormyrid electrosensory lobe: I. Responses to the electric organ corollary discharge and to electrosensory stimuli.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/23/35/11147 (7577 words)

	Weakly Electric Fish
		The JAR has been found to be present in all species of fish that emit a weak EOD, mormyrids and gymnotiforms, except in the genus Sternopygus.
		The Gymnarchus niloticus, or Aba Aba, is a mormyrid wave-type fish from the Nile, Niger, Volta, Chad, and Gambia rivers in Africa.
		The electric organ is myogenic because all fish in the mormyrid type have a myogenic organ.
	www.sidwell.edu /us/science/vlb6/projects/brobinson/background.html (2450 words)

	Temporal coding of species recognition signals in an electric fish -- Hopkins and Bass 212 (4490): 85 -- Science
		Central control of electric signaling behavior in the mormyrid Brienomyrus brachyistius: segregation of behavior-specific inputs and the role of modifiable recurrent inhibition.
		Effects of social interaction on the electric organ discharge in a mormyrid fish, Gnathonemus petersii (Mormyridae, Teleostei).
		Central mechanisms of temporal analysis in the knollenorgan pathway of mormyrid electric fish.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/212/4490/85 (404 words)

	Set (mythology) - Wikipedia
		The earliest known representation of Set comes from a tomb dating to the Naqqada I phase of the Predynastic Period (circa 4000 BC–3500 BC), and the Set-animal is even found on a mace-head of the Scorpion King, a Protodynastic ruler.
		A new theory has it that the head of the Set animal is a representation of the Mormyrus kannamae (Nile Mormyrid), which resides in the waters near Kom Ombo, one of the sites of a temple of Set, with the two square fins being what are normally interpreted as ears.
		However, it may be that part or all of the Set animal was based on the Salawa, a similarly mysterious canine creature, with forked tail and square ears, one member of which was claimed to have been found and killed in 1996 by the local population of a region of Upper Egypt.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Set_(mythology) (1909 words)

	Electrosensory Bibliography (1950-1999)
		Bauer R and Kramer B (1974) Agonistic behavior in Mormyrid fish latency relationship between the electric discharges of Gnathonemus petersii and Mormyrus-rume.
		Bratton BO and Kramer B (1989) Patterns of the electric organ discharge during courtship and spawning in the Mormyrid fish Pollimyrus isidori.
		Denizot JP and Derbin C (1975) Cytochemistry and distribution of poly saccharides in an electroreceptor the tuberous organ of Gnathonemus petersii Mormyrids.
	nelson.beckman.uiuc.edu /fishBase99.html (16185 words)

	Set - OnlineEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In addition to the already mentioned animals, Set was associated with the gazelle,donkey, crocodile and hippopotamus.
		The Nile mormyrid was worshiped as an animal representation of Set in Kom Ombo.
		The Greeks later linked Set with Typhon because both were evil forces that attacked the main gods, though they are not otherwise very similar.
	www.neareasternarchaeology.com /encyclopedia/index.php/Set (497 words)

	Electric fish in Africa could be example of evolution in action
		The electric fish -- known as mormyrids -- emit weak electric fields from a batterylike organ in their tails to sense their surroundings and communicate with other fish.
		Each species of mormyrid gives off a single characteristic electric impulse resulting in the flash of signals, indicating, for example, aggression, courtship and fear.
		Because all of the 20 or so species of mormyrid have distinct electric signals, Arnegard believes the different impulses of the fish he studies might be their first step in diverging into different species.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-06/cuns-efi060106.php (623 words)

	Curtis C. Bell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The generation of expectations in the electrosensory lobe of mormyrid fish.
		Responses of cells in the mormyrid electrosensory lobe to EODs with distorted waveforms: implications for capacitance detection.
		Integration of peripheral and central inputs in the mormyrid electrosensory lobe (In Russian).
	www.hevanet.com /nsi/bell.htm (270 words)

	Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		We observed a piscivorous mormyrid, Mormyrops anguilloides, hunting in small groups in Lake Malawi while feeding on rock-frequenting cichlids of the largest known vertebrate species flock.
		Time-coding in the midbrain of mormyrid electirc fish I: Physiology and anatomy of cells in the nucleus exterolateralis pars anterior (ELa).
		On the diversity of electric signals in a community of mormyrid electric fish in West Africa.
	www.nbb.cornell.edu /neurobio/hopkins/publications.htm (1160 words)

	IAF - Equipe 7 publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		J Comp Physiol B. Neurogranin is locally concentrated in rat cortical and hippocampal neurons.
		BELL C.C. and GRANT K. Sensory processing and corollary discharge effects in the mormyromast regions of the mormyrid electrosensory lobe: II.
		BELL C.C., GRANT K. and SERRIER J. Sensory processing and corollary discharge effects in the mormyromast regions of the mormyrid electrosensory lobe: I. Field potentials and cellular activity in associated structures.
	www.iaf.cnrs-gif.fr /iaf7/pubeq7.html (830 words)

	The Monte Verità Workshop on STDP, February 29-March 5, 2004
		An experimentally tractable sensory system that exhibits this adaptation is the electrosensory system of mormyrid electric fish.
		Electrosensory adaptation has been shown to rely on spike-timing dependent synaptic plasticity where the change in synaptic strength is dependent on the exact relative timing of pre- postsynaptic spikes.
		The neural architecture of the model is based on the mormyrid electrosensory system, which forms a negative image of the fish’s own electric discharge to optimize detection of external electric fields.
	diwww.epfl.ch /~gerstner/STDP/abstracts/Roberts.html (189 words)

	The Cosyne meeting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Mormyrid electric fish emit brief pulses of electricity, known as electric organ discharges (EODs), which activate electroreceptors on the skin.
		In mormyrid fish, information about changes in the nearby environment is captured by the active electrosensory system as an intermittent series of snapshots.
		The active electrosensory systems of pulse-type electric fish may be ideally suited for the investigation of such issues.
	cosyne.org /program05/232.html (986 words)

	Structural organization of the mormyrid electrosensory lateral line lobe -- Meek et al. 202 (10): 1291 -- Journal of ...
		Pathways of the electric organ discharge command and its corollary discharges in mormyrid fish.
		Serotoninergic neurons in the mormyrid brain and their projection to the preelectromotor and primary electrosensory centers: immunohistochemical study.
		Meek, J. and Joosten, H. The distribution of serotoninin the brain of the mormyrid teleost Gnathonemus petersii.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/refs/202/10/1291 (917 words)

	Electrosensory Bibliography (2000-2004)
		Han VZ, Bell CC (2003) Physiology of cells in the central lobes of the mormyrid cerebellum.
		Mohr C, Roberts PD, Bell CC (2003) The mormyromast region of the mormyrid electrosensory lobe.
		Rojas R, Moller P (2002) Multisensory contributions to the shelter-seeking behavior of a mormyrid fish, Gnathonemus petersii Gunther (Mormyridae, Teleostei): The role of vision, and the passive and active electrosenses.
	nelson.beckman.uiuc.edu /fishBase04.html (5688 words)

	Clade Kanuma
		They also contain genes from several related species of mormyrid fishes as well as some from other vertebrate species – mostly other Teleost fishes, especially those with electrical organs or an electrical sense.
		The Kanumae are unique among mormyrid provolves in that they form group minds based on a school of highly intelligent but subsophont neo-mormyrid fish.
		Mormyrid - originally, a group of Teleost fishes from the rivers and lakes of Old Earth's Africa, later provolved, gengineered, or reintroduced into various habitats
	www.orionsarm.com /clades/Kanumae.html (4713 words)

	Cogprints - Sensory processing in the pallium of a mormyrid fish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		To investigate the functional organization of higher brain levels in fish we test the hypothesis that the dorsal gray mantle of the telencephalon of a mormyrid fish has discrete receptive areas for several sensory modalities.
		Multiunit and compound field potentials evoked by auditory, visual, electrosensory and water displacement stimuli in this weakly electric fish are recorded with multiple semimicroelectrodes placed in many tracks and depths in or near area dorsalis telencephali, pars medialis (Dm).
		Sensory evoked potentials in this fish pallium may be more segregated than in elasmobranchs and anurans and have some surprising similarities to those in mammals.
	www.cogprints.org /112 (322 words)

	Von Holst's Efference Copy in a Mormyrid Fish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The only known example of a true efference copy, according to von Holst's definition, is found in the electric fish Gnathonemus petersii in the family Mormyridae.
		Ampullary receptors in mormyrid fish are used for passive electrolocation, and a fish whose ampullary receptors respond to its own electric organ discharge (EOD) runs the risk of failing to respond to external signals.
		This experiment shows that the ampullary receptors anticipate the effects of the motor discharge, and can effectively "cancel" the input that would be expected due to the discharge.
	instruct1.cit.cornell.edu /courses/bionb424/students2004/jlf56/bell.htm (456 words)

	CSEE News Feature \| OGI School of Science & Engineering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Elephant-nose mormyrid fish — like you might see in a pet store — use their exquisite electric sensory system to "sniff out" their prey.
		In fact the mormyrid can distinguish differently shaped objects in the water by using its electrosensory apparatus.
		How the cells in the brain respond to and learn about these electrical signals is being explored by modeling statistical properties of the "noisy" neural system.
	www.csee.ogi.edu /news/features/Efish.php (150 words)

	Sensory processing in the pallium of a mormyrid fish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A remark is in order on the limitations of the data, due to our choice of four modalities, multiple electrodes, many loci in depth, many repetitions and long rest periods.
		Both the mormyrid and mammals also show a class of slow wave corollary to some motor or effector behavior.
		Wullimann MF, Northcutt RG (1990) Visual and electrosensory circuits of the diencephalon in mormyrids: an evolutionary perspective.
	cogprints.org /112/00/gnath10.html (7836 words)

	CiteULike: Pre-receptor profile of sensory images and primary afferent neuronal representation in the mormyrid ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Afferent responses to the fish's own electric organ discharge were explored in the electrosensory lobe of the mormyrid fish Gnathonemus petersii.
		In order to understand the neural encoding of natural sensory images, responses were examined while objects of different conductivities were placed at different positions along the skin of the fish, i.e.
		We conclude that each receptor encodes information coming from the whole scene in a manner that may seem ambiguous when seen from a single point and that, in order to extract specific object features, the brain must process the electric image represented over the whole sensory surface.
	www.citeulike.org /user/diancu/article/921914 (562 words)

	Oxyrhynchus
		Some species of mormyrid have distinctive downturned snouts or barbels, lending them the common name of elephantnoses among aquarists and ichthyologists.
		A figurine from Oxyrhynchus of one of these sacred fish has many attributes typical of mormyrids: a long anal fin, a small caudal fin, widely spaced pelvic and pectoral fins, and of course the downturned snout.
		Oxyrhynchus is about 160 km south-southwest of Cairo, and lies west of the main course of the Nile, on the Bahr Yussef (Canal of Joseph), a branch of the Nile that terminates in Lake Moeris and the Fayum oasis.
	www.ufaqs.com /wiki/en/ox/Oxyrhynchus.htm (2109 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This award supports a three-year collaborative research project between Dr. Carl D. Hopkins, Professor of Neurobiology at Cornell University, and Dr. Brahim Ibrahim, of the Department de Biologie at the Universite des Sciences et Techniques in Gabon.
		The investigators will study waveform variations in the electric organ discharges (EOD) of various species of mormyrid fishes to determine the phylogenetic history of the variations and the roles that evolution and sex differences have in the EOD waveform in order to produce an understanding of the morphological and physiological basis for the variations.
		The mormyrid fishes, which comprise the largest group of freshwater fish in Africa, are only found in West Africa, and little research has been done on them.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /ftp/pub/inderjit/Data/Text/nsf/9605176 (217 words)

	The Mormyromast Region of the Mormyrid Electrosensory Lobe. I. Responses to Corollary Discharge and Electrosensory ...
		The Mormyromast Region of the Mormyrid Electrosensory Lobe.
		Cells of the mormyrid ELL are affected at the time of the electric
		The mormyrid ELL is a cerebellum-like structure and the first
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/90/2/1193 (10095 words)

	Aquaria Central - Holy Elephantnoses
		Another thing: deification of fish is silly, as is attributing high levels of intelligence to them.
		Mormyrid big brains are almost certainly the result of specialized electrosensory function, not cognition.
		Thousands of mummified mormyrids have been found, especially in the nome of Oxyrhyncus.
	www.aquariacentral.com /forums/printthread.php?t=2127 (948 words)

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