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	In the late summer of 1883, an antiques dealer from Jerusalem called Moses Wilhelm Shapira had arrived at the British ...
		Shapira said he had bought the strips from some Arabs, who had found them wrapped in cloth and hidden in a cave in the side of a rocky gorge of the Wadi Mujib, which runs into the eastern side of the
		Shapira believed absolutely that the Deuteronomy strips were as ancient as they appeared.
		His book The Shapira Affair was published by Doubleday and Company in 1965 and was generally well received, though not everyone was convinced that Clermont-Ganneau had been mistaken.
	www.johnallegro.org /ShapiraAffair.htm (619 words)

	Moses Shapira -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Moses Shapira (1830-1884) was a (Capital and largest city of the modern state of Israel; a holy city for Jews and Christians and Muslims; was the capital of an ancient kingdom) Jerusalem antiquities dealer and purveyor of fake biblical artifacts.
		Shapira's father emigrated to (A British mandate on the east coast of the Mediterranean; divided between Jordan and Israel in 1948) Palestine and in 1856, at the age of 25, Moses Shapira followed suit.
		The Shapira Scrolls disappeared and then reappeared a couple of years later in a (additional info and facts about Sotheby's) Sotheby's auction, where they were sold for 10 (A republic in eastern Africa on the Atlantic; formerly a French colony; achieved independence from France in 1958) guineas.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/M/Mo/Moses_Shapira.htm (829 words)

	moses
		Moses soon discovered from a higher source that the affair was known, and that Pharaoh was likely to put him to death for it; he therefore made his escape to the Sinaitic Peninsula and settled with Hobab, or Jethro, priest of Midian, whose daughter Zipporah he in due time married.
		Moses was met on his arrival in Egypt by his elder brother, Aaron, and gained a hearing with his oppressed brethren (Ex.
		Moses is also regarded as a symbol of the law, and so he is presented in all three Gospel accounts of the Transfiguration in Matthew 17, Mark 9, and Luke 9, respectively.
	www.fact-library.com /moses.html (1781 words)

	Hebrew Literature_Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A Jewish convert to Christianity, explorer and crook, collector and forger, Shapira was one of the most intriguing characters of his time in Jerusalem.
		In this biographic-historical novel, Shulamit Lapid attempts to decipher Shapira's complex personality, while depicting the complexities and intrigues of life in Jerusalem in the latter half of the 19th century.
		"Shapira's greed and immorality in business are described...as contributing factors towards achieving his goal.
	www.ithl.org.il /book_info.asp?id=105 (214 words)

	Biblical Archaeology Society Online Archive Search
		Moses Wilhelm Shapira is best known for the so-called Shapira Strips, narrow fragments of supposedly ancient parchment on which were inscribed a somewhat different version of the Ten Commandments from Deuteronomy than is known from the Bible.
		Moses Wilhelm Shapira was born in 1830 of Jewish parents in the part of Poland, Kamenets-Podolski (now in the Ukraine), that had been annexed by Russia.
		Shapira would probably have lived a quiet life as a poor antiquities dealer had it not been for a spectacular archaeological find that would change his life forever.
	members.bib-arch.org /nph-proxy.pl/000000A/http/www.basarchive.org/bswbSearch.asp=3fPubID=3dBSAO&Volume=3d5&Issue=3d5&ArticleID=3d9&UserID=3d0& (3493 words)

	Avraham Firkowicz in Istanbul
		Dan Shapira of the Open University of Israel, Tel Aviv, has been working for a long time on this very historical personality.
		Academic curiosity of Dr. Shapira, an orientalist working particularly on Turko-Jewish historical relations, seems to be more than curiosity of Firkowicz on the origins of his people, as shown by the very richness of the material used in this little book.
		Shapira made use of all Turkish and Russian archives, as well as Jewish sources and traditions.
	www.turkistan.org /shapira.htm (953 words)

	Society of Biblical Literature
		In the 1870s, the famous Jerusalem antiquities dealer Moses Wilhelm Shapira had sold a large collection of "Moabite idols" to the Berlin Museum and in 1883 had attempted to sell an ancient manuscript of Deuteronomy to the British Museum, but both had been exposed by the archaeologist and epigrapher Charles Clermont-Ganneau as modern fakes.
		Both the Shapira Scrolls and the Paraiba Inscription were deemed initially suspicious not only because, coming from the antiquities market, their provenience was so uncertain, but and also because of the questionable historical evidence they purportedly contained.
		In the case of the Shapira Scrolls, the intellectual context was the controversy over the biblical "Documentary Hypothesis," for which the discovery was purported to be an earlier recension of the Book of Deuteronomy.
	www.sbl-site.org /Article.aspx?ArticleId=127 (1754 words)

	deuteronomy
		They were spoken to all Israelites in the plains of Moab in the eleventh month of the last year of their wanderings.
		As Moses prepared to die, he renewed the covenant between God and the Israelites, conditional on people's loyalty.
		By attributing the book to Moses, it would have the same authority as the other books and its precepts would be similarly observed.
	www.fact-library.com /deuteronomy.html (1154 words)

	Re: Shapira fragments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Shapira claimed the scroll had been discovered on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea and acquired by Bedouins.
		Written in ancient Canaanite script, the scroll was presented as the oldest biblical manuscript, of interest to scholars and the public because of its ancient alphabet and its variations from the biblical text. The museum publicly displayed the manuscript and asked masoretic scholar Christian David Ginsburg to examine and evaluate it.
		What role did French scholar Clermont-Ganneau play? A study of relevant papers and letters shows Shapira to be a careful dealer; Ginsburg's career, on the other hand, was marked by a number of scholarly controversies.
	orion.mscc.huji.ac.il /orion/archives/1996a/msg00531.html (261 words)

	Moses Wilhelm Shapira (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		These were shown by Clermont-Ganneau and others (cf.
		Kautzsch and A Socin, Die Echtheit der moabitischen Altertümer geprüft, 1876) to be forgeries produced by Shapira's client Selim al-Kari.
		Undeterred by this exposure, Shapira continued to do a considerable trade especially in Hebrew manuscripts from Yemen.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/M/Moses-Wilhelm-Shapira.htm (184 words)

	SHAPIRA, M - Online Information article about SHAPIRA, M (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		SHAPIRA, M - Online Information article about SHAPIRA, M
		Moses varying in many particulars from, though similar in See also:
		Shapira, who was never shown to have been the actual forger, committed See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SCY_SHA/SHAPIRA_M.html (484 words)

	Hanna Shapira's Home Page
		"RIB - Reflective Insulating Blinds," H. Shapira and P. Barnes, Proceedings of the 4th National Passive Solar Conference, American Section of ISES, Killen, TX, 1979, pp.
		"Reflective Insulating Blinds for Window Applications," H. Shapira, Invited paper and presentation at DOE Passive and Hybrid Solar Energy Program Update Meeting, September 21- 24, 1980, Proceedings CONF- 800972.
		Shapira's work was also covered and/or mentioned (among others) in:
	techno-info.com /HannaShapira/publications.html (1361 words)

	Bible Basics
		Moses Wilhelm Shapira offered for sale to the British Museum an ancient manuscript of Deuteronomy which he had found during his exploration of the area east of the Dead Sea, but it was denounced as a forgery by the experts at the time.
		The writings of Moses and the prophets reveal the sins and waywardness of the Children of Israel, exactly as the Spirit of the Almighty moved them to write.
		Yet, in spite of this, so great was the reverence of the Jews for the sacred writings that when making manuscript copies they counted the words and letters to make sure nothing had been added or omitted.
	www.biblebasics.co.uk /stryscr.htm (3052 words)

	Jerusalem: Architecture in the late Ottoman Period
		Nahlaot is the popular term for a number of small residential quarters in the heart of the city, constructed between the 1860s and the beginning of the twentieth century.
		An unusual feature of the building is a sundial on its facade, built by Moshe Shapira, a self-taught astronomer who had made a study of the science according to the writings of Maimonides and the Vilna Gaon.
		Shapira also built three sundials on the third floor balcony of the building.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Archaeology/jerott.html (5195 words)

	Rhetorical Device \| The Doomsday Canticle: Part I
		Working forward in time, he arrives at a name, Moses Wilhelm Shapira, that acts as the key to the box in which his mind has locked the truth.
		While studying Shapira’s famous forgeries he found something, the same thing that led Shapira himself to empty his head with a revolver in a cheap hotel room in Rotterdam forty years before.
		His quest led him first to the archives of the British Museum, to study the artifacts of Shapira and the repudiations of those artifacts authored by Charles Clermont-Ganneau, and, later, to the Holy Land itself.
	www.rhetoricaldevice.com /DoomsdayCanticle1.html (368 words)

	RE: orion-list Orion-List 63 BCE & all that
		There has been some discussion of whether such a find underlies some of the material in the Cairo Genizah (the Damascus Document, for example) and explains the characteristics of the Kairites.
		There is also the story of the Shapira affair in the nineteenth century.
		An antiquities dealer, Wilhelm Moses Shapira, reported the finding by the bedouin of an ancient manuscript of the book of Deuteronomy near the Dead Sea.
	orion.mscc.huji.ac.il /orion/archives/1999b/msg00335.html (447 words)

	HISTORY OF SMORGON (AND SURROUNDING COMMUNITIES)
		The sons of Rabbi Nathan Shapira, A., B., and D., from Krakow who wrote Migalei Amukot, published their father's book in 1636 and three years after his death.
		His son, Rabbi Moshe Shapira, was the son-in-law of Rabbi Eliezer Katzin, one of the heads of the community.
		On March 12, 1922 a general meeting of the Jews in Smorgon took place, and a new executive committee of 14 members was elected; the chairman Dr. Jacob Provozsky and the secretary Gershon Veinshtein.
	pw2.netcom.com /~reaxprs/smorgon.htm (9146 words)

	Hebrew Manuscripts: Gaster Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Marriage contract of Moses ben Judah from Ascoli and Ester, daughter of Joshua Sabbetai.
		The first took place during the period 1877-1882 when nearly 300 Karaite and Yemenite manuscripts were acquired through the book dealer Moses Shapira (1830-1884).
		The second occured in 1927, when the Museum purchased 1129 manuscripts from the library of Dr. Moses Gaster (1856-1939), who had been the leader of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation in England and the foremost Samaritan scholar of his time.
	www.bl.uk /collections/hebrewmss4.html (168 words)

	Miscellaneous Articles 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Moses Wilhelm Shapira is best known for the so-called Shapira Strips, narrow fragments of supposedly ancient parchment on which were inscribed a somewhat different version of the Ten Commandments from Deuteronomy than is known from the Bible.
		Shapira sought to sell them to the British Museum for a million pounds.
		His nemesis, the French scholar Charles Clermont-Ganneau, denied access by Shapira to the 13 undisplayed strips, joined the crowds to examine the two displayed strips, dimly lit in a glass vitrine.
	www.marsearthconnection.com /miscart4.html (7645 words)

	Hebrew Manuscripts: Genizah Fragments
		Although Genizah fragments had been sold to the Museum in the 1880's by the dealer Moses Shapira, the main and most significant collection of some 4000 fragments was purchased in 1898 from W.S. Raffalovich, a dealer from Jerusalem (OR 5517 to OR 5566).
		Among the manuscripts acquired from Moses Gaster's estate in 1927 there were some 3000 fragments comprising parts of 10-11th century Bibles, marriage and divorce documents, responsa, and also fragments of Talmudic manuscripts.
		Another important accession was made in 1968 when the Museum acquired the collection of Aron Wertheimer, son of Solomon Wertheimer (1866-1935) a well-known collector and supplier of Genizah fragments from Jerusalem.
	www.bl.uk /collections/hebrewmss5.html (232 words)

	MUSEUM SECURITY MAILINGLIST REPORTS
		The Israel Museum exhibit "Truly Fake," on display at Ticho House in downtown Jerusalem, documents in detail the career of Shapira, the master swindler who had the world fooled for a brief moment.
		It presents dozens of stone heads, figurines, dishes, pottery shards, coins and manuscripts that Shapira turned out and sold from his antiquities shop in Jerusalem's Old City to tourists, as well as the world's great museums, until his exposure as a fraud in 1884 led to his suicide a few months later.
		The physical objects displayed in this exhibit were collected from monasteries, churches, museums and private collections; the documents are from the archives of the Prussian and French Embassies that investigated Shapira at the time, the Palestine Exploration Fund, the Israeli State Archives, the British Library and more.
	www.museum-security.org /00/122.html (1544 words)

	A Seemingly Strange Story Illuminated - FARMS Review
		In 1878, a Jerusalem merchant named Moses Wilhelm Shapira learned of some Arabs who, fleeing authorities, hid out in a cave in Wadi Mujib, to the east of the Dead Sea.
		Humiliated and faced with the possibility of financial ruin for his purchase of the strips, Shapira committed suicide in March 1884.
		Of course, in light of the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls six decades later, scholars would very much like to examine this material; unfortunately, the whereabouts of the strips is unknown.
	farms.byu.edu /display.php?id=372&table=review (7089 words)

	Are Fakes So Bad? By Alexander H. Joffe
		Fakery is both a supply and a demand side phenomenon, and each side requires explanation.
		I suspect that antiquities fakers from Moses Shapira through the alleged misdeeds of Oded Golan are flattered by the comparison with Meg Ryan.
		The motivations seem, from the outside, to be relatively straightforward, ranging from money to the exercise of secret power.
	www.bibleinterp.com /articles/Joffe_AreFakesSoBad_1.htm (2018 words)

	The Jerusalem Syndrome in Archaeology: Jehoash to James by Yuval Goren
		It is only due to the limits of space that I do not go on and on with similar narratives.
		A hundred and thirty years after the exposure of the naïve and crude biblical forgeries of Moses Wilhelm Shapira, it seems that biblical archaeology did not learn the lesson and has completely forgotten its implications.
		Recently, I had the dubious pleasure of examining a seemingly endless line of fake biblical texts of various kinds.
	www.bibleinterp.com /articles/Goren_Jerusalem_Syndrome3.htm (1368 words)

	PaleoJudaica.com
		The shape of the tablet held by Moses as well as the condensed "decalogue" inscribed on the hand phylactery is concrete evidence of the types of authoritative and theological disputes that divided the Northern and Southern Kingdoms.
		Moreover, and here is the most crucial point, it is not only Moses who learns the secret name of God, but every reader of the Torah does so as well.
		Space does not permit me to discuss further the exact nature of the phrase Ehyeh-asher-Ehyeh; all that is important for the present purpose is to understand that this name of God occurs only here in the Bible, and therefore stands as his special name, whether we consider it arcane, mysterious or esoteric.
	paleojudaica.blogspot.com /2004_01_01_paleojudaica_archive.html (14724 words)

	PaleoJudaica.com
		It purports to be a record of the conversations of Rabbi Shimon and his disciples, yet the book "emerged mysteriously" (in Daniel Matt's diplomatic phrase) more than a thousand years after they lived, in Spain at the close of the 13th century.
		The venerated 20th—century scholar Gershom Scholem ruled that the work was entirely the product of the imagination and the pen of Rabbi Moses de Leon, who composed it sometime in the decade of the 1280s.
		The rest of Moses de Leon's writings are pale, dry, lifeless, where the Zohar is as brilliantly colorful as it is impenetrably obscure.
	paleojudaica.blogspot.com /2004_01_25_paleojudaica_archive.html (4678 words)

	Letters (The Nation, February 12, 1874)
		Comments on interpretation on Cyprian language; Obsession of German scholars over images, pottery, and inscriptions collected by artifacts dealer Moses Shapira; Purchase of Shapira's collection by the Prussian government for Berlin Museum in Germany.
		Articles are sold in 'packs,' which are priced as follows:
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	www.thenation.com /archive/detail/14105800 (79 words)

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