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Topic: Moro Rebellion

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	Philippines Moro Rebellion 1972-1986
		Already in competition over land, economic resources, and political power, the Moros became increasingly alarmed by the immigration of Christians from the north who were making Moros a minority in what they felt was their own land.
		In its initial phases, the rebellion was a series of isolated uprisings that rapidly spread in scope and size.
		Moro factionalism, compounded by declining foreign support and general war weariness, hurt the Muslim movement both on the battlefield and at the negotiating table.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/papa/philippines1972.htm (841 words)

	Moro rebellion - KnowledgeIsFun.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The term Moro Rebellion refers to American military operations in Moroland, Philippines from the declared end of the Spanish-American War to the hand-over of control of the Moro Province to American civil authorities in 1913 with the actual end of the extended Spanish-American War hostilities.
		Given the political and cultural fragmentation of the Moros during this period, the term "rebellion" is something of misnomer--the American occupation forces did not face a unified insurgency or nationalistic movement, but rather the forces of individual datus who refused to accept American control as well as localized popular uprisings.
		On June 1, 1903, the Moro Province, which included "all of the territory of the Philippines lying south of the eight parallel of latitude, excepting the island of Palawan and the eastern portion of the northwest peninsula of Mindanao,.
	www.knowledgeisfun.com /M/Mo/Moro-Rebellion.php (4135 words)

	Minorities At Risk (MAR) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Moros have four of the factors that increase the chances of future rebellion: current insurgency; territorial concentration; regime instability in the past five years; and recent government repression.
		Moro resistance to Spanish rule ensured that the colonizers were not able to exercise effective control over the southern region during their more than three hundred year reign.
		The Moro rebels were sustained in their armed campaign through military aid from Libya and Malaysia and political support from the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC).
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/phimoro.htm (1662 words)

	Muslim Filipinos and Islam
		This bond was significant, because the Moros felt threatened by the continued expansion of Christians into southern Mindanao and by the prolonged presence of Philippine army troops in their homeland.
		The traditional structure of Moro society focused on a sultan who was both a secular and a religious leader and whose authority was sanctioned by the Quran.
		Moro society was still basically hierarchical and familial, at least in rural areas.
	www.islamawareness.net /Asia/Philippines/filipinos.html (2026 words)

	Department of Spanish and Latin American Studies
		Moro’s precarious love lures him and his readers towards night statues, marble beds, with daggers and stone-mouth, cold water, nights; this love leaves only sexual memories, and effaces Moro’s name (that self-effacement is freedom).
		Moro’s aims were to discredit painting in America, and provoke the public into anger, a public that he, Moro, despised anyhow.
		Moro’s close friendship with the gay poet and critic Xavier Villaurrutia and the gay painter Agustín Lazo was crucial.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /spanish-latinamerican/resources/SoleSurrealist.htm (6225 words)

	The Bangsamoro Online - wfsection-The Historical Antecedents of th...
		In addition, the Americans brought the public school system to the Philippines and in an act of benevolent tutelage, sought to educate the Moros the western way, in the belief that the Moros needed this to be rid of their Islamic backwardness and to be at par with the rest of the western-educated Filipinos.
		The Moros and the so-called “wild people” living elsewhere were not considered prepared for civil rule and continued to be governed by military authorities.
		The sentiments of Moros and some American political analysts like J. Ralston Hayden, was that the Moros and Moroland were not ready to be abandoned by the Americans.
	www.bangsamoro.info /modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=26 (1884 words)

	http://www.bangsamoro.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the case of the Moros and the Filipinos, their existence—independent of each other—was not a matter to be proved with.
		Hence, the recognition of the independence of the Moro sultanates and governments from the Filipino, Indio, Maniolo, Ilocano, or Tagalog governments is just a reiteration of the foreign policy of Aguinaldo's short-lived republica expressly recognizing the sultanates as independent of the Republica Filipino.
		For more than three decades the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) wage the armed struggle against the Philippine government as means to liberate the Bangsamoro people and their homeland from Philippine colonialism.
	www.bangsamoro.com /mvoice/arc_political.php?PHPSESSID=5f95a7d871f7388ee2e22647aa69d852 (2730 words)

	MOE Racial Harmony Website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Moros, the Muslim minority in the Philippines, were engaged for decades in guerrilla warfare to establish an independent Islamic State in southern Philippines.
		During the Spanish rule, the Christian Filipinos were employed to crush the Moro Muslim rebellions, thus sowing the seed of enmity between the Christian Filipinos and the Moro Muslims.
		The Historical Antecedents of The Moro Rebellion in the Southern Philippines
	sam11.moe.gov.sg /racialharmony/JC/articles_moro.html (651 words)

	http://www.bangsamoro.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Moros are the Islamized people and the native inhabitants of the Moroland who were once the majority inhabitants of the area.
		The exact figure of the Moro population is difficult to determine because of conflicting information.
		The Moro students and even the professionals were not remiss in facing the challenge of this world phenomenon.
	www.bangsamoro.com /l_bmoro.php (746 words)

	Sun.Star Manila - Justice holds probe on ex-Moro guv rebellion case
		THE Department of Justice (DOJ) Wednesday conducted a long-overdue preliminary investigation on the rebellion charge slapped against former Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (Armm) governor Nur Misuari and his co-accused in connection with the 2001 uprising in Jolo, Sulu.
		Misuari led a rebellion in Mindanao by attacking a military camp in Jolo in November 2001 after government filed graft charges against him for alleged misuse of Armm funds.
		Gonzalez said the government is still bent on pursuing the rebellion case but that it has to "tread carefully" because the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) recognizes Misuari as the representative of the Muslim people in the Philippines.
	www.sunstar.com.ph /static/man/2006/04/20/news/justice.holds.probe.on.ex.moro.guv.rebellion.case.html (847 words)

	spot blog: The Moro Crater Massacre
		The Philippines were purchased from the Spanish after the Spanish-American war, the one started after highly suspect claims that the USS Maine was sabotaged were used by the Hearst newspapers to inflame the public.
		The Moros, as they were known, had been led by the Americans to believe they could retain their religion and autonomy, but that didn't last.
		The low-point was the Moro Crater Massacre, aka the Battle of Bud Dajo.
	draves.org /blog/archives/000387.html (412 words)

	[imc-qc] THE FILIPINO MIND - Unveiling the War in Sulu
		SULU: The battle to control the Moro struggle In the southernmost tip of the Philippine archipelago lies an island the bulk of which is 1,600 square meters in length and sits in the middle of Basilan and Tawi-Tawi islands.
		In their bid to immediately resolve the Moro struggle, the MNLF entered into agreements with the Marcos administration under the prodding of the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), an organization of Muslim states that recognized the political significance of the Moro struggle and the representation of the MNLF in their organization.
		The Tripoli Agreement of 1976 sparked the disunity in the Moro leadership that caused the split of the MNLF hierarchy and membership, and exposed the fragility of the Moro struggle.
	lists.indymedia.org /pipermail/imc-qc/2005-August/0923-jk.html (3534 words)

	Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
		Armed activity by the Moros continued at a relatively low level through the late 1980s, with sporadic clashes between government and Muslim forces.
		(Four battalions were on Jolo Island, a Moro stronghold, down from twenty-four at the rebellion's height.) Most of the endemic violence in Muslim areas was directed at rival clans, not at the military's peacekeeping forces.
		Weakened by these divisions, Muslim infighting, and the formation of an autonomous region, the Moro armies did not appear to be an imminent threat.
	www.fas.org /irp/world/para/mnlf.htm (1243 words)

	Sen. Aquilino Q. Pimentel : Speeches : WHY ADOPT THE FEDERAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Since their arrival in 1521, the Spanish colonial government had wanted to Christianize the Moros of Mindanao as a means of assimilating them into the country's cultural mainstream.
		The American policy towards the Moros of Mindanao was practically a repeat of the Spanish over-all strategy minus the religious overtones.
		The creation of the federal state of the Bangsa Moro will render irrelevant and unnecessary the secessionist aspirations and the revolutionary aims of the Moros of Central and Southwestern Mindanao for the reason that the Moros may preserve and develop their own culture in the Federal State of the Bangsamoro.
	www.nenepimentel.org /speeches/20020425101851fed.shtml (2688 words)

	International Society for Health and Human Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Before their displacement, the Moros who are Muslims and the non-Moro Christian settlers who came from other parts of the country have been living together in that village as one community since the 1930s.
		A number of Moro evacuees in an evacuation center in Maguindanao indicate that they have been "immune" to such tragedies, suggesting that they have come to accept it as a consequence of the military response to their aspiration to have an independent homeland.
		Since armed-conflict induced disaster and internal displacement affect different individuals, families and communities in different degrees, and because many of the psychological effects of displacement are created or affected by the direct social and economic circumstances, responses to this kind of disaster ought not to be purely physical, psychological nor economical relief, but psychosocial.
	www.ishhr.org /regions/balay.php (3232 words)

	Macdonald Center - Online Articles
		In the1900s, the Moro (Christian) population of the Philippines numbered 300,000, scattered throughout Mindanao and among smaller islands to the south and west of Mindanao known as the Sulu Archipelago.
		The Moros were once the land owners of Mindanao and Sulu.
		The Moros have an older history than any other Filipino tribe, and they see Islam as an integral part of their struggle for independence and self-determination.
	macdonald.hartsem.edu /articles_oliveros.htm (3438 words)

	Conflict
		By the mid-1940s, the communist Huk rebellion was underway.
		This put the Moro in a great disadvantage and many were displaced from their own land, leading Governor Dwight Davis to comment in 1935 that Moros were not being treated well "as in many places their lands are being taken away from them because they do not understand the legal procedures necessary to acquire title."
		During this period, however, the Moro struggle was blurred and eventually subsumed in the national effort to oust the Marcos dictatorship.
	www.philippineupdate.com /Conflict.htm (2858 words)

	ISLAM AND THE POLITICS OF IDENTITY:
		The discomfort of the Moros is understandable if one takes a look at the way their identity was threatened by colonization.
		However, the Moros interpret this policy as assimilationist whose aim is to make their culture similar to the dominant Christian majority.
		The factionalism in the Moro struggle between the MNLF (secular) and the MILF (religious), and now the war between the MILF and the government are all indicative of the battle between the secular and the sacred.
	www.hawaii.edu /cps/identity.html (4291 words)

	Comparative Criminology \| Asia - Philippines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The rebellion waned during the early 1950s, but Huk supporters and the remnants of the Huk army later played important roles in the founding of the NPA in the late 1960s.
		Those accused must be informed of the charges against them and must be given access to competent, independent counsel, and the opportunity to post bail, except in instances where there is strong evidence that the crime could result in the maximum punishment of life imprisonment.
		During a trial, the accused are entitled to be present at every proceeding, to compel witnesses, to testify and cross-examine them and to testify or be exempt as a witness.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rwinslow/asia_pacific/philippines.html (12450 words)

	The Role of Media: The Mindanao War and the Moro Peoples / Internal Refugees
		The phenomena of internal refugees in the Philippines have been haunting the Moro or the Muslims of the Philippines since the Marcos dictatorship up to the present times.
		However, most of the Moro areas, especially in far flung and remote areas couldn't access TV broadcasts largely because of the absence of electricity.
		There is a great necessity to develop alternative media for the Moro internal refugees in Mindanao, these victims of war who have limited sources of information, and no means by which to change the prejudicial attitude that have been directed at them since time immemorial.
	kalilintad.tripod.com /role_of_media.htm (2078 words)

	Philippine Camps Are Training Al Qaeda's Allies, Officials Say (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The training camps are in an area under the control of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, which has been waging a guerrilla war for an independent state for 25 years, officials said.
		At the Moro camps, courses vary in length from two weeks to three months, instructors are Indonesians and Arabs as well as Filipinos, and graduates receive a certificate, a Philippine intelligence officer said.
		Although the island has some of the most fertile land in the Philippines, supporting vast pineapple and banana plantations, it is one of the poorest regions of the country, with the highest infant mortality and lowest literacy.
	www.hvk.org /articles/0603/49.html (1360 words)

	Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		"The Moros of the Philippines." Conflict, 8:2-3 (1988), pp.
		"Perhaps the Moro Struggle for Freedom and Self-Determination is the Longest and Bloodiest in the Entire History of Mankind." Nida'ul Islam, 23:5 (April-May 1998).
		TAN, Samuel K. "The Moro Secessionist Movement in the Philippines." in: PREMDAS, Ralph R. [et al.].
	users.skynet.be /terrorism/html/philippines_moro.htm (521 words)

	Philippines The Moros - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		The Moros earned a reputation as fierce fighters in combat against United States troops (see War of Resistance, ch.
		Already in competition over land, economic resources, and political power, the Moros became increasingly alarmed by the immigration of Christians from the north who were making Moros a minority in what they felt was their own land (see Muslim Filipinos, ch.
		But one group, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) led by Nur Misuari, managed to bring most partisan Moro forces into the loosely unified MNLF framework.
	www.photius.com /countries/philippines/national_security/philippines_national_security_the_moros.html (1143 words)

	Moro Rebellion Game run by Jackson Gamers
		The Moro forces were led by "War Leader" Jay Stribling, who wrote this totally unbiased after-action report.
		The peaceful village of Juanomatopeia with a Moro unit to the north, moving against the Americans.
		Jim Pitts (A cunning Moro war leader!) was able to skirmish most effectively against the Northern column, early in the game.
	www.angelfire.com /games3/jacksongamer/moro_game.htm (572 words)

	Bates Treaty
		Known as the Bates Treaty, it was the first step towards the dissolution of Moro (Muslim population of the southern Philippines) sovereignty and the dismantling of the Sulu Sultanate.
		He argued that he could not stop the Moro attacks against the Americans, because the U.S. had imposed poll and land taxes on the population, a practice which the Moros were not used to.
		In turn, what the Moros had to reckon with in the American soldier was the motivation that had fueled the Indian wars in America.
	www.philippineupdate.com /Bates.htm (2609 words)

	PHILIPPINES — The Moro Islamic Liberation Front imbroglio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) is the largest Muslim rebel group and its ultimate aim is to have a separate Islamic state in southern Philippines though it could eventually settle down for a certain degree of Muslim autonomy.
		The Moros became suspicious of the government’s intentions and rebellions rose among the Moros who had traditionally equated their right to carry arms with their religious heritage.
		Talks between the Moros and the government began in late 1976 under the auspices of the Organisation of Islamic Countries (OIC).
	www.saag.org /papers8/paper765.html (2206 words)

	Moro Rebellion Summary
		The United States has sent special forces troops to the Philippines to assist the nation's army in its campaign against Abu Sayyaf, an Islamic extremist group that has been labeled by the U.S. government as terrorist and connected to the al-Qaeda terror...
		The term Moro Rebellion refers to American military operations in Moroland, Philippines from the declared end of the Spanish-American War to the hand-over of control of the Moro Province to American civil authorities in 1913 with the actual end of the ex...
		Get the complete Moro Rebellion Summary Pack, which includes everything on this page.
	www.bookrags.com /Moro_Rebellion (133 words)

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