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	Henry Mortimer Durand :: Khyber.ORG
		Mortimer Durand was born in Sehore, Bhopal State of India on the 14th of February 1850 and died in Polden, Somerset, England on 8 June 1924.
		Although Durand opposed dividing Persia into spheres of influence, he had sketched a line from Khanqin, then on the Ottoman-Persian border, through Hamadan, Isfahan, Yazd, and Kerman to Seistan, defining the northernmost limits of clear British ascendance, in order to bring into focus the region where British energies should be concentrated.
		Durand's departure from Persia in April 1900 coincided with the granting of a Russian loan, accompanied by severe political restrictions, including continuation of a ban on railway building.
	www.khyber.org /pashtohistory/misc/durand.shtml (728 words)

	Durand line - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Durand line is a term for the poorly marked 2,450 kilometer (1,519 mile) border between Afghanistan and Pakistan.
		Named for Sir Mortimer Durand, the foreign secretary of the British Indian government, it was agreed upon by representatives of both Afghanistan and the British Empire, but deeply resented by the Afghan Emir Abdur Rahman Khan who may have viewed the border as a temporary arrangement rather than a permanent agreement.
		Some Pashtun tribes in Afghanistan and Pakistan still want to dissolve the Durand Line, however the issue has lost its previous support due to Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and subsequent chaos and the tenuous rebuilding that is taking place in post-Taliban Afghanistan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Durand_Line (303 words)

	Mortimer - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Mortimer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March (died 1330), served as lieutenant to the English crown in Ireland, as did several of his heirs.
		In 1368 the 3rd Earl, Edmund Mortimer (died 1381), inherited the de Burgh claim to Connacht and Ulster through marriage to King Edward III's granddaughter Philippa, heiress to the territories.
		Mortimer is a successful, elderly medical man, well-esteemed since those who know him give him this mark of their appreciation.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Mortimer (201 words)

	DURAND
		Durand sustained his most serious defeat in negotiations to obtain a British loan for the Persian government after the assassination of Na@sáer-al-D^n Shah (17 D¨u'l-qa¿da 1313/1 May 1896).
		Although Durand opposed dividing Persia into spheres of influence, he had sketched a line from K¨a@neq^n, then on the Ottoman-Persian border, through Hamada@n, Isfahan, Yazd, and Kerma@n to S^sta@n, defining the northernmost limits of clear British ascendance, in order to bring into focus the region where British energies should be concentrated.
		Durand's departure from Persia in April 1900 coincided with the granting of a Russian loan, accompanied by severe political restrictions, including continuation of a ban on railway building.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v7/v7f6/v7f634.html (938 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Mortimer Durand
		Sir Henry Mortimer Durand (14 February1850, Sehore, Bhopal, India - 8 June 1924, Polden, Somerset, England), was a diplomat and civil servant of colonial British India.
		This line, the Durand Line, is named after him and is now the official international border between Afghanistan and modern-day Pakistan.
		Speaking fluent Persian, Durand was minister plenipotentiary at Teheran 1894-1900.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Mortimer_Durand (211 words)

	Mortimer, Bob (Robert) - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Mortimer, Bob (Robert) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Bob Mortimer was a practising lawyer when he met his comedy partner Vic Reeves in 1986.
		Mortimer, Edmund de, 3d earl of March and 1st earl of Ulster
		Mortimer, Roger de, 4th earl of March and 2d earl of Ulster
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Mortimer%2c+Bob+(Robert) (167 words)

	Asia Times Online - The best news coverage from South Asia
		A coalition of six fundamentalist, pro-Taliban and pro-Osama bin Laden parties under the umbrella of the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA) came to power in NWFP in last October's general elections, and the MMA is a part of the ruling coalition in Balochistan.
		Many in the present Afghan government believe that the agreement reached between Afghan king Abdur Rahman Khan and British colonial official Sir Henry Mortimer Durand in 1893 that defined the Durand Line was for 100 years only, and expired in 1993.
		They said that the Durand Line had not only affected the history of Pashtuns, but had also changed their social and economic conditions.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/South_Asia/EJ25Df01.html (731 words)

	NameTraq \| Last Name: Durand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Durand High School is expected to be officially welcomed into the Genesee Area Conference when the league's 12 school superintendents vote, possibly as early...
		Durand starred on the court as a player for Peck High School, where she was a state champion in 1987 and finished third in the Miss Basketball voting as a...
		Navy Petty Officer 3rd Class Chad Carr, son of Cindy Elmer of Durand, was one of the sailors aboard the USS Enterprise honored by Maj. Gen.
	www.nametraq.org /Jan04/D/Durand.shtml (2326 words)

	NameTraq \| Last Name: Mortimer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Sir Mortimer Durand drew this line, and a treaty was signed between British India and Afghan King Abdul Rahman Khan in 1893.
		Mortimer said that because state law requires a certain degree of intent in criminal matters, he will consider what her doctors report when he decides whether...
		Mortimer B. Fuller III, chairman and chief executive officer of GWI, said, “We are excited to be operating railroads that serve some of Georgia-Pacific’s...
	www.nametraq.org /Jan04/M/Mortimer.shtml (2383 words)

	zarif.vd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Line was devised by the British to strengthen the status of Afghanistan as a buffer between the British India and the expanding Russian empire desirous of reaching the warm waters of the Indian Ocean and for that matter the rich colonial lands of the subcontinent of India.
		The Durand Line treaty worked by the British was singed in 1893 and was to stay in force for one hundred years.
		The primary reason for this is the legacy of the Durand Line which was drawn as part of an agreement signed on 12 November 1893 between the then ruler of Afghanistan, Abdur Rahman Shah, and Sir Mortimer Durand, the foreign secretary of the colonial government of India.
	vzarif.persianblog.com (8467 words)

	Encyclopedia: Durand Line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		A kilometre (American spelling: kilometer) (symbol: km) is a unit of length equal to 1000 metres (from the Greek words khilia = thousand and metro = count/measure).
		Mortimer Durand was the creator of the Durand Line, the border between Afghanistan and modern-day Pakistan.
		Neighbouring regions are: Afghanistan to the west with the border marked by the Durand Line, North-West Frontier to the north...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Durand-Line (640 words)

	Pakistan - Geography
		The boundary line with Afghanistan was drawn in 1893 by Sir Mortimer Durand, then foreign secretary in British India, and was acceded to by the amir of Afghanistan that same year.
		This boundary, called the Durand Line, was not in doubt when Pakistan became independent in 1947, although its legitimacy was in later years disputed periodically by the Afghan government as well as by Pakhtun tribes straddling the Pakistan-Afghanistan border.
		On the one hand, Afghanistan claimed that the Durand Line had been imposed by a stronger power upon a weaker one, and it favored the establishment of still another state to be called Pashtunistan or Pakhtunistan.
	countrystudies.us /pakistan/23.htm (882 words)

	Afghanistan CD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In 1893, the Durand Line was drawn to establish the spheres of interest between Afghanistan and British India.
		The line was named for Sir Mortimer Durand, who used subtle threats to persuade Abdurrahman to agree to the boundary.
		The Durand Line was not originally intended as a physical boundary between Afghanistan and India, but it ultimately became just that and now forms the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan.
	www.parkerhill.com /afghan/history-form.html (304 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : Opinion
		The Durand Line came into being in 1893, when Amir Abdul Rahman and the then foreign secretary of India, Sir Mortimer Durand, came to an agreement about the respective areas of influence of the amir and British India.
		Afghans feared that the Pashtun areas on the other side of the Durand Line were being integrated into Pakistan in a firmer manner by Ayub Khan.
		Besides the alleged military incursions across the Durand Line, the Afghans know that the forces that seek to destabilize their country are based in Pakistan.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1030717/asp/opinion/story_2166060.asp (1041 words)

	NewsCentralAsia - Durand Line Agreement – Complete Text of Original Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Durand Line – the present border between Afghanistan and Pakistan – was agreed to as official boundary line between British India and Afghanistan on 12 November 1893.
		Sir Henry Mortimer Durand from the British side and Amir Abdul Rahman Khan from the Afghan side signed the historical document.
		Moreover, there was a whisper campaign a while ago that the Durand Line agreement was valid for 100 years and after that the document is legally null and void now.
	www.newscentralasia.com /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1244 (714 words)

	Mortimer Durand - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This line is called after him Durand Line, and is now the border between Afghanistan and modern-day Pakistan.
		He also published the biography of his father general Henry Marion Durand (1812-1871) and had ambitions as novelist (often with his wife Lady E.
		This page was last modified 12:07, 8 June 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mortimer_Durand (180 words)

	The Nation
		It was established with the agreement of President Musharraf and President Hamid Karzai with a view to sort out mutual issues along the border, including the demarcation and re-demarcation of the ambiguous or disputed portion of the Durand Line between the two countries.
		For the first time since the establishment of Pakistan, the Durand Treaty is being adhered to in its letter and spirit.
		The Rawalpindi Peace Treaty of 8 August 1919 granted independent status to Afghanistan in all its internal and external affairs and reconfirmed the 1905 treaty with the understanding that all previous treaties between the two countries stood cancelled after the third Anglo-Afghan War of 1919.
	www.nation.com.pk /daily/nov-2004/7/columns5.php (1135 words)

	Durand Cup : Football Soccer in India
		Durand Cup is the oldest football tournament in India and 3rd oldest football tournament in the world, only the English FA-Cup and the Scottish FA-Cup are older than it.
		The Durand Football Tournament was started by Sir Mortimer Durand at Shimla in 1888.
		In 1997 FC Kochin from the south won, in 1998 and 2002 for the first time a team from Mumbai with Mahindra United won the title twice, while in 1999 and 2003 Goan side Salgaocar won the trophy twice but the new Millennium's first title was once again won by Mohun Bagan.
	india.deepthi.com /football-soccer/durand-cup.html (179 words)

	NewsCentralAsia - The Pak-Afghan Border / Durand Line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		While negotiating the Durand Line, Amir Abdul Rahman Khan of Afghanistan had received a British mission in a formal Durbar which was held in November 1893, in the Salam Khana Hall, where the civil and military officers of Kabul and chiefs of various tribes were present.
		The Amir further told the audience that it was for the first time that Afghanistan had a definite frontier which would prevent future misunderstandings and would render Afghanistan strong and powerful after it had been consolidated with the aid in arms and ammunition which would be received from the British.
		The demarcation of the Durand Line was carried out in fulfilment of the AngloAfghan agreement' of November 12, 1893 between Amir Abdul Rahman Khan of Afghanistan and Sir Henry Mortimer Durand, Foreign Secretary to the Government of India.
	www.newscentralasia.com /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1374 (975 words)

	Sir-Mortimer-Durand-Entered-Tank
		And after partition of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent, Pakistan considers the Durand Line as a permanent dividing line between the two countries and it is because of this fear of `pakhtun' unification on both sides of the Durand Line that the NWFP has remained without a name.
		Sir Mortimer Durand, the creator of the Durand Line, officially visited Tank to request Nawab Shahnawaz to put pressure on the Mahsud and Waziri tribes not to create problems for the British Indian Government.
		Strong arguments were being put against the Nawab, who seemed to be losing the case when suddenly Eleanor, the daughter of Sir Mortimer Durand, forced her way into the room where the trial was going on.
	www.geocities.com /bunery1/Sir-Mortimer-Durand-Entered-Tank.html (627 words)

	AIM25: School of Oriental and African Studies: Durand, Sir Henry Marion and Sir Henry Mortimer
		Durand rose up through the ranks of the Indian Civil Service, and from 1884 to 1894 was Foreign Secretary to the Government of India.
		Durand stood as Conservative and Unionist candidate in the election of 1910 for Plymouth, with Waldorf Astor, but failed.
		These include a set of Henry Mortimer Durand's diaries (1870-1907); a large selection of correspondence (1872-1922) (correspondents include Lord Lansdowne, Grey, Curzon and Roberts); and a collection of press cuttings (1902-1908) relating to the period when he was Ambassador in America.
	www.aim25.ac.uk /cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=191&inst_id=19 (535 words)

	Focus on bilateral border dispute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The issue at stake is a border delineation agreed to in 1893 between Sir Henry Mortimer Durand, then foreign secretary in British India, and the king of Afghanistan.
		The Durand Line is said not to have been in doubt when Pakistan was established in 1947.
		The people in the tribal areas were opposed to the Durand Line, because kin were separated from each other, most families were divided by it," Haji Adeel, a former Speaker of the NWFP provincial assembly, told IRIN from the province’s capital, Peshawar.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=37551 (2251 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Afghanistan: Durand Line Controversy Set to Resurface The resolution of the longstanding frontier dispute between Pakistan and Afghanistan is key to a rapprochement between the two countries.
		The problem dates back to 1893 when British diplomat Sir Mortimer Durand drew an arbitrary line across the Hindu Kush mountains and proclaimed it the border between British Indian territory and fiercely independent Afghanistan to the north and west.
		During their talks, Musharaf and Karzai spoke at length about the importance of recognising each other's territorial integrity, but analysts say that there will have to be a serious reassessment of the border between the two countries if they really want to improve bilateral relations.
	www.iwpr.net /archive/rca/rca_200202_106_2_eng.txt (787 words)

	DAWN - Opinion; August 8, 2003
		When Pakistan came into being the Afghan government was quick to reject the Durand Line, which was drawn by the British in 1893, as the international border between the two countries.
		The Durand Line was drawn arbitrarily by the British negotiator Mortimer Durand with the British empire’s interests as the sole factor behind it.
		The Pakistan army is operating on Pakistan’s side of the Durand Line, as was confirmed by the American forces operating on the Afghan side of the border.
	www.dawn.com /2003/08/08/op.htm (4193 words)

	EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight - Separating Symptoms from Sources: The Ghost of Greater Afghanistan
		The Durand Line, ratified in 1893 by Sir Mortimer Durand, established the geopolitical architecture that sought to stabilize a clear security risk to British interests: the Pashtun tribes of the Indian Frontier.
		At the time, the Durand Line represented the border between Afghanistan and British India, and then later became the boundary between Afghanistan and Pakistan following the partition of 1947.
		In this light, the geopolitical as well as the symbolic value of the Durand Line is not lost on the United States.
	www.eurasianet.org /departments/insight/articles/pp072503.shtml (1025 words)

	Articles - ...
		It is important to note that Afghanistanandacute;s southern border was drawn by Sir Mortimer Durand, the colonial government of Indiaandacute;s foreign secretary, expressly to divide the Pashtun tribeandacute;s homeland in half, thereby establishing a buffer state on Indiaandacute;s northwest frontier.
		The Durand lineandacute;s failure to respect customary tribal territorial claims and to accommodate existing regional social, linguistic and cultural networks has had disastrous consequences for Afghanistan and Pakistan.
		The chances of this merger are so obvious that the central government in Pakistan did not accept even naming the nameless NWFP according to the wishes of its people and unanimous resolutions of their representatives in provincial assembly, as if just naming it Pakhtoonistan or Pakhtoonkhwa would be enough for its separation from Pakistan.
	www.tanzeem.org /resources/articles/article.asp?id=184 (6811 words)

	BBC News \| SOUTH ASIA \| Analysis: Powerful cross-border bonds
		The border is named after Sir Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat who arbitrarily drew his pencil along a map in 1893, dividing British Indian territory from fiercely independent Afghanistan to the north and west.
		It is said that the bonds of tribe and ethnicity amongst the Pashtuns are as important as their Islamic faith.
		The origins of the 18 million or so Pashtuns living along the Durand Line are shrouded in mystery and controversy.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/south_asia/1570571.stm (768 words)

	Durand Line
		THE government's decision to restore the international status of the Durand Line represents a correct move that deserves to be fully supported.
		And when Afghanistan was occupied by the Soviet troops in the late seventies, the Durand Line virtually disappeared as millions of Afghan refugees started pouring into Pakistan without let or hindrance.
		This is the context in which the special nature and characteristics of the Durand Line is generally viewed and evaluated by many.
	ejnar.se /3747/durand.html (880 words)

	Pakistan Facts - Is the Durand Line storm brewing again? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		However, the US neither has the expertise nor the desire to resolve what the report calls a "standoff." The Durand Line was drawn in 1893 with a life of 100 years which means it "expired" 10 years ago, a position that the present Kabul regime maintains.
		According to the report, it is this issue that has led to several skirmishes between Pakistan and Afghanistan since April and has forced the US to form a tripartite commission, which has already held three meetings.
		The Afghan government says the agreement reached between their King Abdur Rahman Khan and British colonial official Sir Henry Mortimer Durand in 1893 was for 100 years and expired in 1993.
	www.pakistan-facts.com /article.php?story=20030912095438469 (973 words)

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