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	AGF Study No. 23: TRAINING FOR MOUNTAIN AND WINTER WARFARE
		This general study of the experiments in mountain and winter warfare training from 1940 to 1944 is designed as an introduction to the histories of the Mountain Training Center and The 10th Mountain Division and to the numerous technical reports by the units involved.
		Mountain troops, under such conditions, were a luxury that could not be afforded unless there was a reasonable certainty that they would be required.
		The Mountain Training Center and the 10th Reconnaissance Troop were continued as independent organizations to maintain a group of officer and enlisted specialists in mountain and winter techniques for use as instructors separate and apart from the division.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/books/agf/agf23.htm (8826 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Mountain warfare (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mountain warfare is one of the most dangerous, as it involves fighting not only the enemy but also the extreme cold and inaccessible heights.
		The term mountain warfare is said to have came about in the medieval age, after the monarchies of Europe found it difficult to fight the Swiss armies in the Alps.
		Mountain warfare came to the fore once again, during World War I, when some of the nations involved in the war had mountain divisions that had hitherto not been tested.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mountain-warfare (3602 words)

	Special Operations.Com
		Mountain infantry battalions differ from regular (or "plains") infantry battalions only in the substitution of an animal transport platoon for the regular motor transport platoon.
		Mountain artillery regiments are equipped with 75-mm, 76-mm, or 105-mm pack howitzers, which disassemble for transport by pack mules.
		Iraqi doctrine recognizes that while most principles observed in other types of warfare are applicable to mountain warfare, the nature of the terrain and enemy requires the addition of certain techniques to enable the application of such basic tactics as movement to contact, patrols, and ambushes (see figure 2).
	www.specialoperations.com /Foreign/Iraq/Mountain.htm (2587 words)

	Mountain Warfare--the need for specialized training.(Mental (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Basic mountaineering and high-altitude skills are vital for soldiers to develop confidence and survive in mountainous environments and essential in combat.
		Mountainous and high-altitude environments are extremely demanding and require a high level of leadership at the small-unit level as well as at higher levels.
		Mountain troops should be stationed at high altitudes to maintain a high standard of physical fitness and acclimatization.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-123580073.html (0 words)

	Mountain Warfare School (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mountain Warfare is a two-week school taught at Ethan Allen Firing Range in Jericho, Vermont.
		Its mission is to develop and conduct resident mountain warfare training under both summer and winter conditions.
		The mountain warfare course develops the leadership and technical skills of Army personnel by requiring them to perform mountaineering tasks in a realistic tactical mountain environment.
	www.uwsp.edu /ROTC/mountain_warfare_school.htm (101 words)

	Mountain Warfare
		She continued mountain warfare explaining that everyone, including our children, are swimming in the same cultural waters.
		And we hope it mountain warfare be of interest also for anyone related to, or interested in, economic geology.
		Although mountain warfare has the potential to give you short-term satisfaction, in the long run you are going to lose everything.
	spacepoint.mysize.info /rl/mountain-warfare.html (1636 words)

	Mountain Warfare
		Share offering provides immediate mountain warfare responses to user inquiries, saving customers time in the installation, configuration, troubleshooting, and operation of a network, while improving efficiency in the technical assistance center.
		A free 1 hour mountain warfare seminar will show you how to highlight and prioritize processes and accounts that require attention and shore up problem areas without excessive cost or additional personnel.
		To that end, dozens of both local and regional mountain warfare will be on hand to distribute literature and answer questions about women's health issues and provide opportunities for volunteering.
	neonstream.onlineblock.info /mountain-warfare.html (1543 words)

	Siachen Glacier: Mountain Warfare
		Mountain warfare is one of the most dangerous, as it involves fighting not only the enemy but also the extreme cold and inaccessible heights.
		The term mountain warfare is said to have came about in the medieval age, after the monarchies of Europe found it difficult to fight the Swiss armies in the Alps.
		Mountain warfare came to the fore once again, during World War I, when some of the nations involved in the war had mountain divisions that had hitherto not been tested.
	www.siachenglacier.com /mountain-warfare.html (0 words)

	Mountain warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mountain warfare is one of the most dangerous, as it involves fighting not only the enemy but also the extreme cold and inaccessible heights.
		The term mountain warfare is said to have came about in the medieval age, after the monarchies of Europe found it difficult to fight the Swiss armies in the Alps.
		Mountain warfare came to the fore once again, during World War I, when some of the nations involved in the war had mountain divisions that had hitherto not been tested.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mountain_warfare (828 words)

	Army in India & Frontier Warfare 1914 - 1939 :: Khyber.ORG
		As a stop-gap measure, a Mountain Warfare School was opened in May 1916 using innovative teaching methods specifically to train cadres of TA officers and NCOs in frontier fighting, who in turn would instruct their own units [4].
		Although the Mountain Warfare School proved highly successful expedient it was not retained by Army in India as a permanent training establishment, when at the end of the year unit COs were responsible for training under the direction of the staff of the formations to which they belonged.
		Following the closure of the Mountain Warfare School the provision of an authoritative source of guidance to units periodically serving tours of duty in the Covering Troops was of considerable importance.
	www.khyber.org /publications/041-045/armyininda.shtml (0 words)

	University of Massachusetts Amherst ARMY ROTC
		To develop and conduct training for the Department of the Army in basic and advanced mountain warfare and cold weather skills and tactics to be employed by combat units during all climatic conditions.
		To train supported units in mountain warfare and cold weather skills; to provide technical assistance and advice to supported units in the conduct of mountain operations.
		With approximately 38 percent of the world’s landmass classified as mountains, the Army must be prepared to deter conflicts, resist coercion, and defeat aggression in mountains as in other areas.
	www.umass.edu /armyrotc/pages/mountain.htm (702 words)

	Modern Mountain Division
		In mountainous terrain a common defence is the rock sangar.
		We all knew that our mountain title was only a historical reference to the true 10th mountain division of WWII which was largely comprised of civilian volunteers who possessed a wide variety of mountain related skills.
		Mountain troops must be mentally and physically tough in dealing with an adverse environment.
	www.angelfire.com /art/enchanter/mountain.html (3373 words)

	[No title]
		They warned of an operational myopia creating a situation that's quite the opposite of the theory of domininant battlespace knowledge that is at the heart of the "Revolution in Military Affairs" or "transformation" being espoused by the bureaucracy, celebrated by the pundits, and longed for by the industrialists.
		Four Federal Pensions RE:Afghanistan, Mountain Warfare, and the U.S. Army -Part 5 3/24/2002 11:32:41 AM Other officers I interviewed found it interesting that the person arguably best suited to help the public understand what was going on in Shah-i-Kot had been muzzled, and were not charitable in speculating as to what that meant.
		While helicopters are preferred for mountain warfare, mountains aren't the optimal helicopter environment; as such, intense, specialized training is required.
	www.strategypage.com /militaryforums/68-2946.aspx (0 words)

	Foreign Military Studies Office Publications - MOUNTAIN WARFARE: THE RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE
		Unit exercises, modifications to equipment, new roles for the military, and continuing operations in the mountains of Tajikistan (where the terrain is arguably as tough as Afghanistan) - all contribute to the current view of combat in mountainous terrain.
		While the Russians presently debate the nature and requirements of future warfare at all levels (strategic, operational, and tactical) and attempt to formulate new doctrinal concepts to deal with these problems, the heart of the dilemma for generating and organizing forces remains the same for the military leadership: i.e.
		The salient point of Russian military writings pertaining to mountain warfare, both during the latter stages of Afghanistan and in the present, indicates that tactical observation (and thus terrain) becomes paramount.
	fmso.leavenworth.army.mil /documents/mountain.htm (0 words)

	Lone Sentry: Soviet Infiltration Units in Mountain Warfare (U.S. WWII Intelligence Bulletin, June 1945)
		For Soviet troops engaged in combat in mountainous and forested areas, the Red Army advocates the use of small units to infiltrate through mountain defenses and harass an enemy's lines of communication.
		It is not unusual for engineers to be attached to a unit, their function being the reduction of obstacles which might impede the advance of the unit.
		The Red Army conception of mountain warfare envisages the employment of large masses of troops, despite terrain.
	www.lonesentry.com /articles/sovietinfiltration/index.html (747 words)

	Mountain Warfare in the Past and Present by Frederick Engels
		Thus, strategically speaking, the attack in mountain warfare is decidedly superior to the defense.
		There is still another form of defensive mountain warfare which has become celebrated in modern times; it is that of national insurrection and the war of partisans, for which a mountainous country, at least in Europe, is absolutely required.
		The history of modern mountain warfare, of which we gave a short abstract in a previous article, most clearly proves that the mobility of the armies of our day is perfectly capable to overcome or to turn all the natural obstacle which an alpine country like Switzerland may oppose to their manoeuvres.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1857/01/mountain-warfare.htm (0 words)

	Mountain Warfare
		Army Mountain Warfare school (summer phase) was a really great experience that I had this summer.
		The instructors at Mountain school are the best group of NCOs that I have as of yet met in the Army.
		The facilities at Mountain Base were amazing, I had just come from LDAC, and in comparison to those at Ft. Lewis, the Mountain School facilities were luxury hotels with gourmet cooks.
	www.marquette.edu /rotc/army/training/MountainWarfare.shtml (425 words)

	10th Mountain Division Association, Inc.
		The Association was founded after the World War II by a handful of combat veterans determined to form an alumni organization that would carry on the traditions of the 10th Mountain Division as one of the most unique combat forces in American military history.
		Located in the central Rocky Mountains it is a network of thirty-one huts situated between 9,700-and 11,700-foot elevations ranging over 350 miles of open-country trails, logging roads and railroad grades.
		In 1985, the Association became international in scope by participating in the formation of the International Federation of Mountain Soldiers (IFMS) whose objective is the quest for comradeship and peace.
	www.10thmtndivassoc.org (380 words)

	NU NROTC - Summer Obligations - Marine Cruise
		Each year, fifteen midshipmen are selected nationwide to attend training at the Mountain Warfare Training Center in Bridgeport, California.
		Once in Bridgeport, the midshipmen are attached to an infantry battalion undergoing Mountain Warfare Training.
		To maintain mobility in a mountainous environment, Mountain Warfare Training involves advanced training in mountain warfare and survival, teaching Marines how to overcome any obstacle they might see in a mountainous environment.
	www.northwestern.edu /nrotc/o_sum_marine.htm (326 words)

	Clarkson University - Army ROTC - Summer Training - Mountain Warfare School (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mountain Warfare School is a two-week course taught by the Vermont National Guard at Ethan Allen Firing Range in Jericho, Vermont.
		Mountain Warfare School is both physically and mentally demanding.
		The student’s skills, physical and mental endurance, stamina, and confidence are continuously challenged by frigid temperatures, deep snow and mountainous terrain.
	www.clarkson.edu /armyrotc/training/mountain_warfare.html (705 words)

	Mountain Leader Training Cadre - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mountain Leader Training Cadre is a training element of the Royal Marines providing expertise in Mountain Warfare, cold weather survival and operations, and cliff assault.
		Mountain Leaders and The Cadre's role involve all aspects of mountaineering, reconnaissance, route-finding, climbing and survival in cold temperatures.
		Becoming the Mountain and Arctic Warfare Cadre in 1970 the personnel moved to Stonehouse Barracks in Plymouth, training all units in 3 Commando Brigade in its new role in defence of NATOs northern flank.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mountain_and_Arctic_Warfare_Cadre (498 words)

	The Avalon Project : Special Briefing on Cold Weather Training and Capabilities 2 p.m. EST; November 20, 2001
		Hence, the Mountain Warfare School was established in 1983.
		The 10th Mountain Division Association is alive and well, and the gentlemen join us at a lot of our graduations to make sure that we haven't forgotten all the lessons that they learned during World War II.
		Probably a couple of the key things are mountain operations are really conducted at the small unit level, squad special forces, operational detachment level, and that's, you know, definitely key for mountain operations.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/sept_11/dod_brief99.htm (4799 words)

	Strategic Affairs - Analysis
		Pakistani occupation of the mountains in the Kargil region, at average heights of 17,000-19,000 feet, forced the Indian Army and Air Force, once again, to attune themselves to fighting a battle that was essentially a man-intensive one.
		Fighting in the mountains should be operationally feasible for the Indian Army which has sufficient mountain divisions either deployed along the LAC with China, or in Jammu and Kashmir along with the LoC with Pakistan.
		For example, 8 Mountain Division which was inducted for counter-insurgency operations in the Valley initially did face some problems, but was soon in its element in the Kargil area.
	stratmag.com /issueDec-1/page07.htm (662 words)

	2662 Detachment History page 2
		No one was sure of the overseas destination of the Special Mountain Warfare Training Detachment, but everyone was convinced that whatever it was, the assignment was a prize one.
		After the snow left Sepino in March, 1944, troops were taught rock climbing, mountain walking and route-finding, mule packing and the movement of heavy equipment by means of rope traverses and bridges, fixed ropes and pulleys.
		Small "circuses" consisting of officers and men were sent to 28 separate units before mid-August giving demonstrations of mountain equipment and mountain warfare techniques to large units, and training special mountain teams in the fundamentals of rock climbing, mountain movement and rope techniques.
	homepage.mac.com /galaher/10thMountain/2662history_2.html (589 words)

	UNL Army ROTC - Specialty Schools & Internships (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mountain Warfare - Mountain Warfare school is at Ethan Allen Firing Range, in Jericho Vermont, by the Vermont National Guard.
		The course is designed to familiarize selected cadets with the skills required for movement in mountainous terrain and cold regions during summer months.
		Emphasis is placed on basic military mountaineering skills and river operations on the inland waterways.
	www.unl.edu /armyrotc/specialtyschools.htm (1416 words)

	Military Schools (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Students are taught basic mountain climbing and mountaineering skills including rock climbing, mountain walking techniques, basic knots, ice climbing, and route selection.
		The course is three weeks long with emphasis on mobility in mountainous terrain, glaciers, and inland waterways.
		Mountain Warfare School, located at is a four week course.
	www4.nau.edu /army/opportunities_military_schools.htm (834 words)

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