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Topic: Morrill tariff

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	Morrill tariff (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was a major protectionist tariff bill instituted in the United States.
		The Morrill Tariff is also remembered as a contentious issue that fueled sectional disputes on the eve of the American Civil War.
		The Morrill tariff was compared to and even higher than the 1828 Tariff of Abominations, which had led to the 1832 Nullification Crisis.
	morrill-tariff.iqnaut.net (1526 words)

	Mexico Tariff
		Tax, tariff and trade rules in modern times are usually set together because of their common impact on industrial policy, investment policy and agricultural policy.
		As Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton was anxious to establish the tariff as a regular source of revenue for the government and as a protection of domestic manufacture.
		The first protective tariff was passed by Congress in 1816, and was increased in 1824, and again in 1828 by the ''Tariff of Abominations'', a name given by the bill's Southern opponents.
	www.artistbooking.com /trips/136/mexico-tariff.html (1221 words)

	The Patriotist - Guest Column (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This was reminiscent and even higher than the Tariffs of Abomination of 1828 and 1832, which had led to a constitutional crisis and threats of secession and armed force.
		The Morrill Tariff dealt the South a flagrant political injustice and impending economic hardship and crisis.
		The Morrill Tariff was certainly a powerful factor predisposing the South to seek its independence and determine its own destiny.
	www.patriotist.com /miscarch/ms20030428.htm (1398 words)

	True Causes of the Uncivil War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It was the Morrill Tariff that stirred the smoldering embers of regional mistrust and ignited the fires of Secession in the South.
		Although this was remarkably reminiscent of the Tariffs of Abomination which had led in 1832 to a constitutional crisis and threats of secession and armed force, the US House of Representatives passed the Bill 105 to 64.
		The Morrill Tariff of 1860, so unabashed and unashamed in its short-sighted, partisan greed, stands as an astonishing monument to the self-centered depravity of man and to its consequences.
	www.southernevents.org /true_causes_of_the_uncivil_war.htm (1943 words)

	Taussig, Essay on Tariffs from the Encyclopedia Britannica: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Where tariff duties are imposed solely for revenue, an equivalent excise tax is imposed within the country, so as to put the domestic producer precisely on the footing of his foreign competitor; and tariffs so maintained are in complete conformity with the principle of free trade.
		The tariff of 1828 was affected by some political manipulation, which caused it to contain objectionable provisions, and to be dubbed "the tariff of abominations." But the so-called abominations were removed in 1832, when the protective system was deliberately and carefully rearranged.
		Efforts were made also to reduce the tariff duties, but these naturally came last: they met with strong opposition, and in the end they were almost completely frustrated, thus leaving as the basis of the tariff the rates which had been levied in the course of the war.
	www.econlib.org /library/Taussig/tsgEnc1.html (6146 words)

	Morrill tariff - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Morrill Tariff immediately raised this average to 36.2%, and in subsequent years was revised upward until in 1864 (when it could only be collected from states under Union control) the average rate stood at 47.56%.
		The tariff hurt the British economy and many British newspapers opposed it, siding with the South, and contending that the tariff was the major reason why the Southern states wanted to secede.
		Historian Charles Beard and economist Thomas DiLorenzo have identified the Morrill Tariff as an underlying cause for the Civil War.
	88.208.194.172 /wiki/index.php/Morrill_tariff (2170 words)

	Gods, Generals And Tariffs
		The actual tariff rates that were put into effect by the Confederate government averaged 13.3 percent, with dozens of commodities exempt altogether.
		This was lower than the 15 percent average tariff rate of 1857 that Frank Taussig said, in his Tariff History of the United States [FULL TEXT] was the closest to the free-trade ideal ever accomplished by the United States during the nineteenth century.
		This suggests that the Morrill Tariff was not a "war tariff" put into place to finance the war but the usual kind, designed to thwart free trade and plunder consumers, especially Southern consumers.
	www.rense.com /general35/godsgeneralstariffs.htm (1442 words)

	:: America's Caesar ::
		We, the Old Whigs, have been entirely beaten out of the tariff question, and we shall not be able to reestablish the policy until the absence of its shall have demonstrated the necessity for it in the minds of men heretofore opposed to it.
		Morrill's tariff legislation of March 2 and August 5, 1861, nearly doubled the rates of import duties that were exacted by the tariff of 1857.
		the final shape of the tariffs enacted during the war was largely owing to the endeavors of protected manufacturers to gain each for himself the greatest possible advantage irrespective of the other's interests.
	www.crownrights.com /blog/etext/lincoln_tariff.htm (7095 words)

	March 19, 1861
		The tariff of the Washington Congress is the most ignorant, useless, blundering and pernicious enactment that ever was concocted for the avowed purpose of bettering the interests of the country.
		On the contrary, the tariff of the Montgomery Congress is a sound, practical and intelligible measure, and as such it will command the admiration of the statesmen of England and France, and all the commercial nations of Europe.
		The tariff of the South opens its ports upon fair and equitable terms to the manufacturers of foreign countries, which it were folly to suppose will not be eagerly availed of; which the stupid and suicidal tariff just adopted by the Northern Congress imposes excessive and almost prohibitory duties upon the same articles.
	www.pddoc.com /skedaddle/journal/V2-Issue12/march_19_1861.htm (2277 words)

	Tariff in American history - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Polk succeeded in passing the Walker tariff of 1846 by uniting the rural and agricultural factions of the country for lower taxes.
		The result was a wool tariff that helped the farmers by a high rate on imported wool—a tariff the American manufacturers had to pay—together with a high tariff on finished woolens and worsted goods.
		Whereas Aldrich was a New England businessman and a master of the complexities of the tariff, the Midwestern Republican insurgents were rhetoricians and lawyers who distrusted the special interests and assumed the tariff was sheer robbery for the benefit of fat cats at the expense of the ordinary consumer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tariff_in_American_history (2901 words)

	Wartime Tariff Legislation
		Justin Morrill, Representative from Vermont, gained approval for a sharply increased tariff measure on March 2, 1861, two days before Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated.
		The Morrill Tariff of 1861, an abrupt departure from the earlier Walker Tariff, was signed into law as one of the last acts of the outgoing president, James Buchanan.
		Other wartime tariff measures would bring the average rate to about 47 percent by war’s end—approximately the same level as the Tariff of Abominations in 1828.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h975.html (322 words)

	Dixie Outfitters
		The U.S. House of Representatives had passed the Morrill tariff in the 1859-1860 session, and the Senate passed it on March 2, 1861, two days before Lincoln’s inauguration.
		He was expected to be the enforcer of the Morrill tariff.
		He was not about to back down to the South Carolina tariff nullifiers, as Andrew Jackson had done, and was willing to launch an invasion that would ultimately cost the lives of 620,000 Americans to prove his point.
	www.dixieoutfitters.com /heritage/cw23.shtml (980 words)

	he Unconstitutional Tax on American Exports by Thomas J. DiLorenzo
		As tariffs cause imports to fall, less foreign exchange is needed to purchase them and the demand for foreign currency declines.
		Regardless of what the exact percentage of tariffs that were ultimately paid by North versus South in 1861 was, it is not debatable that Southern secession and the creation of free trade in all the Southern ports would have been a huge drain on federal revenues, fully 95 percent of which came from tariff revenues.
		Northern steel manufacturers like Congressmen Justin Morrill of Vermont and Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania understood it as well, for the opposite reason: They were on the receiving end of the plunder that was extracted by the Morrill Tariff.
	www.lewrockwell.com /dilorenzo/dilorenzo58.html (1582 words)

	SparkNotes: The Civil War 1850–1865: The Union Side: 1861–1863
		They passed the tariff not only to win more support from manufacturers but also because they realized how important the economy would be during the war.
		The Morrill Land Grant Act and the Homestead Act, meanwhile boosted settlement and the agricultural development of the West during the war and for several decades afterward.
		Ultimately, it was the North’s booming industrial economy—assisted by the Morrill Tariff, the Legal Tender Act, and the National Bank Act—that won the Civil War.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/american/civilwar/section5.rhtml (1371 words)

	Tariff of 1789-
		It was also known as the “Sectional Tariff,” because the North and the West joined together to pass it over the South’s complaints.
		A tariff that cancelled the remaining reductions established by the Tariff of 1833.
		Morrill Tariff of 1816 and other wartime tariffs-
	www.ncusd203.org /north/depts/socstudies/wright/Review04/TARIFF.htm (225 words)

	AEH: AMER.TRADE: Incidental Protection: An Examination of the Morrill Tariff (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Both President James Buchanan and many of his Democratic colleagues in Congress urged revising the Tariff of 1857 to arrest the growth of the federal deficit.
		An examination of the Morrill Tariff and the circumstances surrounding its passage demonstrate that it re-established the rates introduced by the "free trade" Tariff of 1846 while providing incidental protection for select industries, a practice advocated by the Democratic party for over a decade.
		The author concludes that the historiography describing the Morrill Tariff as the first statement of the nascent Republican party's protectionist agenda, needs revision.
	eh.net /pipermail/abstracts/2001-May/000419.html (175 words)

	Note from Pat: Re: Academic Mush - T H E I N T E R N E T B R I G A D E - Official Web ...
		Tariffs are a consumption tax, placed only on foreign-made goods.
		Tariffs may be looked upon as the "ante," the entrance fee foreign companies and countries pay to get equal access to our market.
		My difference with the libertarians is that I believe in a national free market, where tax-and-tariff systems are designed by patriots who want their nation to be the most independent and self-sufficent on earth with the highest wages and standard of living for their own people.
	www.buchanan.org /db99-1219-pjbcomment.html (428 words)

	Decatur (AL) Paper Combines Ignorance and Arrogance (Part II) \| Suppressed News
		A major cause of the war was the tariff system that exploited the South unmercifully for the benefit of Northern commercial and industrial interests.
		The Morrill Tariff was so disparate in its generous benefits for the North and severe burdens for the South that it left no recourse but secession to the cotton-producing Gulf States.
		The Morrill Tariff was notable for its shameless regional partisanship and greed.
	suppressednews.com /mynews/news/EEFkZZZAFpFwmALuRO.shtml (1089 words)

	Vindicating the Founders: Document Library: The Civil War Wasn’t About Slavery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A precursor for a War Between the States came in 1832, when South Carolina called a convention to nullify tariff acts of 1828 and 1832, referred to as the "Tariffs of Abominations." A compromise lowering the tariff was reached, averting secession and possibly war.
		Their constitution was nearly identical to the U.S. Constitution except that it outlawed protectionist tariffs, business handouts and mandated a two-thirds majority vote for all spending measures.
		The Morrill Tariff Act of 1861 was not passed until after several states had seceded, thus reducing the number of anti-tariff representatives in Congress.
	www.vindicatingthefounders.com /library/index.asp?document=28 (594 words)

	Augusta Georgia: opinion@ugusta: Sets record straight on war's cause 6/20/97
		The tariff of 1824 increased the duty to 33 percent.
		Each time a tariff took effect, the South was punished twice, first in purchasing power and second, in selling power.
		Winning only 40 percent of the popular vote (sound familiar?) he stumbled into office and one of his first pieces of legislation was the signing of the Morrill Tariff Act.
	chronicle.augusta.com /stories/062197/dedmondtletter.html (468 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Upon recommendation of the Tariff Commission, President authorized to alter rates for products of individual foreign countries.
		By 1951, average tariff rates were down to less than 15%.
		Agreement among 28 nations to settle tariff rates among themselves by negotiation.
	www.uscsumter.edu /~tpowers/hist112/tariffs2.html (246 words)

	Home > Port Jefferson Station, New York, NY, 11776, Port Jefferson Station Real Estate, Port Jefferson Station ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Customs revenue was 5 million from 1861 through 1865, or 43% of all federal tax revenue, while spending on the War and Navy departments totalled,065 million.
		The new Confederacy also needed revenue and it imposed a copy of the U.S. tariff (at 1857 levels) on all trade with the USA.
		Despite the tariff British exports in 1866-70 were 50% higher than before the war, so the anger subsided.
	www.portjeffersonstationnyus.com /info/Morrill_Tariff (3756 words)

	Rewriting Economic History
		As the great historian of tariff history, Frank Taussig, wrote in Tariff History of the United States (p.
		Several southern states had already seceded, including South Carolina in December, when it was apparent that the tariff would probably pass the Senate and would be enforced by Lincoln, the career-long protectionist. Again, this is not to say that the tariff was the sole cause of the war, but it was certainly relevant.
		Then in the 1859-1860 congressional session the House of Representatives passed the Morrill tariff, followed by the Senate in the next session, in early 1861, just before Lincoln’s inauguration. The average rate would soon be elevated to 47.06 percent, according to Taussig.
	www.lewrockwell.com /dilorenzo/dilorenzo17.html (522 words)

	AMER.TRADE: Incidental Protection: An Examination of the Morrill Tariff (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Morrill Tariff was implemented as a direct response to the fiscal
		revising the Tariff of 1857 to arrest the growth of the federal
		Tariff as the first statement of the nascent Republican party's
	eh.net /abstracts/archive/0391.php (166 words)

	Articles by Marx in the U.S. Civil War 1861 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The war between North and South -- so runs the first excuse -- is a mere tariff war, a war between a protectionist system and a free trade system, and Britain naturally stands on the side of free trade.
		When South Carolina had its first attack of secession in 1831, the protectionist tariff of 1828 served it, to be sure, as a pretext, but only as a pretext, as is known from a statement of General Jackson.
		In the Secession Congress at Montgomery all reference to the tariff question was avoided, because the cultivation of sugar in Louisiana, one of the most influential Southern states, depends entirely on protection.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1861/10/25.htm (3254 words)

	Houghton Mifflin Company College Text Book Teaching Lies
		The U.S. House of Representatives, under the influence of this Northern protectionist lobby, "actually passed the Morrill tariff in its 1859-60 session, prior to the departure of southern congressman from the House of Representatives," write McGuire and Van Cott (emphasis added).
		Moreover, the House vote of 105-64 was very lopsided in terms of Northern supporters and Southern opponents of the Morrill Tariff (Congressman Justin Morrill was a steel manufacturer from Vermont).
		In other words, secession was not precipitated by the Morrill tarriff, as the neo-Confederates would try to claim.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/902647/posts (4586 words)

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