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Topic: Motoneuron

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	Motoneuron - TheBestLinks.com - Central nervous system, Muscle, Neuron, Neurotransmitter, ...
		In vertebrates, motoneurons (also called motor neurons) are efferent neurons that originate in the spinal cord and synapse with muscle fibers to facilitate muscle contraction and with muscle spindles to modify proprioceptive sensitivity.
		Upon adequate stimulation, the motoneuron releases a flood of neurotransmitters that bind to postsynaptic receptors and triggers a response in the muscle fiber.
		The motoneuron and all of the muscle fibers to which it connects is called a motor unit.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Motoneuron.html (613 words)

	Motoneuron - Psychology Wiki (Site not responding. Last check: )
		By contrast, the analogous pathway in the ANS is composed of two motoneurons that synapse in an autonomic ganglion.
		Upon adequate stimulation, the motoneuron releases a flood of neurotransmitters that bind to postsynaptic receptors and triggers a response in the muscle fiber.
		The motoneuron and all of the muscle fibers to which it connects is ol a motor unit.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Motoneuron (637 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		All motoneurons are cholinergic (that is, release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine).
		This is why muscle relaxants work by acting on the motoneurons that innervate muscles (by decreasing their electrophysiological activity) or on cholinergic neuromuscular junctions, rather than on the muscles themselves.
		The motoneuron and all of the muscle fibers to which it connects is a motor unit.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=motoneuron (611 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Foxo3a induces motoneuron death through the Fas pathway in cooperation with JNK
		The most frequently proposed explanation for this death is that motoneurons compete for access to limiting quantities of neurotrophic factors produced by their target tissue, and that only those which are successful survive (reviewed in [2]).
		Motoneurons were purified from mouse embryonic spinal cord at E12.5, at the beginning of the period of naturally-occurring cell death, and cultured in the presence of a cocktail of neurotrophic factors (NTFs; see Methods) to strongly activate the PI3K/Akt pathway (Perez-Garcia et al., 2004; Dolcet et al., 2001; Dolcet et al., 1999).
		Motoneuron cultures were prepared from E12.5 mouse spinal cords essentially as described [28], except that the magnetic column step was omitted and motoneurons in the enriched metrizamide fraction were identified by morphological criteria.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2202/5/48 (4573 words)

	Chapter 15 - Reflexes
		The excitability of the motoneuron is therefore increased.
		The inhibition is disynaptic involving one interneuron and two synapses between the afferent fiber and the motoneuron.
		Both somatic and autonomic efferent fibers are involved in producing erection, with parasympathetic fibers producing vascular engorgement and somatic motoneurons to the bulbocavernosus and ischiocavernosus muscles producing contraction that compresses the venous outflow from erectile tissues.
	www.unmc.edu /Physiology/Mann/mann15.html (6685 words)

	Method for the prevention or treatment of a motoneuron disease - Patent 6297254
		The present invention relates to a method for the prevention or treatment of a motoneuron disease with a combination of an ergoline chosen from nicergoline and lumilysergol and of riluzole or one of its pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
		The cultures enriched in motoneurons are prepared using the centrifugation method described by R. SCHNAAR and A. Neurosci., 1, 204-217 (1981) and modified by W. CAMU and C. Neurosci.
		The motoneurons are plated, at a density of 2500 cells per 35 mm plate, on culture plates previously coated with laminin/ornithine according to the method of A. ESTEVEZ et al., J. Neurosci., 18 (3), 923-931 (1998).
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6297254.html (2072 words)

	FSMA: Stem cells in motoneuron disease
		Neutralizing antibodies to TGF-a and to BDNF abrogated the ability of EBD conditioned media to sustain motoneuron survival in culture, while neutralizing antibodies to BDNF eliminated the axonal outgrowth from spinal organotypics observed with direct co-culture of EBD cells.
		Neuroadapted Sindbis virus (NSV) is a neuronotropic, single stranded RNA virus, which specifically targets motoneurons in the spinal cord causing hind limb paralysis in mice (Jackson et al., 1988;Griffin et al., 1994;Kerr et al., 2002).
		Here we have adapted this model of motoneuron degeneration to rats and have investigated whether human EBD cells could restore function to paralyzed animals with virus-induced motoneuron disease.
	www.fsma.org /kerr_2003.shtml (675 words)

	Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders - Sample Article
		Motoneurons are the largest neurons, with the longest axons, in mammals.
		One significant contributing factor for motoneuron vulnerability may be associated with its heavy dependence on intracellular transport of cellular organelles.
		Based on the hypothesis that the heavy neurofilament burden contributes to the vulnerability of motoneurons to SOD1 mutation, the initial expectation was that the progression of the disease would be alleviated in neurofilament knockout mice but exacerbated in mice overexpressing neurofilaments.
	www.wfnals.org /membership/2000sample_xu.htm (7657 words)

	Baylor Neurology Case of the Month
		Motoneuron disease and lesions suggesting CNS demyelination have been reported in HIV disease as well as HTLV-1 associated myelopathy; the role of opportunistic infections is not always clear in reports of the former.
		The coexistence of motoneuron disease and multiple sclerosis, while extremely uncommon (~0.1% of patients diagnosed with motoneuron disease at the Baylor MDA/ALS Center; Haverkamp et al., 1995), may be higher than that expected by chance occurrence in the population.
		This case also calls attention to the reality that even at the end of the millenium, both motoneuron disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and multiple sclerosis are clinically diagnosed as syndromes (identification of characteristic features, and exclusion of alternative causes), rather than by measuring biological markers unique to these diseases.
	www.bcm.edu /neurol/challeng/pat39/summary.html (1601 words)

	Excitability of the Soma in Central Nervous System Neurons -- Safronov et al. 78 (6): 2998 -- Biophysical Journal
		Shown are responses of the somata of a dorsal horn neuron and a motoneuron to 10-ms current pulses of different strengths (indicated near the corresponding traces).
		The motoneuron consisted of a soma, an axon hillock (AH), an axon initial segment (IS), and an equivalent dendrite.
		An increase in the IS diameter from 3.5 to
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/78/6/2998 (7140 words)

	Inhibition of calpains, by treatment with leupeptin, improves motoneuron survival and muscle function in models of moton
		The effect of treatment with leupeptin, a calpain inhibitor, on motoneuron survival and muscle function was examined in in vitro and in vivo models of motoneuron degeneration.
		Exposure of primary rat motoneurons to alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) is an established in vitro model of excitotoxic motoneuron death.
		This improvement in motoneuron survival was reflected in a significant improvement in muscle function in the leupeptin-treated group.
	www.galenicom.com /medline/article/15062985/au:Greensmith+L (342 words)

	Axotomy-like changes in cat motoneuron electrical properties elicited by botulinum toxin depend on the complete eliminat
		MG motoneuron electrical properties from animals with the highest MG muscle-twitch forces (greater than 20 gm) appeared normal, while motoneuron properties from animals with the lowest MG muscle-twitch forces (less than 10 gm) exhibited axotomy-like changes, though these changes were less pronounced than after axotomy itself.
		Motoneuron connectivity with MG muscle fibers was determined following intracellular stimulation of MG motoneurons by averaging EMG signals from 3 or 4 pairs of recording electrodes inserted into the BTX-treated MG muscles.
		The results suggest that the effects of axotomy itself on motoneuron properties may be based upon the loss or elimination of a potent interaction between muscle and motoneurons normally mediated by neuromuscular transmission.
	www.galenicom.com /medline/article/1848281/au:Wallace+N (409 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Octopamine increases the excitability of neurons in the snail feeding system by modulation ...
		In the B1 and B4 motoneurons the threshold for action potential generation decreases (A, C), while the B2 motoneuron is less excitable with octopamine in the bath.
		For the B1 motoneuron the increase of the excitability with octopamine is particularly visible around threshold, while in B4 motoneurons increase of excitability is clear throughout the whole range of the injected current.
		At the B1 motoneuron, as octopamine arrives, it will increase excitability though an increase in the transient inward current; as the concentration increases, the membrane will depolarise so that the cell is closer to its threshold and fires faster in response to the same input.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2202/6/70 (9063 words)

	Development and plasticity of hormone-sensitive motoneurons: Research: Sengelabs
		Androgens have been shown to exert a potent influence on the determination of sex differences in motoneuron number in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB), as well as on the retention of the perineal muscles innervated by these motoneurons.
		The death of motoneurons can be attenuated in females by treating them with androgens, resulting in a masculine motoneuron number.
		Motoneuron number is not the only developmental process regulated by gonadal steroids.
	www.indiana.edu /~sengelab/research/hormone_sensitive_motoneuron.shtml (417 words)

	RESEARCH ON SPINAL MOTONEURONS
		The gels are used to resolve the major proteins of the normal and axotomized motoneurons which are compared to find out which are compared to find out which proteins change during the height of an axonal injry.
		Spinal motoneurons are nerve cells that are used to carry nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles.
		First, motoneuron cell bodies are so isolated, Second, the proteins of the cell bodies are seperated on 2-D gels.
	www.shodor.org /ssep/prl/seed/motorneurons.html (2664 words)

	Development of Specific Connectivity Between Premotor Neurons and Motoneurons in the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord -- ...
		Motoneurons are found from mesencephalic to spinal levels of the neuraxis and are among the first neurons to be born in the
		In non-limb-innervating segments, sympathetic preganglionic motoneurons and medial and lateral components of the medial motor column are differentiated by LIM gene expression; in limb-innervating segments, the medial motor column and medial and lateral components of the lateral motor column are differentiated.
		Both motoneuron identity and the corresponding pattern of LIM gene expression are determined during a specific window of time as a function of cell position.
	physrev.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/80/2/615 (10772 words)

	JEB -- Höltje and Hustert 206 (16): 2715 Figure IG6
		Responses of the fast-depressor motoneuron of M103d to converging inputs from a femoral (feCS2) campaniform sensillum and a posterior spur afferent.
		When the afferent spikes of both receptors reach the motoneuron at about the same time they are able to elicit spikes.
		Conductance delays are 2 ms for feCS2 and 12 ms for the spur afferent, and EPSP amplitudes differ.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content-nw/full/206/16/2715/FIG6 (145 words)

	Manipulation Facilitates Motoneuron Excitability \| Important Research
		Despite an increase in the use of spinal manipulation for low back pain (LBP), the mechanism for its efficacy at reducing pain and muscle spasms is not fully understood.
		Manipulation may involve a decrease of resting motoneuron activity, leading to a decrease in hypertonicity.
		To evaluate the effects of lumbar spinal manipulation on motoneuron excitability, the authors utilized a process called transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to measure the amplitude of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in the right gastrocnemius muscle of 24 subjects who were in either a control or intervention group.
	www.naturopathydigest.com /important_research/musculoskeletal/physiotherapy/10.php (284 words)

	ALS TDF
		Increased motoneuron survival and improved neuromuscular function in transgenic ALS mice after intraspinal injection of an adeno-associated virus encoding Bcl-2.
		Intraspinal injection of an rAAV encoding the anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2 in SOD1 (G93A) mice resulted in sustained bcl-2 expression in motoneurons and significantly increased the number of surviving motoneurons at the end-stage of disease.
		Local bcl-2 expression in spinal motoneurons delayed the appearance of signs of motor deficiency but was not sufficient to prolong the survival of SOD1 (G93A) mice.
	www.als.net /articles/articleDetail.asp?articleID=1717 (321 words)

	Tonic Neck Reflex Influences Motoneuron Patterns \| Important Research
		The Hoffman reflex was used to determine limb motoneuron excitability.
		This study shows that asymmetric TNR affects lower limb motoneuron excitability consistently in awake adults, according to the authors.
		The effect of longitudinal whole-body rotation against a steady head on changes in lower motoneuron excitability: A study in humans.
	www.naturopathydigest.com /important_research/musculoskeletal/musculoskeletal/12.php (261 words)

	Infotrieve Online
		Retrograde labelling of single motoneuron pools has suggested that the arrangement of motoneuron pools innervating different limb muscles does not change during the embryonic period when more than 50% of the motoneurons die.
		Statistical analysis shows that the overlap (expressed as the percentage of the length of the overlapping motoneuron pools) decreases modestly during the period of motoneuron death.
		Occasional "rogue" motoneurons, that is, motoneurons of one pool that scatter into the neighbouring pool, are still present at the end of the period of cell death, representing a potential source of "noise" in the establishment of segmental patterns of connectivity.
	www4.infotrieve.com /newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=7542851&Session=&searchQuery=Summerbell&count=249 (278 words)

	motoneuron - OneLook Dictionary Search
		We found 13 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word motoneuron:
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "motoneuron" is defined.
		motoneuron : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=motoneuron (138 words)

	MDVU Resource Library - Spasticity - Pathophysiology
		It is one component of the upper motoneuron syndrome, along with released flexor reflexes, weakness, and loss of dexterity.
		Alpha motoneuron hyperexcitability may be caused by reduced inhibitory input, denervation supersensitivity, shortening of motoneuron dendrites, or collateral sprouting of dorsal root afferents
		As one component of the upper motoneuron syndrome, spasticity is a motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex
	www.mdvu.org /library/disease/spasticity/spa_mpath.html (733 words)

	Increased motoneuron survival and improved neuromuscular function in transgenic ALS mice after intraspinal injection of ...
		Increased motoneuron survival and improved neuromuscular function in transgenic ALS mice after intraspinal injection of an adeno-associated virus encoding Bcl-2 -- Azzouz et al.
		Increased motoneuron survival and improved neuromuscular function in transgenic ALS mice after intraspinal injection of an adeno-associated virus encoding Bcl-2
		Expression of human bcl-2 in spinal motoneurons is confirmed by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies against human bcl-2 (A and B).
	hmg.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/9/5/803 (5396 words)

	Relevance of motoneuron specification and programmed cell death in embryos to therapy of ALS.
		Motoneurons are generated in excess and consequently undergo a natural period of programmed cell death.
		Although it is not known exactly how motoneurons compete for survival in embryonic development, it is hypothesized that they rely on the ability to access limited amounts of trophic factors from peripheral tissues, a process that is tightly regulated by skeletal muscle activity.
		Excitotoxic motoneuron disease in chick embryo evolves with autophagic neurodegeneration and deregulation of neuromuscular innervation.
	lib.bioinfo.pl /pmid:16425251 (785 words)

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