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Topic: Motion Picture Patents Company

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MPPC

Vitagraph Studios

Thomas Edison

Essanay Studios

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Nestor Studios

1918 in film

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	Motion Picture Patents Company - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		MPPC stands for Motion Picture Patents Company, also known as the Edison Trust, also known as the First Oligopoly, founded in December 1908.
		The MPPC was a trust of all the major film companies (Edison, Biograph, Vitagraph, Essanay, Selig, Lubin, Kalem, American Star, American Pathé), the leading distributor (George Kleine) and the biggest supplier of raw film, Eastman Kodak.
		At the time of the formation of the MPPC, Thomas Edison owned most of the major patents relating to motion pictures, especially that for raw film.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Motion_Picture_Patents_Company (311 words)

	Kalem Company - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kalem Company was an American film studio founded in New York City in 1907 by Frank J. Marion, Samuel Long, and George Kleine.
		In November of 1910, William Wright, company treasurer, was sent to the West Coast to assess the feasibility of a permanent studio for the making of Western style films.
		Two years later, after having made close to one thousand motion pictures, the Kalem Company was sold to Vitagraph Studios.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kalem_Company (1014 words)

	History of Motion Pictures - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		During the decade following the advent of projected motion pictures, films were shown as part of vaudeville or variety programs, at carnivals and fairgrounds, in lecture halls and churches, and gradually in spaces converted for the exclusive exhibition of movies.
		Of the hundreds of works he made between 1896 and 1912, perhaps the best-known is Le voyage dans la lune (A Trip to the Moon, 1902), which in one scene features the animated human face of the moon being struck in the eye by a rocket.
		By 1915 the MPPC was under attack by the U.S. government as an illegal monopoly (although an ineffectual one), and the independents were combining into the companies that would dominate American filmmaking for decades to come.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761567568___50/History_of_Motion_Pictures.html (580 words)

	The Edison Movie Monopoly
		In December 1908, the motion picture inventors and industry leaders organized the first great film trust called the Motion Picture Patents Company, designed to bring stability to the chaotic early film years characterized by patent wars and litigation.
		With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by forming a strong-arm subsidiary known as the General Film Company to block the entry of non-licensed independents.
		Carl Laemmle (Independent Motion Picture Company or IMP), Harry E. Aitken (Majestic Films), and Adolph Zukor (Famous Players) were among the pioneering independents who protested the Trust, and then laid the foundation for the Hollywood studios.
	www.cobbles.com /simpp_archive/edison_trust.htm (666 words)

	Special Collections Manuscripts - Margaret Herrick Library - Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
		The Motion Picture Patents Company was formed on September 9, 1908, as a patents pool to oversee the patents claimed by Edison, American Mutoscope and Biograph, Vitagraph, and Armat, and to license various companies as producers and distributors.
		The General Film Company was established on April 18, 1910, by the licensed producers as a distribution company for their films.
		This collection was created by gathering material on to both companies from the Selig Collection (with donations from William N. Selig and Charles G. Clarke), together with additional material, also from Clarke, that may have belonged to Selig.
	www.oscars.org /mhl/sc/motionpic_118.html (198 words)

	Guide to Motion Picture Catalogs - The Edison Papers
		While Edison was suing many of these companies for patent infringement, as a film producer he shared many of their problems.
		The Edison Company was not a licensee because it controlled the patents.
		After 1908, motion picture subjects were increasingly self-explanatory and the exhibitor's intervention became less necessary.
	edison.rutgers.edu /mopix/mppats.htm (924 words)

	Movie Timeline: 1900 - 1909
		Edison's key motion picture patents were declared invalid, terminating all of Edison's lawsuits for patent infringement.
		The company establishes a stock company of actors, and begins assigning a director to each film unit who is responsible for the work of the cameraman.
		The Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC) is formed and becomes a holding company for all of the patents belonging to the film producers who are members.
	www.pictureshowman.com /timeline_1900_1909.cfm (2980 words)

	American Experience \| Mary Pickford \| People & Events \| PBS
		Competition between the companies grew so fierce that it was draining the major players' resources and distracting them from their businesses.
		Edison, Biograph, Vitagraph and several other companies finally decided to join efforts, and in 1908 the Motion Picture Patents Company was formed.
		She continued to move from company to company, incrementally increasing her salary.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/pickford/peopleevents/e_business.html (1081 words)

	Movies
		Edison was able to dominate the industry because of his patent on both the motion picture camera and viewing machine.
		On the other hand the motion picture distributors would be assured income from all their films, no matter how successful they might be at the box office.
		However, with the withdrawal of the motion picture companies from the agreement, Showtime and the Movie Channel were allowed to merge.
	www.ims.ccsu.edu /Movies.htm (1497 words)

	Movie Timeline: 1910 - 1919
		A fire devastates the studios of the Vitagraph Company of America, the leading film producer in the U.S. Numerous negatives are destroyed.
		The Edison Company releases an adaptation of Mary Shelley's tale, "Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus".
		The patent for the "Latham Loop" is overthrown by the courts.
	www.pictureshowman.com /timeline_1910_1919.cfm (2573 words)

	History of Edison Motion Pictures: Fictional Films Dominate as nickelodeons Emerge (1900-1907)
		It was very successful and soon remade by motion picture manufacturer Sigmund Lubin who released his version in June 1904.
		Commercial success brought complications, however; throughout the history of his motion picture company, Thomas Edison was frequently involved in litigation over patent claims.
		Suing the competition for patent infringement was a way of protecting his inventions and profits and a way to eliminate competition.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/edhtml/edfict.html (783 words)

	Details - Thanhouser Films: An Encyclopedia and History
		Founder Edwin Thanhouser was the first head of a motion picture studio who had a substantial background in the theater, and was an important leader in the rebellion of the "Independents" against the Motion Picture Patents group associated with Thomas Edison.
		During the Thanhouser era, the motion picture industry was experiencing tremendous growth and development.
		To say that the story of Thanhouser films is the story of the motion picture industry would not be true, for the story of the industry is composed of many companies, and Thanhouser was distinct from Lubin, Kalem, Edison, or Universal.
	www.thanhouser.org /cdromdetails.htm (1233 words)

	motion pictures: American Film
		Edison had claimed the patents for many of the technical elements involved in filmmaking and, in 1909, formed the Motion Picture Patents Company, an attempt at monopoly that worked to keep unlicensed companies out of production and distribution.
		To put distance between themselves and the Patents Company's sometimes violent tactics, many independents moved their operations to a suburb of Los Angeles; the location's proximity to Mexico allowed these producers to flee possible legal injunctions.
		In the 1950s, two developments ended the studios' grip on the entertainment business: the overwhelming popularity of television began to eat into studio profits and the studios were forced by the federal courts to yield the control of distribution and exhibition that they had maintained by means of massive conglomerate corporations.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/ent/A0859792.html (1626 words)

	Other Media
		The marketing experts at the Motion Picture Patents Company were adamant that the American viewing audience was too dumb, too impatient to sit through any movie longer than ten minutes.
		The second dictum of the Motion Picture Patents Company was that actors' names were to be kept secret.
		The Motion Picture Patents Company, which had utterly dominated the American film industry from 1909 to 1912, plummeted in importance and was dissolved in 1917.
	www.erasmatazz.com /library/JCGD_Volume_1/Other_Media.html (1692 words)

	Special Collections Manuscripts - Margaret Herrick Library - Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
		Brought to court by Thomas Edison for patent infringement in 1905, Selig was provided free legal representation by Philip Armour in return for the prints made in 1901.
		The company was also well known for animal pictures, having at hand the resources of the Selig Jungle Zoo; the Selig Westerns gave G. "Bronco Billy" Anderson and Tom Mix their starts.
		The general files cover miscellaneous subjects; the most extensive coverage is on patents, and there are copies of most of the major patents relating to early film history, including those owned by Selig and patents relating to early film technology.
	www.oscars.org /mhl/sc/selig_162.html (751 words)

	FIRM - Excerpted from John Cones' book: Politics, Movies and the Role of Government (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The court held that the motion picture theatre owner who claimed the violation of the Sherman Act on the part of film distributors and other theatrical owners was not required to directly prove the fact of an agreement among the distributors, or between the distributors and other theatre owners.
		The motion was granted subject to several conditions including (1) Loew's could not could not exhibit any films it distributed or any films in which it had a financial interest and (2) as a distributor, Loews's had to abide by the same conduct restrictions imposed by the original Paramount decree.
		By 1990, motion picture studios once against owned large and increasing numbers of theaters-- backsliding influenced by the benign neglect of a succession of Presidents--Republicans and Democrats alike--who courted studio brass and their stars for political support.
	www.homevideo.net /FIRM/antitrst.htm (10993 words)

	Universal Studios History
		The new Company consisted of the former IMP and five other Motion Picture Companies.
		The legacy of MCA was expanded and enriched by Lew Wasserman, who joined the company in 1936, became President in 1946, and over the years, built MCA from a leading talent agency into a diversified global leader in the world of entertainment.
		With activities in television and motion picture production well in place in the early 1960s, the succeeding years represented a period of growth and diversification for MCA/Universal.
	www.universalstudios.com /homepage/html/inside/history.html (949 words)

	Lubin Film Company article
		At its peak,the company owned a chain of more than 100 theatres along the East Coast, manufactured and sold motion picture cameras and projectors, employed more than 2,000 actors, writers, directors and technicians and was turning out more than a film a day.
		It was his knowledge of lenses that led to an interest in photography and then to the design and development of his own motion picture projector.
		However, the legal troubles with Edison came to an end in 1909 when the Motion Picture Patents Company was formed with Edison and each of the companies he claimed were infringing on his copyrights.
	www.silentsaregolden.com /articles/lubinfilmarticle.html (1392 words)

	Unique Facts About the United States of America: Hollywood
		Due to its fame and identity as a major center of movie studios and stars, the word "Hollywood" is often used colloquially to refer to the American motion picture industry, a term deriving from the famous community.
		At the time, Edison owned almost all the patents relevant to motion picture production and, in the East, movie producers acting independently of Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company were often sued or enjoined by Edison and his agents.
		Honorees receive a star based on career and lifetime achievements in motion pictures, live theatre, radio, television, and/or music, as well as their charitable and civic contributions.
	www.sheppardsoftware.com /usaweb/factfile/Unique-facts-USA19.htm (1307 words)

	Lisa's Nostalgia Cafe--1910's Movies & Theater
		Besides having the perfect climate for filming, California was considered a haven from the heavy-handed tactics of the Motion Picture Patents Company (the "Trust").
		In the 1910's, the movie companies were just as famous as the actors who appeared in their films....sometimes more so.
		In 1910, Carl Laemmle of the IMP company lured Florence Lawrence away from Biograph with an offer of more money and a promise that he'd reveal her name.
	members.tripod.com /lisanostalgia1/10smovies.html (1336 words)

	Fort Lee Film Commission \| Fort Lee, NJ
		Champion was one of the independent companies that defied the dominance of the Motion Picture Patents Company.
		The Victor Film Company, founded in 1912 by the screen’s first popular actress, Florence Lawrence, and her husband, Harry Salter, was one of the first companies formed to feature the work of a single star.
		Artcraft Pictures was formed in the summer of 1916 as a prestigious offshoot of Adolph Zukor’s Famous Players–Lasky Corp., which was at the time the most powerful company in the movie industry.
	www.fortleefilm.org /studios.html (2791 words)

	Week Two
		They would screen a picture before it’s release and recommend cutting or sometime banning the picture if it was found to be immoral.
		The MPPC helped to stabilize the American film industry during a period of unprecedented growth and change by standardizing exhibition practice, increasing the efficiency of distribution, and regularizing pricing in all three sectors.
		The production companies moved west and begin purchasing up acres of land to build their sets on what were later to become known as backlots.
	www.gpc.edu /~cgegen/week2.htm (1099 words)

	D. W. Griffith: Hollywood Independent
		Born David Wark Griffith on January 22, 1875, Griffith was a stage actor and playwright who entered the fledgling film industry during the era of the Edison patents monopoly.
		Griffith transitioned from actor to director at the American Biograph Company, one of the member studios of the Motion Picture Patents Company (aka The Edison Trust).
		Aitken had also been one of the founding members of the Motion Picture Sales and Distirbution Company (commonly called the Sales Company) along with several of the other "outlaw" defectors from the Trust such as Carl Laemmle.
	www.cobbles.com /simpp_archive/dwgriffith.htm (756 words)

	Images - Greta Garbo is Sad
		The emergence of the star system--the highlighting of individual film players--from the successful battle (1908-15) of the independent producers against the Edison-led monopoly, the MPPC (the Motion Picture Patents Company), soon resulted in the the even more inclusive structure of control that was the studio system.
		Whereas Edison and Vitagraph touted the quality of its "stock company" of players, perhaps harking back to a long-vanished period in American theater history, the independents more closely imitated present theatrical practices, in which stars, touring with their own ensemble companies, ruled the day.
		For instance, the defection of D.W. Griffith, the leading stylistic innovator in the industry, from Biograph to the new Mutual in 1913, after rejecting earlier offers from independent producers, was a clearly a sign that the independents, with their riskier, more innovative management styles, were carrying the day.
	www.imagesjournal.com /issue03/infocus/stars2.htm (1045 words)

	Kate Gallison — Movie Company (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Newlyweds Jake and Ellie Weiss sell all their possessions to take a plunge in the raffish moving picture industry, whose center is in Fort Lee, New Jersey, on the cliffs of the Palisades.
		They hire a cameraman and a small stock company of actors—an old matinee idol with a drinking problem, a passionate Russian who learned her method from Stanislavsky himself, a winsome, golden-haired waif whose innocence is entirely feigned, a handsome young Swede with no acting experience, and a couple of real Indians.
		What nobody told them is that the Motion Picture Patents Company, formed by the litigious Thomas Edison to control the movie industry, is blanketing Bergen County with detectives, spies and saboteurs whose job is to frustrate the efforts of any movie makers independent of his organization.
	www.kategallison.com /movieco.htm (186 words)

	Encyclopedia Search
		stands for Motion Picture Patents Company, also known as the...cancelled all
		patents and the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1917, which ended the oligopoly,...
		(Motion Picture Patents Company), the Essanay company collapsed and was...
	www.encyclopedian.com /search.php?searWords=MPPC (97 words)

	Thanhouser Films: An Encyclopedia and History, 1909-1918 - A Journal for MultiMedia History CD-ROM review
		Producing films in its suburban New Rochelle, New York, studio, the Thanhouser Company was a medium-sized firm well-known for its high quality films featuring dramas drawn from literature, genteel comedies and the "high class" performances of its stable of actors.
		It single-handedly rescues the Thanhouser Company from obscurity and re-establishes its importance as one of the major film producers from the late-nickelodeon era up to the First World War.
		News releases issued by Thanhouser and other companies were one thing, and the truth was often likely to be another.
	www.albany.edu /jmmh/vol2no1/thanhouser.html (1705 words)

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