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Topic: Mountain railways of India

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	Learn more about India in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		India's bicameral parliament consists of the upper house called 'The Council of States' (Rajya Sabha) and the lower House called 'The House of the People' (Lok Sabha), both of which were established by the Constitution of India.
		Located on the Indian subcontinent, India consists roughly of three major parts; in the north the massive Himalayas mountain range (with the highest point being the Kanchenjunga at 8,598 m) and the Indo-Gangetic plain (with deserts in the western end), and in the south the extensive Deccan plateau.
		India is home to several major rivers such as the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Yamuna, the Godavari and the Krishna.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /i/in/india.html (1926 words)

	Nilgiri Mountain Railway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Nilgiri Mountain Railway (NMR) connects the town of Mettupalayam with the hill station of Ooty (correctly Udhagamandalam), in the Nilgiri Hills of southern India.
		The Nilgiri Mountain railway is one of the oldest mountain railways in India.
		The railway is one of the few in the world to be dependant on steam locomotives.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nilgiri_Mountain_Railway (754 words)

	Info and facts on 'Indian Railways' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Indian Railways (abbreviated IR) is the state-owned national railway (Line that is the commercial organization responsible for operating a railway system) network of India (A republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia; second most populous country in the world; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947).
		Another exception is the Kolkata (The largest city in India and one of the largest cities in the world; located in eastern India; suffers from poverty and overcrowding) Metro (Electric underground railway), which uses 750 V DC delivered through a third rail (A rail through which electric current is supplied to an electric locomotive).
		Encroachment: Railway land is often encroached on by members of the public, especially in larger cities where the tracks may be lined with slum (A district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions) s and hutments.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/in/indian_railways.htm (4279 words)

	Indian Railways - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Konkan Railway (KR) is constituted as a separately incorporated railway, with its headquarters at Belapur CBD (Navi Mumbai), although it still comes under the control of the Railway Ministry and the Railway Board.
		The dividends from the railways accrue to the state, and the subsidies and losses are also borne by it.
		Though the Railway Budget is separately presented to the Parliament, the figures relating to the receipt and expenditure of the Railways are also shown in the General Budget, since they are a part and parcel of the total receipts and expenditure of the Government of India.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indian_Railways (3107 words)

	Hill Railways of India
		The hill railways of India are numerous, widely scattered and varying in character.
		This mountain railway, forming the Mushkaf-Bolan section of the North-Western Railway, carries a substantial traffic to and from the North-West Frontier Province, the important military centre of Quetta, and Chaman, on, the borders of Afghanistan.
		Although the Mushkaf-Bolan section is in Baluchistan, the barren, rocky mountains through which it climbs are typical of "the Frontier." Sibi, at its foot, is probably the hottest spot in all India, and the shade temperature on the station platform goes up to 130 degrees Fahrenheit.
	mikes.railhistory.railfan.net /r019.html (4458 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Indian Railways
		Railways were first introduced to India in 1853, and by 1947, the year of India's independence, it had grown to forty-two rail systems.
		By 1895, India had started building its own locomotives, and in 1896 sent engineers and locomotives to help build the Uganda Railways.Soon various independent kingdoms began to have their own rail systems and the network spread to the regions that became the modern-day states of Assam, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh.
		The Nilgiri Mountain Railway in the Nilgiri Hills in southern India, is also being considered for this heritage award.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Indian_railways (2853 words)

	Nilgiris India - Nilgiris - Mountain Railway
		The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (DHR) was inscribed in 1999.
		The Nilgiri Mountain Railway connects Mettupalayam in the foothills to Ooty — as Udhagamandalam was called.
		A railway to connect the beautiful hill stations of Coonoor and Ooty, to the plains became necessary.
	www.nilgiris.com /nilgiritrain.htm (690 words)

	India Travel - Travel to India - Indian Travel Guide - India Travelog
		India is a land of virtuous wisdom; a land where the soul sought the spiritual dimensions of mankind and perpetuated aspirations to decipher a world beyond this world.
		India has dominated the world stage through most of human history, as the home of mighty empires, as a powerful trading nation, and as a wellspring of culture and civilization.
		My main motive to visit India was to experience its mult faceted culture..............As I traveled through the nation, I got acquainted about the landmarks of each era, the achievements of each age, the legacy of each regime.
	www.indiatravelog.com (921 words)

	Indian Railways, Railways in India, Indian train journeys, Train Travel in India, Railway Tours of India
		Indian Railway is one of India's most effective networks that keep together the social, economical, political and cultural fabric of the country intact.
		Be it cold, mountainous terrain or the long stretches through the Rajasthan desert, Indian Railways cover the vast expanse of the country from north to south, east to west and all in between.
		It was the Assam Railway and Trading Company that opened up the isolated regions of Assam with the laying of the railway lines and thus providing the lifeline to carry coal, tea, and timber out of the area and bring other necessary commodities to Assam and the adjoining countryside.
	www.touristplacesinindia.com /luxury-trains/indian-railways.html (1683 words)

	Mountain Railways of India - UNESCO World Heritage Centre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway opened in 1881, while the Nilgiri Mountain Railway, though proposed in 1854, was begun in 1891 and completed in 1908 due to the difficulty of the mountainous location which scales an elevation of 326m to 2,203m.
		Criterion (ii): The mountain railways of India are outstanding examples of the interchange of values on developments in technology, and the impact of innovative transportation system on the social and economic development of a multicultural region, which was to serve as a model for similar developments in many parts of the world.
		The Mountain Railways of India are outstanding examples of a technological ensemble, representing different phases of the development in high mountain areas.
	whc.unesco.org /en/list/944 (308 words)

	Encyclopedia: Taj Mahal
		The Taj Mahal is a monument located in Agra, India, constructed between 1631 and 1653 by a workforce of more than twenty thousand.
		The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat.
		The names "Taj" and "Mahal" are of Sanskrit ((Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism); an official language of India although it is now used only for religious purposes) origin.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Taj-Mahal (948 words)

	India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Built in the early 13th century a few kilometres south of Delhi, the red sandstone tower of Qutb Minar is 72.5 m high, tapering from 2.75 m in diameter at its peak to 14.32 m at its base, and alternating angular and rounded flutings.
		The Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka are in the foothills of the Vindhyan Mountains on the southern edge of the central Indian plateau.
		On the shores of the Bay of Bengal, bathed in the rays of the rising sun, the temple at Konarak is a monumental representation of the sun god Surya's chariot; its 24 wheels are decorated with symbolic designs and it is led by a team of six horses.
	www.twobeds.com /nasa/herrminator/html/India.html (2327 words)

	Himalayan Sikkim - a tourist's paradise; The last village on Indo-Tibet border gets a make-over; 25,000 varieties of ...
		According to an official release, the application for the inscription of NMR was submitted by the Palghat Division of Southern Railway.
		The Nilgiri Mountain Railway runs between Mettupalayam and Udhagamandalam, the famous hill station commonly known as 'Ooty'.
		Puri (Orissa): India, which is known for its rich heritage and religious diversity, is being adapted by several people across the world as their home after witnessing its traditions.
	www.indiatraveltimes.com /focus/focus2005/july05.html (2452 words)

	Mountain Railways of India - World Heritage Site - Pictures, info and travel reports
		India possesses a number of “Hill Railways” built by the British to aid government officials and others in their escape from the major cities to the nearest Hill Country.
		It is possible that the Niligri Hill rack railway from Metupayalam to Ooty might soon be added to the WHS list but the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (DHR) from New Jaipalguri/Siliguri to Darjeeling is already inscribed.
		Its gauge is 2 ft and, unlike the Niligri railway, has no rack or cog to help with traction.
	www.worldheritagesite.org /sites/darjeelinghimalayanrailway.html (597 words)

	Hill Trains in India,Hill Train of India,Hill Trains Travel Tours in India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The mighty Himalayas are an apt crown for India.
		In the Delhi gazette, a correspondent in November 1847 sketched the route of a railway to Shimla with estimates of the traffic returns etc. in appropriate style...
		The first three railways connect the foothills of the Himalayas with exotic hill stations, the fourth connects Mettupalayam on the foothills of the Nilgiris to the beautiful hill station of Ootacamund (Ooty) in the south and the fifth runs on the Western Ghats.
	www.luxury-train-travel-tours-india.com /hill-trains-in-india (543 words)

	Over 100 years, Nilgiri's Heritage train still an attraction; 15th century Ranakpur Jain temple stands on 14,444 ...
		Commissioned in June 1899, it is one of the oldest mountain railways in India commissioned in June 1899.
		The Nilgiri Mountain Railway, a 107-year-old orgnaisation, was recently granted World Heritage Status by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO).
		With an average gradient of "1 in 12.5 feet", the NMR is the steepest mountain railway in Asia.
	www.indiatraveltimes.com /focus (746 words)

	Nilgiri Mountain Railway,Nilgiri Mountain Railways,Mountain Train Travel Tours in India
		Coonoor is situated 6,000 feet above sea level at the southeast corner of the Nilgiri plateau and at the head of the principal pass from the plains.
		The extension from Coonoor to Ootacamund was constructed by the Government of India and the line was opened up to Fernhill on September 15, 1908, and up to Ootacamund, a month later.
		The line is a metre gauge, practically level for the first four and a half miles, to Kallar at the immediate foot of the hills.
	www.luxury-train-travel-tours-india.com /hill-trains-in-india/nilgiri-mountain-railway.html (683 words)

	Peak to Peak - Mountain Partnership Newsletter - 2005
		Each trainee was taught to assist tourist groups in their mountain climbs or treks, as well as shown how to build capacity with local populations and promote community-based and environmentally - friendly tourism that would help preserve Afghanistan’s natural environment and cultural values.
		Mountain Partnership member, the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (UIAA), is helping to develop training programmes for local guides in the Himalayas, and can contribute model standards for training and assessment that would have international recognition.
		The extended mountain sites are the Mountain Railways of India, the Valley of Flowers National Park in the Indian Himalaya and the island of St Kilda in the United Kingdom.
	www.mountainpartnership.org /newsletter13.html (2730 words)

	Nilgiri Mountain Railways (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It is one of the most popular hill resorts in southern India at an elevation of 7216 ft. Ootacamand is a corruption of the word "Utaka Mand" a Mand or collection of quaint huts in which the original tribe of "Todas" lived.
		First thought of Railway in India was conceived in 1831-33 in Madras Parliament.
		Nilgiri Mountain Railway (N.M.R) was worked by the former Madras Railway Co. upto 31st December 1907 on behalf of Government w.e.f.
	www.railmuseum.org /nmr (468 words)

	Find info about Narrow gauge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Narrow-gauge railways are railroads (railways) with track spaced at less than the standard gauge of 1.435 meters (56.5 in).
		In some countries, especially countries with a lot of hilly or mountainous terrain, extensive systems of narrow-gauge railroads were built, especially in remote areas of limited economic development, where there would not be enough traffic to justify the cost of building full standard-gauge railroads.
		In the 1990s, India concluded that cities on the metre gauge network have a second-rate train service, and is now converting most of the metre gauge network to broad gauge.
	www.biblioreview.com /wikiget.asp?article_name=Narrow_gauge&refer=AdkM... (1200 words)

	Over 100 years, the Nilgiri's Heritage train still attracting hordes of international tourists:- - India News - ...
		Running through the high mountains and thick forest cover of Nilgiri Hills the Heritage train in Tamil Nadu remains the cynosure of tourists, particularly foreigners.
		Operated by the Nilgiri Mountain Railway (NMR), the Heritage train is southern India's main tourist attraction.
		A unique feature of NMR is that it is the only railway system in the world using the technology of Alternate Biting Teeth (ABT) of racks and pinion system, by which a locomotive engine at the rear pushes up the rakes while climbing up and holds the train firmly while descending.
	news.webindia123.com /news/showdetails.asp?id=113201&cat=India (536 words)

	Canadians Raise Their Voices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		India during decolonization, Rwanda in the early nineties, and Kosovo most recently all stand as testaments to the explosive potential of ethnic and cultural prejudice when confined with a common national border.
		Grand railways were laid: over muskeg and rock, lake, land and prairie, through forests and steep mountain passes, shining rails joined us from sea unto sea.
		From the vast, pure, arctic north, to the breathtaking Rocky Mountains, to the prairies, through the rocky Canadian shield, the fertile farmlands of southern Ontario and Québec, to the picturesque maritime provinces, Canada is amazing.
	www.canadianactionparty.ca /MainPages/cwsEssays.asp?Language=English (15473 words)

	RAILWAY BOARD CHAIRMAN RELEASES FILM ON MOUNTAIN RAILWAYS - Indlaw News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Railway Board Chairman, Shri V.K. Agarwal today released a film titled and#145;Mountain Railway Journeys' produced by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India with the help of Indian Railways.
		The film on Mountain Railway Journeys captures the unique charm and novel experience of India's Hill Railways which are perhaps one of the oldest in the world.
		The Nilgiri Mountain train is a journey between Mettupalayam to Udhagamandalam (Ooty), providing visual delight among the Nilgiri hills of Tamil Nadu.
	www.indlaw.com /news99-1213 (326 words)

	The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Udhagamandalam News : World Heritage status for Nilgiri Mountain Railways
		UDHAGAMANDALAM: News that the Nilgiri Mountain Railway (NMR) line has been granted World Heritage Status by UNESCO was received with joy in the hill station.
		Natarajan, promoter of the Heritage Steam Chariot Trust, who had opposed moves to dismantle the railway line on account of incurring losses, said though the NMR was listed among the uneconomic branch lines of the Southern Railway, its contribution as tourist attraction was significant.
		According to Railway sources, the Railway Ministry's plea to grant the NMR heritage status had been accepted as an extension of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway by the World Heritage Committee.
	www.hindu.com /2005/07/17/stories/2005071712860200.htm (249 words)

	[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Books, Timetables, Videos, etc. - II
		Author was a pioneer of the railways and promoter of the military, political, and commercial benefits of railways and telegraphs in India.
		Profusely illustrated with fl and white photographs, frontispiece map of the Indian Railway system, exhaustive description of the railways in India at the beginning of the 20th century.
		Darjeeling Himalayan Railway: An 850mm x 450mm map of the main DHR line by John Gillham is available from the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society of the UK.
	www.irfca.org /faq/faq-books2.html (4254 words)

	The Ultimate Steam Page
		Several rack railways in Switzerland, the UK, and India still operated SLM-built steam locomotives and there at least appeared to be a market for spare parts.
		Since then, news from India indicates that some of the Nilgiri locomotives were heavily rebuilt and possibly converted to oil firing.
		Brig-Visp-Zermatt-Bahn (BVZ), which operates a highly profitable line to the mountain resort Zermatt with its famous mountain "Matterhorn", of which a little copy can be found in Disneyland in California.
	www.trainweb.org /tusp/slm.html (1405 words)

	Adventure Tourism India - Mountain Rock Climbing Maharashtra India
		India has many destinations where one can do rock climbing.
		The Karla Mountains, about 16 kms from Khandala, are home to the largest cluster of Chaitya caves dating back to around 160 BC.
		Pune is connected to all major cities in India.
	www.indianslivingabroad.com /tourism/rock_climbing.asp?print=printer (545 words)

	DIBulletin - Click for Trips,indian holidays, tour packages, rajasthan travel, indian adventure, palace on wheels ...
		Introduced by the Northern Railways to clear the summer rush, it will run every Thursday and Saturday and the stoppages are Moradabad and Rampur.
		A three-part video series: Of Stations and Hill Stations, on the Mountain Railways of India, directed by Sanjoy Roy, tells the story of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, the Kalka-Simla line and the Nilgiri Express through old photograps, prints and etchings.
		Made by Teamwork Films, it includes the story of the hill people, their hopes and struggles and how the introduction of the railways has changed their lives.
	www.indiaprofile.com /destinations/india-travel-sites.htm (995 words)

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