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	Primary motor cortex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The precentral sulcus of the human brain separates the primary motor area from the rest of the frontal lobe.
		There is a precise somatotopic representation of the different body parts in the primary motor cortex, with the leg area located close to the midline, and the head and face area located laterally on the convex side of the cerebral hemisphere (motor homunculus).
		The arm and hand motor area is the largest, and occupies the part of precentral gyrus, between the leg and face area.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Primary_motor_cortex (844 words)

	Motor cortex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Penfield's experiments have made everything seem pretty straightforward: the purpose of M1 is to connect the brain to the lower motor neurons via the spinal cord in order to tell them which particular muscles need to contract.
		These upper motor neurons are found in layer 5 of the motor cortex and contain some of the largest cells in the brain (Betz cells whose cell bodies can be up to 100 micrometres in diameter.
		The areas of the motor cortex that are active correspond to sites of the motor cortex that are associated with that activity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Motor_cortex (1208 words)

	Motor Systems
		The upper motor neuron axon extends all the way from the brain down to the spinal cord, a distance 1-3 feet or more, and the lower motor neuron axon extends from the spinal cord to the skeletal muscles of the arms or legs, a distance 4-5 feet in very tall people.
		Injuries to the upper motor neurons in the cortex or to their axons before they enter the pyramidal decussation result in spastic paralysis of the opposite side of the body.
		Upper motor neurons which innervate the muscles of the face and head are located near the lateral fissure of the brain.
	pathology.mc.duke.edu /neuropath/nawr/motor-systems.html (1173 words)

	BrainConnection.com - The Anatomy of Movement
		The primary motor cortex, or M1, is one of the principal brain areas involved in motor function.
		The role of the primary motor cortex is to generate neural impulses that control the execution of movement.
		Every part of the body is represented in the primary motor cortex, and these representations are arranged somatotopically -- the foot is next to the leg which is next to the trunk which is next to the arm and the hand.
	www.brainconnection.com /topics/?main=anat/motor-anat (933 words)

	Long-term reorganization of human motor cortex driven by short-term sensory stimulation - Nature Neuroscience
		Motor representation (or motor map) refers to the area of motor cortex that elicits an electromyographic (EMG) potential in a target muscle, measured after stimulation of multiple cortical sites at constant intensity.
		An important difference between motor representation and motor excitability is that asymmetric changes in the representation reflect effects mainly occurring at the cortical level, whereas changes in excitability may reflect effects at any level in the pathway.
		This suggested that the increase in pharyngeal representation occurred within the anterior aspects of motor and premotor cortex (precentral gyrus, and middle and superior frontal gyri), whereas the decrease in esophageal representation occurred predominantly in regions within and anterior to premotor cortex (middle and superior frontal gyri).
	www.nature.com /neuro/journal/v1/n1/full/nn0598_64.html (3455 words)

	Team projects on www for Psychobiology
		It was noted that the motor control deficits of the mice were similar to the clinical symptoms of cerebellar lesions and were probably caused by the absence of cerebellar LTD. The mice were ataxic, had impaired walking, and performed badly on tests of balance, although they groomed normally and could swim(Schutter TINS 292).
		From the basal ganglia the hierarchy extends upward to the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex and motor cortex.
		Neurons in the PMC discharge in response to inputs from the prefrontal cortex.
	www.humboldt.edu /~morgan/skill.htm (4863 words)

	BASIC MOTOR PATHWAY
		The motor pathways are pathways which originate in the brain or brainstem and descend down the spinal cord to control the
		Therefore it is crucial to understand the anatomy of the motor pathway.
		The corticospinal tract originates as the axons of pyramidal neurons in layer V of (mainly) primary motor cortex.
	thalamus.wustl.edu /course/basmot.html (1580 words)

	Adaptive plasticity in motor cortex: implications for stroke rehabilitation
		More specifically, the functional topography of the motor cortex (commonly called the motor homunculus or motor map), can be modified by a variety of experimental manipulations, including peripheral or central injury, electrical stimulation, pharmocologic treatment or behavioral experience.
		Moreover, recent evidence demonstrates that functional alterations in motor cortex organization are accompanied by changes in dendritic and synaptic structure, as well as alterations in the regulation of cortical neurotransmitter systems.
		Motor maps were derived in great detail by using interpenetration distances of approximately 250µm.
	www.nichd.nih.gov /ncmrr/symposium/nudo_abstract.htm (486 words)

	Motor cortex: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The primary motor area is a group of networked cells in mammalian brains that controls movements of specific body parts associated with cell groups in that area of...
		The spinal cord is a part of the vertebrate nervous system that is enclosed in and protected by the vertebral column (it passes through the spinal canal)....
		The cerebellum is a brain region important for a number of motor and cognitive functions, including learning (particularly learning of unconscious motor tasks such...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/mo/motor_cortex.htm (1280 words)

	eMedicine - Motor Evoked Potentials : Article by Jasvinder Chawla, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		From 1950-1970, several other studies of electrical stimulation of the exposed motor cortex (ie, during neurosurgical procedures) were performed in animals and humans to study the pyramidal pathway and other corticospinal connections.
		The main motor cortical area is located on the anterior wall of the central sulcus and the adjacent portion of the precentral gyrus.
		Di Lazzaro V, Restuccia D, Colosimo C, Tonali P: The contribution of magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex to the diagnosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy.
	www.emedicine.com /neuro/topic222.htm (5965 words)

	Stimulating research on motor cortex - Nature Neuroscience
		A recent paper concludes that motor cortex represents a map of spatial locations to which movements are directed, but the use of high stimulation intensities complicates its interpretation.
		The authors conclude that what is represented in the motor cortex is not a map of the body in terms of muscles, but a map of spatial locations near the body to which movements are directed.
		Thus, although it might be appropriate to use stimulation to identify the body part controlled by a particular region of cortex, such as the arm area of the motor cortex, one should not expect electrical stimulation to reveal much about how the arm area generates and controls arm movements.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/neuro/journal/v5/n8/full/nn0802-714.html (1192 words)

	INABIS '98 - Examination of Cerebellar Glutamate Receptor Densities Following Bilateral Motor Cortex Lesion
		The brains were blocked between the cerebellum and cerebrum, and the cerebelli and motor cortex were sliced at 52 µ thickness, sagitally and coronally respectively.
		The ability to acquire new motor skills was apparently preserved in the lesioned animals, as the decrease in number of errors was similar for both the lesion and sham groups.
		Second, given that the cerebellum, a motor region of the brain, demonstrated morphological changes in response to damage of the sensorimotor cortex, cerebellar compensatory changes may be responsible for the sparing of skill acquisition abilities.
	www.mcmaster.ca /inabis98/schallert/powell0848/two.html (2049 words)

	Sect. 8, Ch. 6: The Motor (MI) Cortex and Corticospinal Tract
		The motor cortex is the executant, but not the highest level of control, of the motor system.
		The motor cortex receives input about the desired goal from the limbic system via the prefrontal association areas of the cerebral cortex.
		Given the number and complexity of the circuits antece-dent to the motor cortex, it is not surprising that motor preparation time is long.
	www.lib.mcg.edu /edu/eshuphysio/program/section8/8ch6/s8ch6_20.htm (320 words)

	Neurological Research: Pain-related modulation of the human motor cortex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The interaction between pain and motor function is not fully understood, although from everyday life it is known that pain affects movements.
		This motor cortex inhibition may act as a sort of motor 'decerebration' so as to allow the spinal motor system to freely develop protective responses to noxious stimulation.
		Further studies are required to assess the effects of pain on the motor system in patients suffering from chronic pain, in order to develop innovative rational therapeutic strategies to reduce both pain and motor disability.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3909/is_200303/ai_n9227959 (447 words)

	Facial Neuralgia Resources: Motor Cortex Stimulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		First, brain imaging is used to map the brain and identify the motor cortex, the part of the brain associated with movement of the face, neck, arms and legs.
		In the first surgery, an electrode is surgically placed on the tough protective layer covering the motor cortex area of the brain and then hooked up to a programmable device.
		Motor Cortex Stimulation is not a perfect solution for chronic pain.
	facial-neuralgia.org /treatments/surgical/mcs.html (416 words)

	Reorganization of Sensory and Motor Systems in Hemiplegic Stroke Patients : A Positron Emission Tomography Study -- ...
		bilaterally in the inferior parietal cortex and in the contralateral
		motor and sensory responses in the primary sensorimotor cortex.
		Sensory response properties of pyramidal tract neurons in the precentral motor cortex and postcentral gyrus of the rhesus monkey.
	stroke.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/30/8/1510 (4378 words)

	A Science Odyssey: You Try It: Probe the Brain: Cortex Map (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		If it decides yes, your brain's motor cortex, a small area that exists on the outer part of your brain, calls for messages to be sent through your spinal cord and down your arm to the muscles that control the finger.
		The motor cortex located on the left side of the brain controls movement on the right side of the body.
		The best view of the brain's motor cortex is from a brain that has been sliced in half.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/tryit/brain/mapcortex.html (249 words)

	The Brain's Word Act: Reading verbs revs up motor cortex areas: Science News Online, Feb. 7, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As volunteers read a verb referring to a face, arm, or leg action—such as lick, pick, or kick—the motor cortex areas that control the specified action exhibit high rates of blood flow, a sign of intense neural activity, say neuroscientist Friedemann Pulvermüller of the Medical Research Council in Cambridge, England, and his colleagues.
		Moreover, the same arm- and leg-related sections of motor cortex responded similarly when volunteers read verbs involving those body parts or when they responded to instructions to move their feet and fingers.
		Motor cortex areas triggered by face-related words such as bite and chew showed little correspondence to those activated by voluntary tongue movements, however.
	www.sciencenews.org /20040207/fob2.asp (643 words)

	Physiology of the Motor Cortex - IKE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Name and locate the motor areas of the cortex.
		Describe the motor map in the primary motor cortex
		Compare the deficits produced by an "upper motor neuron" lesion vs a "lower motor neuron" lesion.
	tarek.2y.net /w/index.php/Physiology_of_the_Motor_Cortex (582 words)

	Muscle and Movement Representations in the Primary Motor Cortex -- Kakei et al. 285 (5436): 2136 -- Science
		Motor Cortex Neural Correlates of Output Kinematics and Kinetics During Isometric-Force and Arm-Reaching Tasks.
		Neural Activity in Primary Motor Cortex Related to Mechanical Loads Applied to the Shoulder and Elbow During a Postural Task.
		Corticostriatal Activity in Primary Motor Cortex of the Macaque.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/285/5436/2136 (1220 words)

	Location of the Primary Motor Cortex in Schizencephaly -- Lee et al. 20 (1): 163 -- American Journal of Neuroradiology
		of the primary motor area in patients with brain tumor (1).
		Increased activity of the ipsilateral motor cortex during a hand motor task in patients with brain tumor and paresis.
		Sensory and motor cortex: presurgical mapping with functional MR imaging and invasive cortical mapping.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/20/1/163 (1792 words)

	Modulation of practice-dependent plasticity in human motor cortex -- Ziemann et al. 124 (6): 1171 -- Brain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the somatosensory cortex, neurones deafferented by peripheral
		a rapid decrease in GABA in the sensorimotor cortex contralateral
		Relation of size and activity of motor cortex pyramidal tract neurons during skilled movements in the monkey.
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/124/6/1171 (6153 words)

	Physiological Psychology, 15. Motor System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Skeletal muscles are controlled by alpha motor neurons whose cell bodies are located in the ventral column of the spinal cord.
		Here information is integrated by spatial and temporal summation and action potentials traverse the motor neuron to reach the muscle fibers.
		Major difference is that the pyramidal is continuous from cortex to spinal cord without synapse, whereas the extrapyramidal represents all other motor components.
	neuro.psyc.memphis.edu /ugp/css015.html (547 words)

	Motor cortex excitability in stiff-person syndrome -- Sandbrink et al. 123 (11): 2231 -- Brain
		Motor cortex excitability in stiff-person syndrome -- Sandbrink et al.
		we assessed the excitability of the motor cortex with transcranial
		Suppression of voluntary motor activity revealed using transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in man. J Physiol (Lond) 1994; 477: 223–35.
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/123/11/2231 (4364 words)

	Motor Cortical Brain-Computer Interface for the Paralyzed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The device will ‘bypass’ the damaged motor pathway of a paralyzed individual (for example an injury or disease of the spinal cord), by interfacing his motor cortex directly with a computer.
		In collaboration with John Donoghue’s lab at Brown University we are developing an implantable BCI based on the Utah Electrode Array.
		Studies on the use of a penetrating microelectrode array in a potential motor cortex neuroprosthetic, Department of Department of Bioengineering.
	www.bioen.utah.edu /cni/Projects/Motor.htm (368 words)

	motor cortex definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		motor cortex definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		part of brain controlling voluntary muscles: the region of the outer surface of the brain cortex where nervous impulses controlling voluntary muscle activity are initiated.
		The motor cortex in the right hemisphere of the brain is responsible for controlling muscles in the left side of the body, and vice versa for the left hemisphere.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861693850 (109 words)

	Modulation of Motor and Premotor Activity during Imitation of Target-directed Actions -- Koski et al. 12 (8): 847 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Fu QG, Suarez JI, Ebner TJ (1993) Neuronal specification of direction and distance during reaching movements in the superior precentral premotor area and primary motor cortex of monkeys.
		Matsumura M, Kubota K (1979) Cortical projection to hand–arm motor area from post-arcuate area in macaque monkeys: a histological study of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.
		Shen L, Alexander GE (1997a) Neural correlates of a spatial sensory-to-motor transformation in primary motor cortex.
	cercor.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/12/8/847 (6422 words)

	Vicarious function within the human primary motor cortex?: A longitudinal fMRI stroke study -- Jaillard et al. 128 (5): ...
		Vicarious function within the human primary motor cortex?: A longitudinal fMRI stroke study -- Jaillard et al.
		with contralateral dorsal premotor and sensorimotor cortex and
		in the motor cortex adjacent to the lesion.
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/128/5/1122 (436 words)

	Projection from the sensory to the motor cortex is important in learning motor skills in the monkey -- Pavlides et al. ...
		Projection from the sensory to the motor cortex is important in learning motor skills in the monkey -- Pavlides et al.
		Projection from the sensory to the motor cortex is important in learning motor skills in the monkey
		The projection from the somatosensory cortex to the primary motor cortex
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/70/2/733 (841 words)

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