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Topic: Morphological root

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Morphological typology

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Agglutinative language

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Morphosyntactic alignment

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	Root (linguistics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Inflectional roots are often called stems, and a root in the stricter sense may be thought of as a monomorphemic stem.
		This distinction between the word as a unit of speech and the root as a unit of meaning is even more important in the case of languages where roots have many different forms when used in actual words, as is the case in Semitic languages.
		In these, roots are formed by consonants alone, and different words (belonging to different parts of speech) are derived from the same root by inserting vowels.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Root_(linguistics) (494 words)

	Morphology (linguistics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the exposition above, morphological rules are described as analogies between word-forms: dog is to dogs as cat is to cats, and as dish is to dishes.
		Other, more extreme cases of allomorphy are called suppletion, where two forms related by a morphological rule cannot be explained as being related on a phonological basis: for example, the past of go is went, which is a suppletive form.
		Lexical morphology is the branch of morphology that deals with the lexicon, which, morphologically conceived, is the collection of lexemes in a language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Morphology_(linguistics) (2538 words)

	RedOrbit - Science - Molecular Phylogenetics of Squamata: The Position of Snakes, Amphisbaenians, and Dibamids, and the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		If the morphological rooting is affected by misleading convergence between two or more taxa, the characters supporting this rooting might be found to be concentrated in one anatomical area.
		Analyses performed to localize the signal for the molecular and morphological rootings in the RAG-1 and morphological (Lee and Caldwell, 2000) data, respectively, found that support for the alternative roofings is not concentrated in one particular subset of either data set.
		Chi-square tests show that the morphological characters favoring the morphological rooting are randomly distributed among anatomical regions (Table 3), and separate analyses performed on sequence from the two broad functional domains of the RAG-1 gene likewise both recover the molecular rooting found with the full RAG-7 data.
	www.rednova.com /news/display?id=107752 (8854 words)

	Bingru Huang (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		Huang, B. The role of root morphological and physiological characteristics in drought resistance of plants.
		Root growth and nutrient element status of creeping bentgrass cultivars differing in heat tolerance as influenced by supraoptimal shoot and root temperatures.
		Root characteristics and hormone activity of wheat in response to hypoxia and ethylene.
	aesop.rutgers.edu /~turf/jbrennan/Faculty/Huang.htm (673 words)

	[No title]
		Taking bound roots into account, and anticipating further arguments, we have to conclude that any attempt at generalising, along the lines of (9), the range of bases to which a given stratum-1 affix attaches is doomed in that it fails to capture the facts.
		Root must therefore be a recursive category: unlike in the traditional understanding of the term (see for example Matthews (1991: 64 ff.), Katamba (1992: 45)), roots may be morphologically complex as long as such complexity is the result of the stratum-1 morphology.
		On the first cycle, the complex roots maternal and maternity are formed; given that matern- is not marked for undergoing rule (10), the conversion of that root into a lexical-category-bearing word is impossible.
	www.englang.ed.ac.uk /people/CH3.doc (13824 words)

	Susanne Borgwaldt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		This study investigates the role of pre-lexical morphological parsing in sentences, extending previous work by Libben and de Almeida (2002), who showed that affixed verb forms containing ambiguous roots such as "barking" activated both verb (to bark) and noun (the bark) representations of the root “bark” in primed lexical decision experiments.
		We embedded affixed verb forms with ambiguous roots in various sentence contexts such as "He heard loud barking during the (night/tree/dog/sun)." The last word was either a plausible cloze (night), an associate of the root noun meaning (tree), an associate of the root verb meaning (dog), or an unrelated control (sun).
		If both root meanings (the bark/ to bark) are activated, we expected to find longer reaction times to reject the sentences that end in associates to these words, than to reject the unrelated control condition.
	www.science.mcmaster.ca /~BBCS/2005/viewabstract.php?id=316 (210 words)

	vetiver Grass and Engineering Uses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		When a root penetrate across a potential shear surface in a soil profile the distortion of the shear zone develops tension in the root; the component of this tension tangential to the shear zone directly resist shear, while the normal component increases the confining pressure on the shear plane.
		The results were compared with the root tensile strengths of other tree species which were obtained from previous studies, and the effect of root diameter on the tensile strength of vetiver roots was established.
		To obtain the contribution of root tensile strength to the shear strength of soil, large scale direct shear tests were performed in 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 m3 root permeated soil blocks along with root free soil blocks with same soil properties.
	www.vetiver.com /ENG_Engineering15.htm (1984 words)

	IRRI - International Rice Research Institute
		The model is based on measurements of root hydraulics (hydraulic conductivity) at the level of both excised roots and root cells (membrane level) using pressure probes and other techniques.
		Stimulating the growth of nodal roots from early internodes in early tillers is an important mechanism for forming a deep rooting zone.
		Root morphology under well-watered conditions sampled on two occasions and under low-moisture stress was studied in a randomly chosen subset of 56 doubled-haploid lines derived from a cross between IR64 and Azucena at two growth stages during the vegetative stage.
	www.irri.org /science/abstracts/011.asp (5837 words)

	Clipping effects on root architecture and morphology of 3 range grasses by J. TULIO ARREDONDO AND DOUGLAS A. JOHNSON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		Although defoliation is known to affect root growth in range plants, little information is available concerning the effect of defoliation on root architecture and its relationship to root morphological characteristics.
		This study evaluated the influence of clipping on root architecture and morphology of 3 range grasses from the Intermountain West: 'Whitmar', a cultivar of bluebunch wheatgrass [Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. LÜve]; 'Hycrest', a cultivar of hybrid crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch.
		The topology (pathlength-slope index), geometry (link length and root diameter), and morphology (total root length and specific root length) of roots of the 3 grasses were evaluated 28, 35, and 42 days after planting.
	uvalde.tamu.edu /jrm/mar98/arred.htm (313 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Forage Chicory Root Morphology in Response to No Vs High Phosphorus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		Root morphology differed among cultivars irrespective of P supply with FF producing about twice the taproot mass of GP or LC.
		The change in root length of small diameter class roots, as observed for GP, is typical of the responses to -P described in the literature.
		Physiological or anatomical root responses, to environmental perturbations without concomitant morphological changes, precludes the routine use of specific root length as an indicator of environmentally induced changes in root system function.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=146783&pf=1 (401 words)

	VIEW ROA 253
		The distinction between root and affix faithfulness has been employed in the analysis of the privileged status of roots in a variety of phonological systems, such as root-controlled vowel harmony.
		In this article, I argue that this distinction is equally important in explaining the observation in Cupeño that inherent accent in roots takes precedence over inherent accent in affixes.
		In addition, morphologically dispersed faithfulness is shown to be instrumental in extending the analysis beyond previous accounts, providing the right tools for the analysis of pre-accentuation and the special phonology of the nominalizer suffix.
	roa.rutgers.edu /view.php3?id=543 (153 words)

	Hellenic Orthodontic Review - Article Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		Crown / root relations and root morphological characteristics of permanent maxillary central incisors in Class II, division 1 and 2 malocclusions.
		AIM: To investigate in detail and through the use of new parameters the crown / root relations and the root morphological characteristics of permanent maxillary central incisors in Class II, divisions 1 and 2 malocclusions as well as the relationships of these teeth with the apical maxillary base.
		CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that there are differences in the morphological characteristics and the relationships of upper central incisors with the maxillary apical base between Class II, division 1 and 2 malocclusions for the sample and the cephalometric variables used in this study.
	www.grortho.gr /hor/v3i2/v3i2_3_en.html (292 words)

	Root Morphology of Contrasting Maize Genotypes -- Costa et al. 94 (1): 96 -- Agronomy Journal
		For all genotypes, 95% of root length was comprised of roots
		Across-genotype means of root dry mass and root/shoot ratio for three rates of N fertilization for maize grown to silking.
		by roots from 0.20 to 0.40 mm in diameter (Fig.
	agron.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/94/1/96 (3190 words)

	Morphological Parsing with a Unification-based Word Grammar
		A major breakthrough in the field of morphological parsing came in 1983 when Kimmo Koskenniemi, a Finnish computer scientist, produced his dissertation Two-level morphology: A general computational model for word-form recognition and generation (Koskenniemi 1983).
		Koskenniemi's model of two-level morphology was based on the traditional distinction that linguists make between morphotactics, which enumerates the inventory of morphemes and specifies in what order they can occur, and morphophonemics, which accounts for alternate forms or "spellings" of morphemes according to the phonological context in which they occur.
		Its root is the adjective large; the prefix en- forms the verb enlarge; the suffix -ment forms the noun enlargement; and finally the inflectional suffix s marks it plural.
	www.sil.org /pckimmo/ntnlp94.html (2716 words)

	[No title]
		Of course, this model does not have to be complete, either here in the design or in the implementation...many individual morphological variations will have to be handled by the irregular forms dictionary.
		Subsequent morphemes contain near-subsets of this string, although morphological changes may alter the representation, hence it is kept for each morpheme.
		A single Morpheme can represent 0 divisions, in which case the string is considered already in root form, or it can contain a morphological affix that can be removed from the string, along with a simpler morpheme, which itself can contain more sub-morphemes.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/OldFiles/kantoo/vol40/doc/analyzer/morphonizer.txt (2425 words)

	Welcome to Biolase Technology, Inc.
		Morphological comparative study on ablation of dental hard tissues at cavity preparation by Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers.
		Morphological changes of bovine mandibular bone irradiated by Er,Cr:YSGG laser: an in vitro study.
		Morphological and atomic analytical studies on enamel and dentin irradiated by an erbium, chromium:YSGG laser.
	www.biolase.com /clinical.html (718 words)

	Details on the publication: "The influence of age of acquis..." (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		In the Italian language there is a higher number of inflectional suffixes in verbs than in nouns, and this might imply that verbs are more likely to undergo a morphological analysis in terms of root and suffix as compared to nouns (Traficante, & Burani, unpublished).
		The morphological variable root frequency in addition to word frequency, length and word age-of-acquisition, and the semantic variables concreteness and context availability (Schwanenflugel, Harnishfeger, & Stowe, 1988) were used as predictors in multiple regression analyses in which lexical decision and naming latencies were the dependent variables.
		The results showed that age of acquisition, context availability and root frequency are all important in predicting both lexical decision and naming latencies for nouns and verbs, but age of acquisition and root frequency are better predictors of the differences in processing Italian nouns and verbs
	www.istc.cnr.it /showabstract.php?bibid=254 (257 words)

	Sakhr/Technology/Morphology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		Sakhr's MMMP is a morphological analyzer-synthesizer that provides basic analysis for a single Arabic word covering the whole range of modern and classical Arabic.
		The synthesizer works in a reverse mode to regenerate the word from its morphological forms (stem, root, morphological pattern, part of speech and/or affixes).
		In other words, we consider the analysis correct, when the Morphological Processor is able to regenerate and compare the output to the original word.
	www.sakhr.com /Sakhr_e/Technology/Morphology.htm (125 words)

	Fine Root Productivity and Dynamics on a Forested Floodplain in South Carolina -- Baker et al. 65 (2): 545 -- Soil ...
		Fine root N (top panel) and P (bottom panel) contents in surface soil of well-drained (WD), intermediately drained (ID), and poorly drained (PD) soils in a mixed-oak community on the Coosawhatchie River floodplain, Jasper County, South Carolina.
		Lengths and diameters of plant roots in non-random populations by analysis of plane surfaces.
		Lengths and diameters of cotton roots in a clay-loam soil by analysis of surface-ground blocks of resin-impregnated soil.
	soil.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/65/2/545 (7808 words)

	Gene expression profiling of two related maize inbred lines with contrasting root-lodging traits -- Bruce et al. 52 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		Genomic DNA was isolated from root tissue of the inbreds 100
		Photographs of field-grown excavated root clumps from inbred 100 (A) and 101 (B).
		Stamp P, Kiel C. Seedling traits of maize as indicators of root lodging.
	jxb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/52/suppl_1/459 (5301 words)

	Effect of Er:YAG and Diode Laser Irradiation on the Root Surface: Morphological and Thermal Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		Background: The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of Er:YAG and diode laser treatments of the root surface on intrapulpal temperature after scaling and root planing with hand instruments.
		The temperature was monitored by means of a type T thermocouple (copper-constantan) positioned in the pulp chamber to assess pulpal temperature during and before irradiation.
		Root surface irregularities were more pronounced after irradiation with an Er:YAG laser than with a diode laser.
	www.electronicipc.com /JournalEZ/detail.cfm?code=02250010740609&cfid=&cftoken= (315 words)

	[No title]
		is usually the root string, with spaces replaced by hyphens.
		If '+', this term has a past participle form that can be generated using regular morphological rules.
		This must be an integer between 1 and the number of words in the phrase.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/kantoo/vol40/doc/developers/cte/dmk.txt (1509 words)

	WinRHIZO, complete plant root measurement and analysis systems for agricultural and forestry research
		Positioning roots without overlap in front of a video camera or a scanner can be quite difficult, tedious or even impossible.
		Instead of relying on statistics, Regent has developed a method for detecting root overlaps, tips and forks (which are visible in the images) and taking them into account when measuring root length, area and volume.
		As they are drawn, the root length and other morphological parameters are added to the existing measurements.
	www.regentinstruments.com /products/rhizo/RhizoFeatures.html (1043 words)

	Hardwood Seedling Root and Nutrient Parameters for a Model of Nutrient Uptake -- Kelly et al. 30 (2): 427 -- Journal of ...
		Nitrate, P, and K soil supply estimates; root morphological parameters, and uptake kinetics values used in the Barber-Cushman model to simulate 1-yr-old red maple seedlings growing in the Cove Mountain soil.
		Based on the root and shoot growth patterns identified by Canham et al.
		The mycorrhizal status, root anatomy, and phenology of plants in a sugar maple forest.
	jeq.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/30/2/427 (6596 words)

	[No title]
		In our The program, supplied to us by Bolt Beranek and New- man, operates in two alternative modes, either selecting a single most likely tag for each word (1,est-tag option, the one we use at present), or supplying a short ranked list of alternatives (Meteer et at., 1991).
		9 The suffix trimmer performs essentially two tasks: (1) it reduces inflected word forms to their root forms as specified in the dictionary, and (2) it converts nominalized verb forms (e.g., "implementa- tion", "storage") to the root forms of corresponding verbs (i.e., "implement", "store").
		On the other hand, "process+ion" is not 10 reduced to "process Earlier experiments with CACM-3204 collec- tion showed an improvement in retrieval precision by 6% to 8% over the base system equipped with a stan- dard morphological stemmer (the SMART stemmer).
	www.itl.nist.gov /iad/894.02/projects/irlib/pubs/sp500207/sp500207_orig/papers/13_177.txt (519 words)

	DATR by example
		We assume that the morphology of present tense forms is specified with paths of five attributes, the fourth specifying number, the fifth, person.
		Here we define default present morphology to be simply the root, and this generalises to all the longer forms, except the present participle and the third person singular.
		Be: <> == EN_VERB root> == be == am == is == are == == was == were.
	www.ccl.kuleuven.ac.be /LKR/html/node2.html (2956 words)

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