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Topic: Motor learning

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	Team projects on www for Psychobiology
		It was noted that the motor control deficits of the mice were similar to the clinical symptoms of cerebellar lesions and were probably caused by the absence of cerebellar LTD. The mice were ataxic, had impaired walking, and performed badly on tests of balance, although they groomed normally and could swim(Schutter TINS 292).
		From the basal ganglia the hierarchy extends upward to the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex and motor cortex.
		Neurons in the PMC discharge in response to inputs from the prefrontal cortex.
	www.humboldt.edu /~morgan/skill.htm (4863 words)

	Young Students Learning Library: MOTOR@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		A motor can be defined as a device that changes any form of energy into mechanical energy or motion.
		An engine is a kind of motor that consumes fuel to convert energy into mechanical power, as in an automobile or truck.
		An electric motor is an arrangement of magnets and wire coils that changes a special kind of energy--electric current--into mechanical power or motion.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:28016755&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (177 words)

	Motor Learning projects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Motor patterns and improvements in movement efficiency can be learned using intrinsic feedback, provided to the performer by the sensory systems (visual, auditory, proprioceptive, vestibular, and cutaneous) as a result of movement.
		Conversely, motor learning can be inhibited by augmented feedback if the movement provides enough intrinsic feedback to influence behavior.
		Wulf et al (1998) concluded that directing a learner's attention to the effects his or her actions have upon the external environment was beneficial in the learning of a motor task.
	www.med.unc.edu /wrkunits/3ctrpgm/chms/ProjectsFoa.htm (760 words)

	Motor Learning
		The primary role of the motor control system is to connect command lines to effectors in a manner that maximizes motor coordination.
		There seems to be a widespread assumption in the adaptive behavior community that humans and animals have self-contained motor programs that wait their turn to be executed and that the decision to select one of these programs for execution somehow must be done right before or at the moment of execution.
		All motor signals that can potentially arrive at a command input connection are selected once and for all at the time the connection is first made.
	pages.sbcglobal.net /louis.savain/AI/motor_learning.htm (1899 words)

	Geoff Mangum's Flatstick Forum
		Modern motor learning places a new emphasis on the cognitive components of learning -- that is, knowing explicitly what to do, how to do it, and why to do it that way.
		A second major theme in modern motor learning is to pay more close attention to what cues are present during practice, whether explicitly noticeable in the surroundings of the practice facility or equipment or the instructional guidance, or simply implicitly present in structuring the practice feedback.
		To treat learning a motor SKILL as if it consists simply of a rote motion pattern is a bit sophomoric, and really is just not how the brain and body work.
	www.network54.com /Forum/thread?forumid=52812&messageid=1037470231&lp=1038794114 (4129 words)

	(6/13/02) CEREBELLUM'S ROLE DURING MOTOR SKILL LEARNING DEMONSTRATED (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		By separating the effects of motor learning from changes in performance, they discovered that the cerebellum, long associated with motor skill learning, does not contribute to learning itself, but is engaged primarily in the modification of performance.
		Motor skills are learned through practice, such as when toddlers learn to walk or adults acquire the skills to play tennis.
		To separate the two effects, researchers assigned participants a sequence learning task that healthy subjects typically learn within about 10 minutes, but they blocked the expression of learning (or performance change) by having the subjects perform a second (distractor) task concurrently.
	www1.umn.edu /urelate/newsservice/newsreleases/02_06AHCcerebellum.html (318 words)

	Motor learning - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		The cerebellum and basal ganglia are critical for motor learning.
		As a result of the universal need for properly calibrated movement, it is not surprising that the cerebellum and basal ganglia are widely conserved across vertebrates from fish to humans.
		Although motor learning is capable of achieving Olympic feats of skill, much has been learned from studies of simple behaviors.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /motor_learning.htm (302 words)

	TIP: Learning Domains
		Unlike verbal learning, sensory-motor learning appears to be the same under massed and spaced practice.
		Learning and retention of sensory-motor skills is improved by both the quantity and quality of feedback (knowledge of results) during training.
		In addition, guided learning may be most effective in early training while trail and error is important in advanced training.
	tip.psychology.org /sensory.html (475 words)

	Motor Learning at the University of Virginia
		The Motor Learning specialization prepares students to be able to design and implement optimal learning environments for both the acquisition and performance of motor skills.
		The process of skill acquisition is explored by analyzing the early perceptual motor development in children and the problems of motor learning and retention for individuals of all ages.
		The process of motor learning is explored by analyzing early perceptual motor development in children and the problems of acquisition and retention for individuals of all ages.
	curry.edschool.virginia.edu /class/edis/739/2001/private/development/brian (540 words)

	Fitness - Fitness Essentials for Golf - Motor Learning and Nutrition
		Motor learning is simply teaching the neuromuscular system to perform a specific task in a consistent, reproducible fashion.
		Because the golf swing requires communication among all body segments, motor learning or muscle memory might be a key factor for further improvement.
		The goal of motor learning, or computer-like programming of the neuromuscular system, is to develop the least stressful and most productive movement patterns for a successful golf swing.
	www.shark.com /sharkwatch/fitness/fitness7.php (320 words)

	Prevent Disease.com - Brain Center Key to Learning New Motor Skills
		``Motor learning is a very important process, of course,'' Dr. Mark Hallett of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland, told Reuters Health.
		Now Hallett and his colleagues report that the motor cortex, a part of the brain involved in controlling movement, is essential for the early consolidation of motor learning.
		But the motor cortex is not likely to be the only brain region involved in the consolidation of motor learning, Hallett pointed out.
	preventdisease.com /news/articles/brain_center_key.shtml (386 words)

	University of St. Augustine
		The goal of this seminar is to discuss current research and theories in motor control and how they affect the examination and intervention of clients with neurologic dysfunction.
		Issues in motor control and motor learning are also examined as they relate to current rehabilitation procedures.
		Discuss current research models of motor control and the implications of applying each model to examination and development of therapeutic interventions for a patient with a neurologic dysfunction.
	www.usa.edu /motor_control.htm (200 words)

	A blind spot in motor learning
		For decades, psychologists have known that on both verbal learning and motor tasks, practice trials that are distributed across time or interleaved with other tasks, rather than massed together, yield better long-term retention.
		However, especially in motor learning, few studies have examined how accurate people are at judging their own learning.
		To test how people's learning squares with their sense of how well they have learned--that is, their "metacognitions"--Simon and Bjork assigned 48 participants to practice typing three different five-key sequences on the number pad of a computer keyboard.
	www.apa.org /monitor/julaug01/blindspot.html (1237 words)

	MOTOR LEARNING
		Intertask transfer is the concept that learning a new skill is predicated on the performance and learning of a previous skill that is directly proportionate to the amount of time needed to learn the first skill.
		Intratask transfer is the concept that when learning a skill, a progression of successes based on a hierarchy of difficulty assists in the learning of the skill.
		The learning process moves from the cognitive phase to the associative stage where the learner begins to develop and refine the skill.
	www.stan-co.k12.ca.us /calpe/Motor.html (3093 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Motor Control And Learning: A Behavioral Emphasis, Fourth Edition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Motor Control and Learning: A Behavioral Emphasis, Fourth Edition, is the only graduate textbook that combines motor control and motor learning with the in-depth details students need in order to understand the topic and distinguish between different sides of an issue.
		Motor Control and Learning: A Behavioral Emphasis, Fourth Edition, is the only text that focuses specifically on the motor learning and motor control areas of motor behavior.
		It describes the research methods used for studying and measuring motor learning, discusses the effects of various conditions under which a learner can practice motor skills, considers the effects of providing augmented information about what was done, and examines the empirical relationships and principles concerned with the retention and transfer of motor skills.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/073604258X?v=glance (1173 words)

	State-Space models for motor learning and adaptation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		The idea that organisms learn through the development of internal models of their environment has become one of the central paradigms for the study of motor learning.
		Learning is conceptualized as a change of a hidden state, which depends on a learning or error signal.
		Learning related changes of brain activity are observed in motor, premotor and cerebellar cortex during acquisition of visuomotor skills.
	www.bme.jhu.edu /~jdiedric/state_space_workshop (2333 words)

	motor learning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Motor learning is the process of improving the smoothness and accuracy of movements...
		The Motor Learning specialization prepares students to be able to design and implement optimal learning...
		The old-school motor learning theory was not much more complex than the notion that repetition builds muscle...
	learning-gd.com /articles/62/motor-learning.html (183 words)

	Motor Skill Learning (PET 5235C)
		A transfer design, in which the massed-practice groups are transferred to distributed practice after a rest, so the relative amount of learning in the earlier trials can be evaluated by the level of performance on the transfer trials.
		Motor programs that are used for the two tasks.
		This is that the "cognitive" elements of a skill benefit from mental practice, but that the "motor" elements gain little from mental practice.
	pet4224c-01.sp00.fsu.edu /ppttext/conditionsofpracticetext.htm (1235 words)

	Kositsky, Motor Learning and Skill Acquisition
		A motor memory architecture is proposed that uses the clusters as the basic memory units.
		The computational work is accompanied by a set of psychophysical studies aimed at examining the possible use of a cluster representation by the human motor system.
		The experiment examines the entire motor learning process, starting from untrained movements up to the formation of highly skilled actions.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /comm/steen/cogweb/Abstracts/Kositsky_00.html (224 words)

	Motor Learning and Performance: From Principles to Practice (2nd Edition) (book)
		This problem-based learning approach challenges students to develop the ability to think critically, helping them not only to understand the process of skill performance, but also to gain the ability to select, assimilate, and apply the concepts and principles covered in the book to real-world settings.
		Once students have a solid grasp of the fundamental principles and research findings for motor performance and learning and have developed some effective problem-solving strategies, they will be able to help individuals learn or relearn nearly any motor skill.
		Motor Learning and Performance retains useful features from the first edition to aid students learning, including chapter objectives, highlight boxes, chapter summaries, review questions, and an index.
	www.onlinesports.com /pages/I,HK-BSCH0500.html (824 words)

	motor learning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Dear Alex, Modern motor learning places a new emphasis on the cognitive components of learning -- that is...
		Why therapists care about motor learning: "As we all discover early in our careers, it is easy enough to 'facilitate' a certain pattern or movement.
		Vincent Motor Learning Laboratory was organized to conduct original research on motor behavior and to provide instructional activities for students studying motor behavior.
	www.education-universe.com /articles/30/motor-learning.html (450 words)

	MOTOR LEARNING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Why therapists care about motor learning:“As we all discover early in our careers, it is easy enough to 'facilitate' a certain pattern or movement.
		Although occupational therapists teach motor skills, most therapists are not trained as extensively in skill acquisition strategies as are physical educators and coaches.
		"Motor learning is a set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for responding."
	w3.ouhsc.edu /dthompso/mtrlrng/slides (321 words)

	Journal of Motor Behavior: Frequent feedback enhances complex motor skill learning.@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		People who are given feedback while learning complex motor skills are more likely to perform at a higher skill level than people who do not receive concurrent feedback.
		The learning of slalom-type movements on a ski-simulator represented complex motor skills and until reaching a certain level of expertise, participants given high relative feedback out performed those who received a reduced level of feedback.
		In the last few years, the results of a number of studies have demonstrated that various manipulations that reduce the purported...
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:20786325&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (175 words)

	SLP Workshop: Motor Learning & Apraxia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		This presentation will focus on the principles of motor learning, and their application to the treatment of apraxia of speech in adults and children.
		Motor learning is a process of acquiring the capability for producing skilled action.
		This session defines and discusses a number of basic principles of motor learning and how to incorporate them during treatment planning and throughout the application of intervention.
	www.nrhrehab.org /body.cfm?id=756 (719 words)

	Motor Skill Learning in Robots and Primates
		The manner in which motor programs are coded in a neural system can greatly affect the complexity and variety of the motor programs that can be stored, the efficiency with which new programs can be learned, and ease with which one motor program can be generalized to handle a slightly different situation.
		Rather than expecting the learning system to perform the task all at once, the teacher first sets a very simple goal to be learned, such as opening up the box.
		The construction of an on-line learning system for an arm/hand robot that is capable of integrating a variety of feedback information in the learning of useful motor skills.
	www-anw.cs.umass.edu /~fagg/brochure.usc/andy.html (1266 words)

	Study Helps Identify Key Step In Simple Motor Learning
		Scientists have shown that learning happens when a brain cell gets stimulated in a way that reduces its ability to respond to a particular brain messenger called glutamate.
		The Purkinje cells are involved in simple motor learning processes similar to that in Pavlov's experiments with dogs.
		But while Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate upon hearing a bell, Linden is considering a learning pathway that causes the eye to blink in response to a sound rather than a puff of air.
	www.hopkinsmedicine.org /press/2001/NOVEMBER/011112B.htm (836 words)

	CHAPTER 3: THEORIES OF MOTOR LEARNING
		Key point: skilled motor behavior is a performance in which environmental parameters have been selected and degrees of freedom have been condensed to produce an appropriate performance.
		Key point: early motor theories stated that individuals could learn motor skills by observing someone else perform a skill, forming a blueprint for themselves that guided them in reproducing the skill.
		Motor learning skills are learned by comparing movements intended and initiated (recall schema) with outcome (response recognition schema).
	clem.mscd.edu /~broida/hps450/chapter_outlines/chapter3.html (547 words)

	Practicing Different Skills In Concentrated Blocks Not Most Efficient Way To Learn
		A new study confirms earlier research on both verbal and motor learning that practicing several different skills in separate, concentrated blocks leads to better performance during practice but not during the actual task.
		Why blocked practices only lead to short-term gains and random practices were better at long-term learning may be because random practice required people to repeatedly "reload" the motor program corresponding to each task, which aids the later retrieval of that program, explain the authors.
		Another explanation for random practice being superior to long-term learning than block practice is that it requires that several skills be differentiated in terms of their similarities and differences resulting in a better mental conceptualization that supports retention of those skills.
	www.apa.org /releases/retention.html (906 words)

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