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Topic: Mountain Jews

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	Petersburg judaica: Exhibitions
		The Jews of the former Soviet Union, the Russian Jews as they are known in the West, are generally defined as the Russian-speaking descendants of the former inhabitants of the Pale of Settlement.
		A curious illustration of this inbuilt historical awareness is the Ashkenazi synagogue and that of the Mountain Jews in Baku.
		Mountain Jews represent the native Jewish population of the Eastern Caucasus.
	judaica.spb.ru /exbsh/ex1/Gorsk_e.shtml (2077 words)

	Mountain Jews - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mountain Jews, or Juhuro, are Jews of the eastern Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan.
		Their population is difficult to estimate, as during censuses the Mountain Jews have been counted as members of the overall Jewish community, or as Tats, who use the language similar to theirs.
		In 1979 the overall number of Jews in Dagestan was 19,000 and 35,000 in Azerbaijan; the percentage of Mountain Jews is unknown.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mountain_Jews (1152 words)

	Commentary Magazine - The Caucasian Mountain Jews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-10)
		...Against the background of a majestic chain of mountains on the distant horizon, a procession of women moved slowly and impressively in their national costumes, which, although shabby, were yet becoming, and in some instances elaborate...
		...The Mountain Jews have in the course of time adopted other Islamic customs from their neighbors, such as the sale of women, childmarriage, marriage by capture, customs relating to style of dress and dwelling, superstitions and fl magic, talismans and amulets, as well as beliefs in demons and other spirits...
		...The longevity of the Mountain Jews is remarkable...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V2I4P60-1.htm (3994 words)

	The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
		The population is difficult to estimate, as during the censuses the Mountain Jews have been counted as members of the overall Jewish community, or as Tats whose language they speak.
		The Mountain Jews belong to the Iranian division of the Indo-European languages.
		Having become largely assimilated, the predecessors of the Mountain Jews settled on the west coast of the Caspian Sea in the 5th--6th century and from that time on their history has been related to the mountains and the people of Dagestan.
	www.eki.ee /books/redbook/mountain_jews.shtml (684 words)

	Are Mountain Jews Descended from the Khazars?
		The question of whether the Mountain Jews of Daghestan (in the north Caucasus) and Azerbaijan descend from the Khazar Jews, who were Turks, has been investigated by many authors, but the evidence is inconclusive one way or another.
		It is possible that the Mountain Jews are descendants of Persian-Jewish soldiers who were stationed in the Caucasus by the Sasanian kings in the fifth or sixth century to protect the area from the onslaughts of the Huns and other nomadic invaders from the east.
		Outside of the territory of the Khazarian kaganate and outside of the historical zone of the migration of Mountain Jews, this name practically is nonexistent; two exceptions during the Middle Ages were in Jerusalem in the 10th century and in Byzantium in the 12th century.
	www.khazaria.com /mountainjews.html (3673 words)

	Azeri 'Mountain Jews' struggle
		Jews have been making the trek to the cemetery overlooking the village of Kuba for some 250 years.
		Kuba may be one of the world's last shtetls, but for the "Mountain Jews" of Azerbaijan, Kuba is their Jerusalem.
		Hardened by centuries of self-defense and self-reliance, and free of the anti-Semitism and pogroms that plagued the Jews of Eastern Europe, these mountain Jews are a proud, tough-minded, patriarchal lot.
	www.jewishaz.com /jewishnews/030620/azeri.shtml (1297 words)

	L'Chayim Comrade Stalin
		According to historian Ken Blady, the Mountain Jews used to be agriculturalists and grew such crops as grapes, rice, tobacco, grains, and marena (madder).
		I have personally eaten the Mountain Jewish versions of chicken shashlik (shish-kebab) and dolma (stuffed grape leaves), and I liked the way the food was prepared and the vegetables and sauces that were used with the meats.
		Mountain Jews knew the value of self-defense and carried and owned many weapons (especially daggers).
	www.columbia.edu /~lnp3/mydocs/culture/birobidzhan.htm (1323 words)

	UPNE - Mountain Jews
		The term "Mountain Jews" (they call themselves "Juhur") dates back to Imperial Russia’s occupation of the Caucasus in the early nineteenth century, when the tsar’s visiting representative referred to "Mountain Jews" living mainly in the east and north of the Caucasus range, in what is today the largely Muslim areas of Dagestan and Azerbaijan.
		After their emigration to Israel, Caucasian Jews continued to resist integration, sharing in Israel’s upbuilding without losing touch with their roots in and ties to the Caucasus.
		The fruit of many years of field work and extensive research, Mountain Jews presents, in words and striking pictures of this people and its practices, the history, spiritual life, language and literature, daily life, material culture, and decorative arts which together define the rich and extraordinary cultural heritage of Caucasian, "Mountain" Jews.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~upne/965-278-315-3.html (290 words)

	Jews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-10)
		Many Sephardim live in France (most of its Jews), Eastern Europe and Central Asia (small numbers), and the USA (a very small number), but most are in Israel (about 50% of Israelis), where they have created their own large ethnic political party called Shas guided by their rabbis such as Ovadia Yosef.
		The Juhurim (Mountain Jews mainly from Daghestan in the eastern Caucasus)
		Ethnic Jews have stood at the basis of modern psychology, philosophy, socialism, capitalism and many important scientific and technological advances were first discovered by Jews.
	www.findthelinks.com /history/Jews_2.htm (623 words)

	Caucasus Foundation
		The designation Mountain Jews derives from the fact that they, contrary to the other Jews, live among the mountaineers of the Caucasus.
		Jew, or from an Iranian word for people of different faith.
		Mountain Jews probably descend From Jews who immigrated or were transferred to the region from Persia in the fifth or sixth centuries with the objective of forming military colonies and defending the Transcaucasus against raids of nomads from the North.
	www.kafkas.org.tr /english/bgkafkas/Ethnicgeography_Mountain_Jews_or_Tat.htm (237 words)

	The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Kazakhstan
		While some Bukharian Jews from neighboring Uzbekistan have settled in Kazakhstan, the majority of Kazakh Jews are Ashkenazi, arriving as Russian army conscripts as early as the 17th century.
		Under Communism, thousands of Jews were exiled by Stalin from the Pale of Settlement to Kazakhstan for practicing Judaism, most notably, Levi Yitzchak Schneerson, father of the late Lubavitcher rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson.
		Approximately 2,000 are Bukharian and Tat (Caucasion Mountain Jews).
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/Kazakhstan.html (604 words)

	Union of Councils for Soviet Jews: Russia's Mountain Jews support war in Chechnya, but are eager to get out
		Shubayev and other Mountain Jews here say the Chechen war and the atrocities committed by the Chechens and other "ethnic gangs," including the kidnapping of Jews, has destroyed the tenuous multicultural balance that has served as the underlying fabric of life in this region.
		The first Mountain Jews, who currently constitute more than 50 percent of the roughly 25,000 Jews of the North Caucasus, came from Persia to the North Caucasus not later than the eighth century.
		Despite their drastically diminished numbers, the Mountain Jews in Dagestan and elsewhere in the North Caucasus maintained their communities — and until recently many of them intended to stay on.
	www.fsumonitor.com /stories/030200jta.shtml (959 words)

	The Jews of Africa -- Other Dispersed Jewish Communities
		They believe that their ancestors are Jews that migrated from northern India, Afghanistan or the North-East Frontier region (Manipur, Mizoram) during the 9th or 10th centuries and settled around the area of Nandial.
		Jews like those in Venhaver and Natal in the Rio Grande do Norte area of Brazil, the Antiquenas of Colombia and Jews from the Naucalpan and Vallejo districts of Mexico City have begun to revisit their progenitors’ practices.
		Jews in Havana and Santiago have recently reopened their synagogues and have held public celebrations and Jewish study sessions in order to interest younger Cubans in the religion, openly affirming their Judaism for the first time in decades.
	www.mindspring.com /~jaypsand/dispersed.htm (1952 words)

	[No title]
		As was informed by the chairman of the religious community of European Jews in Baku, the community is going to nominate the professor of the Baku State University Maxim Abramov to the parliament in elections of February 1999.
		Azerbaijani Jews had not experienced any form of anti-semitism even in the Stalin rule, probably because the internationalism of this land was a good barrier for it, L. Zukerman said.
		Many of the Jews coming to Baku were related to a people known as the Mountain Jews or Highland Jews, which are thought to have originally come up from Iran and settled in the mountains north of Quba.
	www.geocities.com /Vienna/7124/jews.html (1586 words)

	BakuSun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-10)
		The main Mountain Jewish settlements in Azerbaijan are the compact Kirmizi Kasaba, or Krasnaya Sloboda (Red Village) across the Kudiyalchay river in Guba, as well as in Khachmaz, Oguz, Ismaili, and in Baku.
		For example, historian I. Anasimov, who is a Mountain Jew, does not consider the community to be of Semite origin, while in Soviet-era ethnographer K. Kudrov examined the origins of the Tats and Mountain Jews in Azerbaijan and concluded that both communities were of Central Asian descent.
		For centuries, the Jews lived alongside the Azeris under the rule of the Russian Czars, and then the Soviet Union, both of which regimes were notorious for their anti-Semitism.
	www.bakusun.az /cgi-bin/ayten/bakusun/show.cgi?code=2143 (903 words)

	UJC - Jews Safe in Nalchik Unrest, but Relatives in U.S. Worry About Future
		Spread across independent Azerbaijan and the highland republics of Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia and Kabardino-Balkaria, the Mountain Jews are believed to have arrived from Persia in the 5th century C.E. The Jewish communities sprinkled throughout the region rarely have been targeted as Jews, save for a rash of kidnappings-for-ransom in Chechnya.
		Many Jews live in their own affluent neighborhood on the outskirts of Nalchik, with large homes built from the profits of their import-export businesses.
		At the time of the crisis, some 300 Jews were at Yom Kippur services in a synagogue led by the city's chief rabbi, Levi Shabayev, a Chabad Lubavitch emissary and Nalchik native.
	www.ujc.org /content_display.html?ArticleID=165812 (1046 words)

	Telegraph \| News \| Life drains away from lost tribe of Mountain Jews
		One of the most isolated Jewish communities in the world is struggling for survival as its young people leave in droves seeking a better life in the West.
		Lured by the prospect of better wages and an easier life, young Jews are fleeing abroad, raising fears that the community could dwindle and die.
		Krasnaya Sloboda is the last stronghold of the Caucasus Mountain Jews, or Juhuro, a distinct ethnic group thought to be descended from the Lost Tribes that left Israel after the destruction of the first temple in 722bc.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/04/27/wjews27.xml (880 words)

	soc.culture.jewish FAQ: Jews As A Nation (7/12)
		Traditional and liberal Jews disagree on the Divine origin of the oral and written Torah, and on the ability of present-day sages and secular scholars to overrule earlier halachic decisors.
		Under British rule, the Jews of India achieved their maximum population and wealth, and the Calcutta community continued to grow and prosper and trade amongst all the cities of the far east and to the rest of the world.
		So long as Jews lived in their ghettos, they were allowed to collect their own taxes, run their own courts, and otherwise behave as citizens of a landless and distinctly second-class Jewish nation.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/judaism/FAQ/07-Jews-As-Nation (6901 words)

	Religious - Jewish - The Caucasus Mountains Region and Surrounding Areas
		Mountain Jews: There Was No Anti-Semitism In Azerbaijan.
		From UCSJ: Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union.
		The Unexpected Discovery of Vestiges of the Medieval Armenian Jews.
	learning.lib.vt.edu /slav/relig_jew_caucasus.html (505 words)

	Mountain Jews Of Caucasus Cling To Traditions - 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-10)
		An interesting migratory route, from Israel and the Middle East, through Persia, to the Western Russian region of the Caspian Sea, is believed to have brought the original Mountain Jews to the North Caucasus in the eighth century.
		Living for centuries as a small minority among Muslims and Christians, and isolated by geography and distance from other Jewish communities, the Mountain Jews steadfastly clung to the laws of the Torah, eating matzah on Passover and marrying within the religion.
		Half live in Israel, and their culture is being absorbed into the larger culture of that country, where Mountain Jews no longer need to fiercely guard their separateness in order to maintain their Jewish identity.
	www.chabad.org /library/article.asp?AID=1036 (1316 words)

	Rus: Jews of the Rus
		There are however many smaller groups of Jews, each with their own language, traditions & unique history, living in the former Soviet regions.
		The European Jews or Euro-Jews of the Rus are desecended from either Sephardic migrations or from the Khazars, a nomadic horse-tribe that converted to Judaism on the steppes of Ukraine.
		Its origins lay in the deportation of the Jews from Israel by the Assyrians.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/rus_cultures_cuisines/116651/1 (461 words)

	The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
		In general surveys they are usually seen as a local group of Jews, however their position in the Georgian community has been so peculiar (similarly to Mountain Jews in Dagestan and Azerbaijan) that they have been considered to be a separate people.
		The Georgian Jews live mostly in the eastern part of Georgia, in Tbilisi and other surrounding towns and small country villages.
		These Jews are considered to be ancient inhabitants of Georgia, and according to old Georgian manuscripts they settled there in the first centuries AD.
	www.eki.ee /books/redbook/georgian_jews.shtml (333 words)

	S.C.J. FAQ: Section 13.4. Jews as a Nation: Who were the Khazars? Are Ashkenazi Jews descended from the Khazars?
		These Slavic-speaking Jews are documented to have lived in Kievan Rus during the 11th-13th centuries.
		The FAQ is a collection of documents that is an attempt to answer questions that are continually asked on the soc.culture.jewish family of newsgroups.
		If you would like to be part of the group to which the maintainer directs questions, please drop a note to the FAQ maintainer at maintainer@scjfaq.org.
	www.shamash.org /lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/13-04.html (1400 words)

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