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Topic: Mouthbrooder

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	Raising cichlid Mouthbrooder Fry
		This method of incubation is considered an advance in evolution by many researchers because it provides an extended level of protection to the fish’s offspring.
		It has been documented that the offspring of mouthbrooders are actually larger than the fry of substrate-layers.
		In my article on Stripping Mouthbrooders, I discussed how to strip a “holding” female of her fry before she would naturally release them with time.
	www.cichlid-forum.com /articles/raising_fry.php (1249 words)

	* Mouthbrooder - (Aquarium): Definition
		The mouthbrooder is one of the most adaptable fish, it can tolerate water conditions from fresh water to marine, making this one of the easiest fish to keep, however it is an aggressive fish,...
		Aulonocara are polygamous mouthbrooders with the eggs being fertilized in the mouth of the female.
		Some species are maternal mouthbrooders, such as most African Cichlids, which means that it is the mother that guards the eggs in her mouth.
	en.mimi.hu /aquarium/mouthbrooder.html (884 words)

	Mouthbrooder at AllExperts
		Mouthbrooding, also known as oral incubation and buccal incubation, is the care extended by some groups of animals to their offspring by holding them in the mouth of the parent for extended periods of time.
		Although mouthbrooding is performed by a variety of different animals, most notably Darwin's frog, fishes are by far the most diverse mouthbrooders.
		Some cichlids are able to feed while mouthbrooding the eggs, but invariably they feed less often than they would otherwise do, and after mouthbrooding one batch of eggs, all mouthbrooding fish will be underweight and requiring a period of time to feed and make good the depletion of their energy reserves.
	en.allexperts.com /e/m/mo/mouthbrooder.htm (776 words)

	CSUS: Biological Sciences: Lissa Thompson
		Mouthbrooding cichlids, which hold their eggs and fry in their buccal cavity, are an interesting group in which behavior and development time have been poorly studied.
		Life history traits and physiology of mouthbrooding cichlids differ from substrate spawning cichlids in such a way that the effects of temperature on the relationship between egg size and development may be different between these groups.
		Also, mouthbrooding cichlids have egg sizes that span a much larger range than the substrate spawning cichlids, allowing one to investigate for trends over a larger range of egg sizes in cichlids.
	www.csus.edu /indiv/c/colemanr/Thompson_Lissa.html (394 words)

	The Cichlid Room Companion - Spawning Xenotilapia spiloptera, Poll &Stewart, 1975
		While mouthbrooding pairs have to devote three to four weeks taking care of one brood, males of a maternal mouthbrooder can fertilize eggs of many females in the same period.
		The drawback of biparental mouthbrooding is the fact that a territory has to be maintained by the pair.
		The stimulus for the female of the biparental mouthbrooder to transfer the larvae to the male's mouth may be hunger.
	www.cichlidae.com /article.php?id=21 (1366 words)

	aquariumlife.net - Mouthbrooding 101
		Mouthbrooders are animals that care for their offspring, either eggs or juveniles, by holding them in their mouths for extended periods of time.
		Mouthbrooding is somewhat common amongst African cichlids, with mbuna and Egyptian mouthbrooders being examples.
		The mouthbrooder (typically a cichlid) will incubate the cuckoo catfish young, the Catfish eggs hatch earlier than the cichlid's eggs, and then eat the remaining eggs before being set free.
	www.aquariumlife.net /print/article.asp?id=49 (123 words)

	Afr Cichlids- Lake Tanganyika
		This slender mouthbrooder congregates in large schools in open water near rocky habitats, feeding on zooplankton.
		Native to the southern half of the lake, this mouthbrooder congregates in large schools in open water near rocky habitats, feeding on zooplankton.
		Native to the southern half of the lake, this mouthbrooder congregates in large schools in open water near rocky habitats, feeding on zooplanton.
	www.bayfish.com.au /category32_1.htm (2024 words)

	A Taste in Fingers? Bitten by the Southern Mouthbrooder by David Marshall
		One particular day I was very careless during routine tank maintenance, and he attacked with full vigour, and whatever the dentition of a Dwarf Haplochromis is supposed to be, he almost managed to break my skin leaving a mark that took a considerable time to fade.
		Up to this point both sexes have been orange-yellow in body colour (with males showing patches of blue and red), but suddenly males literally blossom, with neon blue, deep orange and turquoise colours coming to the fore.
		By now their mother is ready to be re-united with her mate, but only do this if you have the room for more fry, because you can take my word for the fact that she will be carrying eggs again within a few hours of such a reconciliation.
	www.aquarticles.com /articles/breeding/Marshall_Southern_Mouthbrooder.html (0 words)

	The Cichlid Room Companion - Pseudocrenilabrus The Dwarf African Mouthbrooders: Part One: The Pseudocrenilabrus ...
		Unlike other Haplochromis species, males of the Egyptian Mouthbrooder were found to lack orange or yellow pseudo-ocelli on their anal fins, possessing instead an orange-red distal spot at the tip of the anal fin.
		All are maternal mouthbrooders characterized by possible partial extrabuccal fertilization of the eggs by the male and direct mouthing of the male's vent during the spawning act by the female.
		The Ugandan Mouthbrooder is particularly sensitive to such pollution and must have good tank maintenance and a program of regular partial water changes if it is to prosper in captivity.
	cichlidae.com /article.php?id=46 (4476 words)

	The Cichlid Room Companion - Livebearing cichlids
		Balon concludes from the breeding techniques of these four species that an intensification of the brood care leads to an increasing part of the early development taking place during the embryonal stage.
		If we adopt this view then it appears that the larval stage in maternal mouthbrooding species is totally abolished in favor of an increased chance of growing into mature fishes.
		Such a reproductive biology (mouthbrooding) requires eggs with a high quality type of yolk.
	www.cichlidae.com /article.php?id=93 (1189 words)

	Betta waseri
		Company: Betta waseri (Wasers Mouthbrooder) should be kept with calm peaceful species of the same size.
		The aquarium should be well planted and contain a few roots to create a lot of hiding places for the species.
		Betta waseri (Wasers Mouthbrooder) males are aggressive with each other.
	www.aquaticcommunity.com /encyclopedia-163.html (148 words)

	Betta tomi
		Company: Betta tomi (Tomi Mouthbrooder) can be kept with other small peaceful species.
		Aquarium setup: Betta tomi (Tomi Mouthbrooder) prefers a well planted aquarium with dense vegetation that allows for a lot of hiding places.
		Betta tomi (Tomi Mouthbrooder) males are aggressive with each other.
	www.aquaticcommunity.com /encyclopedia-159.html (105 words)

	Tilapia - NSW DPI - Fisheries
		The fry remain in their mother's mouth for up to 14 days before they are released, and may remain near the mother and re-enter the mouth when threatened until about 3 weeks old, thus receiving protection from predators.
		Mozambique mouthbrooders are hardy fish, tolerating a wide range of temperatures and surviving in high salinities and low dissolved oxygen.
		They do not build nests and are not mouthbrooders, but the eggs and fry are carefully guarded by one or both parents.
	www.fisheries.nsw.gov.au /threatened_species/general/content/fn_tilapia.htm (1198 words)

	Thorups opdrætsside - Big yellow mouthbrooders
		Their lack of color makes them not attractive enough for many to keep them while in fact they are very interesting species.
		Because this big, yellow mouthbrooder has a pi-shaped symbol on its throat it was described as Betta pi.
		The fins are mostly transparent to a dark brown coloration in the actual beginning of the fins.
	www.fishbreeding.dk /artikler/art_big_yellow.html (1453 words)

	Pseudotropheus zebra
		I have never heard of stripping mouthbrooders of there young and would think that this would be near impossable.
		In a ideal world you would have a separate tank but this case you have not and I would leave her where she is for now and wait till they are big enough to remove.
		Actually, the removal of fry from a mouthbrooder is quite common and has been studied rather intensively.
	www.thekrib.com /Fish/pseudo-zebra.html (790 words)

	Mozambique Mouthbrooder
		The Mozambique Mouthbrooder is a large and aggressive species that does not lend itself to the community aquarium, unless the other fish are as large and robust as itself.
		There is not much point spending too much time on the décor of the tank as it is bound to get re-arranged (particularly plants).
		This mouthbrooding species is easy to breed once you've got a mature pair.
	www.aquarium365.com /s104700.htm (159 words)

	Cichlid Research Home Page: Overview of my Research
		Mouthbrooding in cichlids is often regarded as a tremendous benefit to the offspring.
		In most cases, the parent doing the mouthbrooding cannot eat during the period of parental care.
		We could examine each and every species of cichlid to determine this, but there are over 1500 species to examine and many are hard to locate, let alone observe breeding.
	www.cichlidresearch.com /research_overview.html (2564 words)

	The Cichlid Room Companion - Pseudocrenilabrus The Dwarf African Mouthbrooders: Part Two: The Pseudocrenilabrus ...
		The Egyptian Mouthbrooder occurs as far north as the Nile Delta, while the southerly distributional limits for P.
		Aquarists complaining of difficulty in rearing fry of this species are invariably guilty of one or both shortcomings.
		They deserve a better fate, not only because they were the very first African mouthbrooders kept in captivity, but because all in all, it would be very difficult to find any group of haplochromines that offers more to the cichlid enthusiast, whatever his degree of sophistication.
	www.cichlidae.com /article.php?id=47 (4927 words)

	Decrease of urinary levels of adrenergic metabolites including conjugated MHPG after a short term course of ...
		Effect of mazindol, d-amphetamine and diethylpropion on purine nucleotide binding to brown adipose tissue.
		Mrowka W. The maternal mouthbrooder Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor takes up her eggs during spawning and carries them continuously in her mouth for 10-11 days at 27 degrees C. Then the young-by that time able to swim-are released from the mouth.
		The duration of mouthbrooding is controlled by an internal timing program in the mother [12].
	www.hairmillion.com /rx-online-info/tenuate-online-rx/tenuate-online-rx.4.html (722 words)

	Paraguay Mouthbrooder \| Gymnogeophagus balzanii
		Although in nature, the Paraguay mouthbrooded can sometimes tolerate water temperatures as low as 59°F (15°C), it should be kept in water with a temperature from 70-77°F (21-25°C).
		R: Do not keep the Paraguay Mouthbrooder at too warm a temperature as it causes the fish to become more sensitive.
		The water must be well-maintained with frequent partial water changes as this cichlid is very sensitive to the build-up of toxic compounds.
	fish.mongabay.com /species/Gymnogeophagus_balzanii.html (602 words)

	International Water Gardener -Prohibited Pond Fish Australia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Amongst the most troublesome fishes are the Mozambique Mouthbrooder, Orechromis mossambicus, and the Tiger or Five Spot Tilapia, Tilapia mariae, also known as the Black Mangrove Cichlid.
		Both are extremely destructive when living in natural ponds and streams, reproducing at an enormous rate and displacing local fish species and aquatic vegetation.
		An idea of the rate of reproduction of the Mozambique Mouthbrooder in Australia can be gauged from an instance where in a small lake, over 1 million of the species were killed in one effort.
	www.internationalwatergardener.com /print_page.asp?category=290&ID=215 (606 words)

	Freshwater Aquarium: breeding
		I have a new pair of green terror and she laied the eggs ang when they were hatching she ate them.What does this mean did she really eat them or are they in her mouth
		The reason they are in her mouth is because she is a mouthbrooder.
		She protects the eggs in her mouth to stop predators from eating them.The fry hatch in 3-4 days and are free swimming after 9-12 days, at which time they can be fed Brine Shrimp.
	en.allexperts.com /q/Freshwater-Aquarium-3216/breeding.htm (279 words)

	Amazon.com: "ovophile mouthbrooder": Key Phrase page
		See all pages with references to "ovophile mouthbrooder".
		Key Phrases: Lake Malawi, South American, United States, Lake Victoria, shrimp naupulii, chronic supersaturation, live baby brine shrimp, larval clownfish, home aquarists, aquarium fish breeding, other aquarists, synthetic sea salt (see more)
		Key Phrases: Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, East African, Brine Shrimp, Care Keeping, West African, dark transversal bands, ground colouration, mouthbrooding care, distinct sexual dichromatism, tolerant towards plants, cave brooder (see more)
	www.amazon.com /phrase/ovophile-mouthbrooder (0 words)

	Abstract of Morley and Balshine (2003) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		One of the most widely accepted explanations for monogamy is the need for biparental care.
		However, the occurrence of monogamy combined with biparental care is extremely rare in oral incubating (mouthbrooding) cichlid fishes.
		Few studies have been performed on cichlid species that exhibit this behaviour, and therefore the ecological factors that favour monogamy in these cases remain obscure.
	www.malawicichlids.com /_popup_abs_mb03.htm (152 words)

	Pseudocrenilabrus nicholsi - “an African Gem”
		I would like to bring to light an African Cichlid of the non-rift lake type, which has been overlooked by many cichlids hobbyists for one reason or another.
		I looked and she was hiding behind a flower pot with a mouthful of eggs.
		In fact, if you were to keep two or three females in a tank with one male, all of the females would likely have a mouthful of eggs in short order.
	mikejacobs.50megs.com /Pseudonicholsi.html (954 words)

	Insider's Guide: Regenstein African Journey
		The mouthbrooder’s name comes from its adaptation, shared with nearly all cichlids, of carrying its eggs in its mouth until they hatch.
		If while watching the tank, you see what looks to be predation, it may be a mother’s care instead.
		Even after eggs hatch, mouthbrooders will gather their fry in their mouth to protect them from predators.
	www.lpzoo.com /articles/features/Insiders_Guides/RAJ/RAJ7.html (287 words)

	Betta spilotogena
		Thorups opdrÃ¦tsside - Big yellow mouthbrooders: Betta spilotogena - Ng and Kottelat, 1994 In Riau Archipelago, especially in North Pulau Bintan, another big, yellow Betta can be found that was described as...
		Betta: Betta simorum Tan and Ng, 1996 Betta simplex Kottelat, 1994 Betta smaragdina Ladiges, 1972 Betta spilotogena Ng and Kottelat, 1994 Betta...
		Labyrinth fish: Mouthbrooder (Betta simplex); Smaragd-Fighting Fish (Betta smaragdina); Double lipspot Mouthbrooder (Betta spilotogena); Siamese Fighting Fish...
	www.specieslist.com /endangered/scientific_name/B/Betta_spilotogena.shtml (1446 words)

	AquariumFish.com :: Aquarium Fish International :: The monthly magazine for both novice and expert aquarium hobbyists.
		If so, the Egyptian mouthbrooder (Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor) is suitable for any community tank of 30 inches or more, and you can also try the slightly larger P.
		For those who want a larger mouthbrooder, there are various Sarotherodon and Oreochromis, mouthbrooding tilapiines from Africa, the best known being the Mozambique mouthbrooder or mozzie (O.
		You may be tempted to try some of the more exotic mouthbrooders from the East African rift lakes (such as Melanochromis, Pseudotropheus and Tropheus), but these require specialized techniques to minimize their territoriality, and it is better to practice on other cichlids first.
	www.aquariumfish.com /aquariumfish/detail.aspx?aid=18124&cid=3802&search= (2073 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The not-so-common name for this fish is the dwarf victorian mouthbrooder.
		There are two sub-species of this cichlid: Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor multicolor (the egyptian mouthbrooder) and Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor victoriae.
		They are supposed to grow to only 3" to 3.5" (8 cm to 9 cm) long.
	www.african-cichlid.com /victoriae.htm (166 words)

	CICHLID-L archives -- March 1998 (#5) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Trewavas 83 guessed it was a mouthbrooder because of big eggs in ovary.
		Trewavas seems to think its a mouthbrooder too, but doesnt know anything about behaviour, so could be based on same inference as Danakilia.
		Tristramella simonis simonis appears to be a maternal mouthbrooder and Sigal Balshine-Earn tells me it is strikingly sexually dichromatic in the breeding season (which fits).
	listserv.nic.museum /cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9803&L=cichlid-l&D=0&P=301&F=P (498 words)

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