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	Molecular Evolution
		While Kimura did a great deal of important theoretical and experimental work in the 1970s and 1980s (much of it in collaboration with Tomoko Ohta), he is most remembered for his tireless and dogmatic championing of the neutral theory.
		Kimura, "On the probability of fixation of mutant genes in a population," Genetics (1962), 47: 713-19.
		Kimura and T. Ohta, "The average number of generations until fixation of a mutant gene in a finite population," Genetics (1969), 61: 763-71.
	www.edu365.cat /aulanet/comsoc/Lab_bio/biolegs/M_Kimura.htm (1139 words)

	Neutral theory of molecular evolution
		The neutral theory of molecular evolution (also, simply the neutral theory of evolution) is an influential theory that was introduced with provocative effect by Motoo Kimura[?] in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
		According to Kimura, when one compares the genomes of existing species, or looks between a species and its forebears, the vast majority of single-nucleotide differences are selectively "neutral." That is, these differences do not influence the fitness of either the species or the individuals who make up the species.
		Many molecular biologists and population geneticists, besides Kimura, contributed to the development of the neutral theory, which may be viewed as an offshoot of the modern synthesis.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ne/Neutral_theory_of_evolution.html (734 words)

	Motoo Kimura Biography \| World of Genetics
		Motoo Kimura achieved international recognition for his numerous contributions to the fields of evolution and population genetics.
		Kimura focused on the molecular changes that occur in the nucleotides of DNA, and concluded that the resulting mutant genes are neutral and subject to random drift, or changes, in gene frequencies due to pure chance.
		Kimura was born in Okazaki, Japan, to Issaku Kimura and Kana Kaneiwa.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/motoo-kimura-wog (722 words)

	Haldane's Dilemma
		Kimura used these arguments as part of the evidence to support his neutral theory of evolution - the idea that most (but not all) gene substitutions seen in evolution have little or no effect upon the fitness of species.
		Kimura thought the huge offspring requirement generated by the substitution cost (if all substitutions were driven by natural selection) was strong evidence for his neutral theory (that a large number of amino acid substitutions was driven by random drift of selectively neutral gene variants rather than by natural selection of alleles having varying fitnesses).
		Ewens showed that the substitution load for a single generation (which he and Kimura identify as being the same as the substitution cost and the cost of natural selection) is given by the difference between the optimal genotype (the genotype that has all 20 of the favored alleles) and the average genotype.
	www.gate.net /~rwms/haldane.html (5120 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Neutral theory of molecular evolution (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The neutral theory of molecular evolution (also, simply the neutral theory of evolution) is an influential theory that was introduced with provocative effect by Motoo Kimura[?] in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
		According to Kimura, when one compares the genomes of existing species, or looks between a species and its forebears, the vast majority of single-nucleotide differences are selectively "neutral." That is, these differences do not influence the fitness of either the species or the individuals who make up the species.
		Many molecular biologists and population geneticists, besides Kimura, contributed to the development of the neutral theory, which may be viewed as an offshoot of the modern synthesis.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/ne/Neutral_theory_of_molecular_evolution?title=Special:Booksources (768 words)

	Motoo Kimura (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Motoo Kimura (November 13, 1924 - November 13, 1994) was a highly influential Japan ese mathematical biologist, working in the field of theoretical population genetics.
		He is famous for his innovative use of diffusion equation s to calculate the probability of fixation and time to fixation of beneficial, deleterious, or neutral allele s.
		Kimura is also the father of the neutral theory.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Motoo_Kimura.html (116 words)

	General Models of Evolution
		This assumption agrees with the mutational molecular substitution rate observed experimentally and with the fact that the rate of the substitutions for the less biologically important part of macromolecules is greater than for the active macromolecule centers.
		Using mathematical methods of population genetics, M. Kimura deduced a lot of the neutral theory consequences, which are in rather good agreement with molecular genetics data [2].
		The mathematical models of the neutral theory are essentially stochastic, that is, a relatively small population size plays an important role in the fixation of the neutral mutations.
	pespmc1.vub.ac.be /GENMODEV.html (533 words)

	Molecular Evolution
		While Kimura did a great deal of important theoretical and experimental work in the 1970s and 1980s (much of it in collaboration with Tomoko Ohta), he is most remembered for his tireless and dogmatic championing of the neutral theory.
		Kimura, "On the probability of fixation of mutant genes in a population," Genetics (1962), 47: 713-19.
		Kimura and T. Ohta, "The average number of generations until fixation of a mutant gene in a finite population," Genetics (1969), 61: 763-71.
	www.edu365.com /aulanet/comsoc/Lab_bio/biolegs/M_Kimura.htm (1139 words)

	The neutral theory of molecular evolution. (Motoo Kimura).
		He says that "in 1968 Kimura made his modest proposal that most allele substitutions and polymorphisms do not substantially affect an organism's fitness and are governed, not by positive or balancing selection, but by random drift.
		Kimura (1985) The neutral theory of molecular evolution, New Scientist, pp41-46.
		Kimura, M. Evolutionary rate at the molecular level.
	home.wxs.nl /~gkorthof/kortho37.htm (1777 words)

	Motoo Kimura - Definition, explanation
		Motoo Kimura (木村資生; November 13, 1924 - November 13, 1994) was a highly influential Japanese mathematical biologist, working in the field of theoretical population genetics.
		He is famous for his innovative use of diffusion equations to calculate the probability of fixation and time to fixation of beneficial, deleterious, or neutral alleles.
		Kimura is also the father of the neutral theory.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/m/mo/motoo_kimura.php (121 words)

	The neutral theory of molecular evolution. (Motoo Kimura).
		Kimura's 'Neutral Theory' got a firm place in the standard textbooks (2) on evolution and population genetics, despite being clearly anti-selectionist.
		Kimura shows that critique of neo-Darwinism can be incorporated into neo-Darwinism if there is evidence and a good theory, which contributes to the progress of science.
		He says that "in 1968 Kimura made his modest proposal that most allele substitutions and polymorphisms do not substantially affect an organism's fitness and are governed, not by positive or balancing selection, but by random drift.
	home.planet.nl /~gkorthof/kortho37.htm (1865 words)

	ClustalW on the web — Bioinformatics Research and Development Lab
		Kimura: This options allows you to set on distances correction (correction for multiple substitutions).
		The corrections used here (for DNA or proteins) are both due to Motoo Kimura.
		The areas of th ealignemt which have many gaps (thus ambiguous) will be ignored.
	www.bioinformatica.crs4.org /help/analysis/clustalw/clustalw-on-the-web (568 words)

	Kimura, Motoo: Population Genetics, Molecular Evolution, and the Neutral Theory
		One of this century's leading evolutionary biologists, Motoo Kimura revolutionized the field with his random drift theory of molecular evolution—the neutral theory—and his groundbreaking theoretical work in population genetics.
		Kimura's neutral theory, first presented in 1968, challenged the notion that natural selection was the sole directive force in evolution.
		Arguing that mutations and random drift account for variations at the level of DNA and amino acids, Kimura advanced a theory of evolutionary change that was strongly challenged at first and that eventually earned the respect and interest of evolutionary biologists throughout the world.
	www.press.uchicago.edu /cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/12702.ctl (906 words)

	Motoo Kimura; Japanese Geneticist, 70 - New York Times
		Dr. Motoo Kimura, a Japanese geneticist who challenged prevailing views about evolution, died on Sunday in a hospital in Shizuoka, Japan, after collapsing in his home, The Associated Press reported.
		Kimura worked in population genetics and evolution at the molecular level.
		Kimura was born on Nov. 13, 1924, in Okazaki, Japan.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE4D61531F935A25752C1A962958260 (167 words)

	Motoo Kimura at AllExperts
		Motoo Kimura (木村資生 Kimura Motoo) (November 13, 1924 - November 13, 1994).
		Born in Okazaki, Aichi Prefecture, Kimura was a highly influential Japanese mathematical biologist working mostly in the field of theoretical population genetics, although he did not have any formal training in mathematics (Crow, 1996).
		James F. Crow, himself a renowned population geneticist, considers Kimura to be one of the two greatest evolutionary geneticists, along with Gustave MalÃ©cot, after the great trio of the modern synthesis (Haldane, Wright, Fisher).
	en.allexperts.com /e/m/mo/motoo_kimura.htm (260 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Population Genetics, Molecular Evolution and the Neutral Theory: Selected Papers: Books: James F. ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		One of this century's leading evolutionary biologists, Motoo Kimura, revolutionized the field with his random drift theory of molecular evolution - the neutral theory - and his groundbreaking theoretical work in population genetics.
		Kimura's neutral theory, first presented in 1968, challenged the notion that natural selection was the sole directive force in evolution.
		Arguing that mutations and random drift account for variations at the level of DNA and amino acids, Kimura advanced a theory of evolutionary change that was strongly challenged at first and that eventually earned the respect and interest of evolutionary biologists throughout the world.
	www.amazon.co.uk /Population-Genetics-Molecular-Evolution-Neutral/dp/0226435636 (471 words)

	The Scientist : Toward a Complete Record
		The fact that most nucleotide substitutions are synonymous, and the idea that the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions can indicate adaptive change, was described at length by Motoo Kimura in the1970s.
		Kimura, "Preponderance of synonymous changes as evidence for neutral theory of molecular evolution," Nature, 267:275-6, 1977.
		Kimura, "Neutral theory of molecular evolution," Scientific American, 248[5]:98, 1979.
	www.the-scientist.com /article/display/12925 (156 words)

	Evolution's Motor Runs Fast And Quietly
		In fact, Kimura and others have demonstrated that the fastest molecular evolution occurs in the least important genes.
		In Kimura's thinking, these molecular changes may eventually become important at the phenotype level if the environment changes or there is some other destabilizing influence.
		The intriguing part of Kimura's article concerns that steady hum of gene changes -- all to little or no avail when times are stable--but seemingly ready to provide the genetic pressure required to fill new niches.
	www.science-frontiers.com /sf041/sf041p10.htm (286 words)

	Neutral Theory Page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 1968-69, Motoo Kimura, a Japanese population geneticist, came up with the theory of neutral evolution.
		It is important to remember that Kimura does not entirely discount the theory of natural selection, he simply questions the amount of evolution that is caused by natural selection.
		Simply put, Kimura observed that the rate that proteins evolved is faster than the rate at which species themselves evolve.
	www.ecst.csuchico.edu /~jcalvin/evolution/neutral.htm (194 words)

	Amazon.ca: Population Genetics, Molecular Evolution, and the Neutral Theory: Selected Papers: Books: Motoo Kimura,James ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		One of this century's leading evolutionary biologists, Motoo Kimura revolutionized the field with his random drift theory of molecular evolution--the neutral theory--and his groundbreaking theoretical work in population genetics.
		Kimura was not the first to apply the Kolmogorov (known by the physicists as Fokker-Plank) equation to the statistics of gene diffusion, but he did the most with it.
		Also included in this volume are Kimura's pioneering works on the Neutral Theory of Evolution, and his early attempts at calibrating and using molecular clocks to measure the distance in time of evolutionary events.
	www.amazon.ca /Population-Genetics-Molecular-Evolution-Neutral/dp/0226435628 (695 words)

	Jedediah Tressler
		The neutral theory claims that the great majority of evolutionary changes at the molecular (DNA) level are caused not by Darwinian selection but by random fixation of selectively neutral or nearly neutral mutations (1986).
		Kimura, also defined a body of mathematical material, regarding the amount of variation expected in a population, rate of molecular evolution, and population sizes needed to account for observed heterozygosity in a given population for example (Kimura 1983, Gillespie 1987).
		Kimura, M. “DNA and the neutral theory.” Philosophical Transactionsof the Royal Society of London B. King, Jack Lester, Thomas H. Jukes.
	www.as.wvu.edu /~kgarbutt/QuantGen/Gen535_2_2004/Neutral.htm (1767 words)

	Amazon.com: The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution: Books: Motoo Kimura (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Motoo Kimura, as founder of the neutral theory, is uniquely placed to write this book.
		Kimura's contribution to the area of molecular evolution is unparalleled in this field.
		Kimura's neutral theory used to be regarded as the dernier mot in avant garde biological theory.
	www.amazon.com /Neutral-Theory-Molecular-Evolution/dp/0521317932 (1237 words)

	Evolution II
		Kimura, M. 1983 The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution Cambridge University Press Consider new alleles brought into a population by mutation: 1.
		Tomoko Ohta, a colleague of Kimura's has been responsible for much of the work, in the 70s and 80s, leading to this shift.
		The degree of rate variation among lineages may provide much insight into the mechanisms of molecular evolution (e.g., see Kimura 1983; Gillespie 1991).
	eebweb.arizona.edu /courses/Ecol435_535/Oct5.htm (1341 words)

	Is molecular evolution better explained by selective or neutral processes?
		In his paper published in Nature in 1968 (Kimura 1968), he calculated that evolutionary rate of protein and found it is much higher than expected by the result of natural selection.
		In the last paragraph he declared:”…we must recognize that great importance of random genetic drift due to finite population number in forming the genetic structure of biological populations.” The conclusion is so different from the classical on and so Kimura is regarded as the founder of the neutral theory.
		Kimura, M. Recent developments of the neutral theory viewed from the Weighitian tradion of theoretical population genetics.
	people.hnl.bcm.tmc.edu /cuixu/Research/After/mol_evo.htm (2040 words)

	Textbookx.com - Population Genetics, Molecular Evolution, and the Neutral Theory Selected Papers by Motoo Kimura at ...
		Motoo Kimura revolutionized evolutionary biology with his random drift theory of molecular evolution - the neutral theoryand his groundbreaking theoretical work in population genetics.
		Kimura's neutral theory, first presented in 1968, challenged the notion that natural selection was the sole directive force in evolution.
		Arguing that mutations and random drift account for variations at the level of DNA and amino acids, Kimura advanced a theory of evolutionary change that was strongly challenged at first and that eventually earned the respect and interest of evolutionary biologists throughout the world.
	www.textbookx.com /product_detail.php?affiliate=DLTME&detail_isbn=0226435628 (371 words)

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