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	Toolesboro Mounds History
		Mound construction typically began with the laying of a sand or clay floor, or a platform in the center, upon which the body and artifacts were placed.
		One of the mounds maintained near the Center, known as Mound 2, is the largest of the remaining mounds, measuring 100 feet in diameter and 8 feet in height.
		Some of the mounds have since been restored, that is, the pits caused by excavations or construction have been filled in or the mounds themselves rebuilt.
	www.iowahistory.org /sites/toolsboro/toolesboro_history.html (1466 words)

	Text Only Version -- National Register of Historic Places Indian Mounds of Mississippi Travel Itinerary
		Of the mounds that remain today, some of the earliest were built to bury important members of local tribal groups, such as the Boyd, Bynum, and Pharr mound sites.
		However, mound construction was in a period of decline in the 1500s, when the first Europeans arrived in the region and brought with them epidemic diseases which decimated native populations across the Southeast.
		While neither mound has been excavated, distinctively styled pottery fragments found in the surrounding area indicate that the mounds are probably Mississippian period earthworks, dating to between1100 and 1500 A.D. Both mounds presumably had ceremonial temples or elite residences on their summits.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nR/travel/mounds/textonly.htm (5829 words)

	The Mound Builders Essay -- National Register of Historic Places Indian Mounds of Mississippi Travel Itinerary
		Mounds continued to be built sporadically for another 1800 years, or until around 1700 A.D. Archeologists, the scientist who study the evidence of past human lifeways, classify moundbuilding Indians of the Southeast into three major chronological/cultural divisions: the Archaic, the Woodland, and the Mississippian traditions.
		Mississippian platform mounds range in height from eight to almost 60 feet and are from 60 to as much as 770 feet in width at the base.
		Mound construction was once again in decline by the time the first Europeans came to this region in the 1500s.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/travel/mounds/builders.htm (612 words)

	Mounds and Rings: Evolution of Mound Building (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		When ring building ceased in the area by 1000 B.C., a new tradition of mound building was started by local cultures and others that had moved in from the west.
		As mound building spread throughout the region, various combinations of sand, earth, and shell rose in constructions ranging from one to thirty feet high.
		Other mounds were flattened on top to accommodate the living quarters of chiefs.
	www.cr.nps.gov /goldcres/cultural/moundevol.html (178 words)

	Beloit College Effigy Mounds
		These mounds and others like them are found in Southern Wisconsin and adjacent portions of the surrounding states.
		The mounds are not high (no more than five feet) and usually small, although a newly-discovered bird effigy has a wingspan of 1310 feet.
		The mounds also served to define territories of such families and the shapes may represent clan totems.
	www.beloit.edu /~museum/publicart/publicmounds.htm (502 words)

	Minnesota Conservation Volunteer: Indian Mounds: Minnesota DNR
		Mounds are usually found in groups ranging from two to more than 200.
		Effigy mounds (in the shapes of insects or other animals) and pyramidal mounds are rare in Minnesota.
		Mounds are cemeteries and should be respected as such.
	www.dnr.state.mn.us /volunteer/marapr03/mpmounds.html (429 words)

	Mounds & Mound Builders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The mound and two forts were the essential features of an Adena village in the shape of a triangle.
		The Criel Mound in South Charleston is the largest of approximately fifty conical type mounds of the Adena culture in an area west of Charleston extending to Institute.
		The precise age of the Criel Mound is unknown, but archaeologists believe it dates to the time of the Grave Creek Mound in Moundsville, probably built between 250 and 150 BCE.
	www.wvculture.org /history/mounds.html (996 words)

	Following the Trail of Ancient Louisianians
		Mound building began around 6,000 years ago, at a time when people were becoming more sedentary, though not yet involved in agriculture, and continued until the period of European contact.
		The first mounds may have marked seasonal homes with abundant resources for nomadic hunter-gatherers, but mounds were used for different purposes at different times and places.
		The Louisiana Ancient Mounds Trail is about a five-hour tour by car with stops at the museums at Poverty Point in West Carroll Parish and Marksville in Avoyelles Parish, which serve as the hubs to the trail.
	www.archaeology.org /online/features/lamounds (1392 words)

	Frasnian mudmounds from Belgium
		The Petit-Mont mounds (stop 3 and 4) are 30 to 80 m thick and 100 to 250 m in diameter.
		Less than 50 m north of the main quarry, downhill, it is possible to have access to the base of the mound, characterized by a transition from shale with abundant rugose corals to limestone with sponges, corals, crinoids and iron-bacteria.
		The mound is standing in subhorizontal position and large sawn sections expose facies ranging from the middle part of the mound (Pm3) to its top (Pm 4 and 5).
	www.ulg.ac.be /geolsed/site_MM (1512 words)

	Effigy mound culture
		The Midwestern effigy mounds are some of the more fantastic earthworks from ancient times, and Wisconsin, we are proud to say, was at the center of the construction project.
		About 4,000 of roughly 20,000 individual mounds have survived agriculture and construction in Wisconsin.
		Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site is in Illinois, across the Mississippi River from St. Louis, Mo. Cahokia was an outpost of Mississippian civilization further down the big river.
	whyfiles.org /135salv_arch/3.html (753 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Filippovka mounds, constructed in the centre of steppe nomadic world, in the country between the Volga and Ural, are a connecting-link between East and West, the Black Sea and Siberia.
		Mounds are situated in the open steppe on the left bank of the Ural, where the Ilek flows into it, in 100 km to the west from Orenburg.
		There had been 25 burial mounds of different sizes, their heights being from 1,5 m to 7 m.
	vatandash.bashedu.ru /vatandash_www/8_02/159.htm (1040 words)

	Sacred Places: Scream Mountain Indian Mounds
		The mounds are ovoid in shape and range from approximately six feet to ten feet in length.
		Each mound is composed of a pile of a particular type of grey rock not otherwise seen lying about in the local area (in other words, they were deliberately brought to the site).
		The mounds are situated not on the summit of the mountain but, as in the case with a number of prehistoric burial mounds in England and elsewhere, they lie on the slope just off the summit.
	www.arthistory.sbc.edu /sacredplaces/burialmounds.html (534 words)

	MDAH \| Winterville Mounds
		Twelve of the site's largest mounds, including the 55-foot-high Temple Mound, are currently the focus of a long-range preservation plan being developed by the Mississippi Department of Archives and History and the University of Mississippi's Center for Archaeological Research.
		Supported by the Winterville Mounds Association, the Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks (formerly the Mississippi Park Commission) operated Winterville as a state park from 1960 until 2000, when the property was conveyed to the Mississippi Department of Archives and History.
		Winterville Mounds, an official state historic site listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is maintained by the Historic Properties Division of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History.
	www.mdah.state.ms.us /hprop/winterville.html (578 words)

	JS Online: Visit to effigy mounds is a walk through history
		About 900 effigy mound centers were built, including more than 15,000 mounds, of which about 3,000 were actual effigies, images of an identifiable or allegorical animal or bird.
		He believes that the arrangement of the effigy mounds as markers of the cycles of the sun and the moon form a metaphoric telling of the traditional Indian liturgy of the soul's journey in the afterlife.
		The recently released Effigy Mounds Grand Tour map, developed by the Cultural Landscape Legacies organization, represents the first installment of a larger tour of effigy mounds that can be found along the river systems of Wisconsin.
	www.jsonline.com /dd/destwis/dec03/190475.asp?format=print (1375 words)

	GORP - Arkansas State Parks - Toltec Mounds State Park
		Mound groups, such as this one, were religious and social centers for people living in the surrounding countryside.
		Mounds were placed along the edges of two open areas (plazas) which were used for political, religious, and social activities attended by people from the vicinity.
		Mound B (38' high) was constructed and enlarged over a long period of time with religious buildings on it.
	gorp.away.com /gorp/location/ar/parks/toltec.htm (1104 words)

	Burial Mounds (Adena Ritual)
		Sheer mound size no doubt reflected social-environmental factors and implicitly was a comment upon the intensity and continuity of local mortuary ritual; the size of the mound, however, was not a characteristic inherent in the structure or a factor in ritual organization.
		Because they are highly visible landmarks, burial mounds have generally prompted the interpretation that they contained the graves of high status individuals: in fact, the more specific assumption has been that the larger the mound, the higher the status of the dead within.
		In one way or another this argument stems from Webb's interpretation of the C and O Mounds and usually involves the assumption that lower class individuals were cremated and disposed of in the village.
	www.gbl.indiana.edu /abstracts/adena/mounds.html (1736 words)

	Effigy Mound Builders in Wisconsin. History of Wisconsin Dells (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		There were at one time literally hundreds of mounds constructed in the Dells area between approximately 300 and 1400 AD, which is only a small portion of the thousands of earthworks constructed in Wisconsin long before Christopher Columbus initiated the European settlement of the Americas.
		One early Sauk County farmer in the early 1930's stated that their were so many mounds that it took days to clear a field to make the land useable.
		There are conical and linear mounds as well as effigies of two 100-foot long bears, a panther with a tail as long as a football field and an eagle with a 200 foot wingspan.
	www.dellschamber.com /history/effigymoundbuilders.htm (303 words)

	Ocmulgee Indian Mounds, Macon, Georgia
		First mention of the mounds is by a member of James Oglethorpe's Georgia Guard who saw the mounds on a trip with Oglethorpe to the Creek capital of Coweta.
		The mounds remained in Creek hands well into the 19th century, and were exempted from a treaty ceding the surrounding area.
		The mounds, however, were finally ceded to the state and distributed to settlers (1828).
	roadsidegeorgia.com /site/ocmulgee_mounds.html (817 words)

	Archaeological Sites
		The 100 mounds in the Sny Magill unit represent the largest concentration of mounds in one compact group.
		Effigy Mounds National Monument is located in a non-glaciated zone scarred by the cutting action of rushing streams on their journey to the mighty Mississippi.
		The remaining mounds are conical and linear shaped, or a combination of the two.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/archaeology/sites/northamerica/effigy_mounds.html (608 words)

	Camping and More at Serpent Mounds Park
		Serpent Mounds Park is a family campground and day-use area that is owned and operated by Hiawatha First Nation.
		On a high point of land near Rice Lake are nine burial mounds that enclose the graves of the Point Peninsula people.
		Of significant interest is the largest mound which has a zigzag or serpentine appearance.
	www.serpentmoundspark.com (196 words)

	Mound Builders in America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		When we were in Ohio, we went to Mound City, a group of 23 mounds built by the people of the Hopewell Culture, a group of Native Americans, long ago.
		There was also a perimeter mound, a long skinny mound around the outside of the other mounds.
		Mound City Group, Chillicothe, OH Each mound covered the remains of a charnel house, a wooden building used for meetings.
	www.sover.net /~barback/mounds/mounds.html (516 words)

	Archaeology at Dickson Mounds Museum
		Over the years Dickson Mounds has been a center for the study and interpretation of the prehistory of the Illinois River Valley, one of the richest archaeological regions in the country.
		The complex of two cemeteries and ten mounds with overlapping boundaries surrounded a low mound that probably supported a building used in burial ceremonies 900 years ago.
		Although much of the mound area remains unexcavated, the low mounds merge with the hillslopes and are hardly recognizable today as being 'man-made.' An unexcavated area of the mounds can be seen outside the window in the southeast corner of the first floor Resource Center.
	www.museum.state.il.us /ismsites/dickson/archaeology.htm (499 words)

	SPIRO MOUNDS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Between 850 and 1450 A.D. twelve mounds, ceremonial areas, and a support city were eventually created for the Caddoan-speaking leadership who participated in the Mississippian Culture (also known as the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, the Southern Death Cult, and the Buzzard Cult).
		The twelve mounds of the Spiro Mounds complex, all of human origin, were constructed in layers from basket loads of dirt.
		While most of the mounds were for buildings to be placed upon or to cover old houses, the single burial mound attracted the most attention.
	www.ok-history.mus.ok.us /enc/spiro_mounds.htm (873 words)

	Illinois Historic Preservation Agency - Cahokia Mounds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		At the center is Monks Mound, which at one hundred feet is the largest prehistoric earthen mound in the New World.
		Deceased nobles were prepared for burial in the temple atop the flat-topped mound for interment in the adjacent conical mound.
		The most common was the platform mound, whose flat top served as a base for ceremonial buildings or residences of the elite.
	www.state.il.us /hpa/hs/Mounds.htm (1264 words)

	Forest Preserve District of DuPage County -- Winfield Mounds
		The burial mounds for which the preserve is named are believed to be built in the Late Woodland Effigy Mound Tradition, which was common in northeastern Illinois from 600-1000 AD.
		Effigy Mound Peoples sometimes built mounds in the shape of animals important to the tribe, such as deer, eagles or fish.
		More commonly, however, the mounds were built in simple geometric shapes, like Winfield Mounds, which are three dome-shaped mounds set in a triangular pattern.
	www.dupageforest.com /PRESERVES/winfieldmounds.html (463 words)

	Michigan's mysterious Indian mounds
		This skull found in a Michigan burial mound reportedly suggests that the early inhabitants of the state were performing brain surgery well before the birth of Christ.
		After they had deposited the body in the mound at Springwells (Street) the friends of the dead man went into the river and waded about in a zig-zag course for some time until the spirit had departed on its long journey.
		In Indian mounds, in forts or enclosures, in the old pits and on ancient camping sites we find many a relic for which the archaeologist had no classificaiton, and the use of which he is ignorant.
	info.detnews.com /history/story/index.cfm?id=167&category=life (1484 words)

	GORP - Effigy Mounds National Monument
		Within the monument's borders are 191 known prehistoric mounds, 29 in the form of bear and bird effigies and the remainder conical or linear shaped.
		One mound excavated in the monument produced evidence linking it with this culture, and was dated, by the radio-carbon technique, as being about 2,500 years old.
		Several mounds excavated in the monument are of the Hopewellian period.
	gorp.away.com /gorp/resource/us_nm/ia_effig.htm (1833 words)

	The Adena Mounds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Grave Creek Mound is probably the most famous of the Adena burial mounds, and certainly one of the most impressive.
		Construction of the mound took place in successive stages from about 250-150 B.C., as indicated by the multiple burials at different levels within the structure.
		The building of the mound and moat must have been a massive undertaking, since the total effort required the movement of over 60,000 tons of earth.
	www.adena.com /adena/ad/ad01.htm (721 words)

	FSTS 21RA0010 Indian Mounds Park
		Some of the mounds were leveled to make way for streets and to improve the view, but six of the largest were preserved, and there they remain today.
		Another group of 19 smaller mounds that stood along the bluff directly above Carver's Cave and somewhat to the north and west of the present park was completely destroyed.
		The location of mounds was mapped and it was determined that a few relatively undisturbed areas remain in the park despite extensive cutting and filling.
	www.fromsitetostory.org /tcm/21ra0010indianmp/21ra0010indianmp.asp (207 words)

	TN State Parks: Pinson Mounds State Park (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Pinson Mounds, one of two state archaeological parks, is a special park, set aside to protect the prehistoric remains found there.
		Managed by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation's Division of State Parks, the Pinson Mounds grouping consists of at least 15 earthen mounds, a geometic enclosure, habitation areas and related earthworks in an area that incorporates almost 1,200 acres.
		Pinson Mounds is a national historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
	www.state.tn.us /environment/parks/parks/PinsonMounds (278 words)

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